Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1823085
N. Cheney
At first glance this book is formidable—three parts and 35 chapters amounting to 303 pages in small print (9pica). However, the format of the book is clever. The chapters are mostly individual pape...
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Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1808276
H. Nickolas, D. Williams, G. Downes, P. Harrison, R. Vaillancourt, B. Potts
ABSTRACT Tree breeders are increasingly using resistance drilling (RESI) for the non-destructive assessment of wood basic density, but its application to the measurement of stem diameter at breast height (DBH) and bark thickness is less reported. Using Eucalyptus globulus progeny trials established with open-pollinated families from native trees representing 13 subraces, and adjusting bark thickness for its inherent phenotypic relationship with DBH, we: (1) quantified the genetic correlation between RESI and analogous traditional measurements of these traits; and (2) studied their genetic architecture and associations with subrace home-site climate. Significant variation was detected for all traditional and RESI-derived traits at the family and subrace level. High family and subrace-level correlations (>0.90) were found between RESI and traditional methods for all three traits. Bark thickness exhibited among the highest subrace differentiation (QST > 0.63) reported to date for E. globulus, signalling divergent selection. Increasing bark thickness was positively associated with home-site temperature annual range and seasonality. Although subrace differentiation for wood density (RESI and traditional measures) was less (QST = 0.18–0.21), a similar climate association was detected, and the subrace-level correlation with bark thickness was positive and significant (0.61–0.75). However, the non-significant correlations between bark thickness and wood density at the family level suggest that selective covariance rather than pleiotropy have caused the correlated patterns of subrace variation. Variation in bark thickness (adjusted) and wood density was independent of DBH at the family and subrace level. Given the importance of these traits, RESI provides a useful approach for non-destructive assessments for silvicultural, genetics and ecological studies of forest trees.
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Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1774958
P. Medeiros, G. C. Silva, E. M. Oliveira, C. O. Ribeiro, J. M. S. Silva, A. Pimenta
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the effects of planting density on nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in the production of biomass of a hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis. Twelve planting densities were evaluated at 36 months of age, ranging from 498 to 2564 plants ha−1. Three trees were harvested in each treatment to determine biomass production and allocation (per plant and per area), concentration (g kg−1), amount (kg ha−1), and NUE of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in the biomass of leaves, branches, bark and wood. In summary, the increase in planting density resulted in: higher biomass production per area; a reduction in biomass production per plant; a reduction in homogeneity; an increase in the concentration of N, P and K in leaves, of N, Ca, Mg and S in bark, and of N, P and K in wood; a higher amount of nutrients exported by harvesting; and a higher NUE for wood production. The increase in NUE indicates a possible nutritional deficit in trees at higher stocking rates at the age of three years. The higher the planting density, the sooner the site will require re-fertilisation.
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Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1775379
M. Strandgard, R. Mitchell
ABSTRACT Damage to trees and logs during harvest and transport can result in major losses of wood volume and value. The study compared a harvester/forwarder (two-machine) harvest system, which typically is used in Australia, with a feller-buncher/processor/forwarder (three-machine) harvest system in terms of productivity, cost and felling stem breakage when clearfelling a 29-year-old Pinus radiata plantation in eastern Victoria, Australia. The study aimed to determine whether the three-machine harvest system reduced felling tree breakage while maintaining or improving on the productivity and delivered cost of the two-machine harvest system. The harvest systems were compared on adjacent sites (~1 ha each) using an elemental time study. Machine productivity was derived from cycle times using StanForD stem files to obtain merchantable tree volumes and forwarder load weights from the forwarder’s onboard scales. The three-machine harvest system was more productive and resulted in considerably less felling stem breakage than the two-machine harvest system (two broken stems compared with 21 broken stems). However, it was approximately 41% more expensive than the two-machine harvest system in terms of cost per m3 of logs delivered to roadside. Because chiplogs were cut from broken stem sections where possible, and it was unlikely that sawlog volume was lost through stem breakage (based on the minimum sawlog specifications and the length and large-end diameter of the broken stem sections), any financial losses resulting from the additional breakage in the two-machine harvest system were insignificant compared with the extra cost per m3 of logs delivered for the three-machine harvest system.
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Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1771649
K. Allen
Trees are long-lived organisms that are influenced by both their biotic and abiotic environments. Dendrochronology can be characterised as the study of trees to provide information about past environments. Dendrochronologists have been using tree rings to understand how the environment has varied at annual, decadal and centennial scales for almost a century. Dendrochronology has provided the foundation for insights into climate variability, forest stand development patterns, and the impacts of fires, insects, windstorms and other disturbances. The science of tree rings has advanced rapidly and become diversified over the past half-century. This has included, but not been limited to, complex timeseries analyses, isotope and wood properties analyses, processbased modelling of xylogenesis, and ecosystem-level experiments. As such, the arrival of a new book on the study of tree rings is always of interest. In Dendroecology: principles and practice, Richard Phipps and Thomas Yanosky provide an introduction to the dendrochronological techniques available to study environmental history, as recorded in trees. The book begins with a very brief overview of the history of dendrochronology (in the US only), tree structure and different types of wood structure. It then outlines the basics of sample collection and issues to consider in the field, followed by a description of the crucial processes of crossdating and the standardisation of tree-ring series. Chapters 4–7 present information about, and examples of, how tree rings can assist in understanding past environmental events. Finally, Chapter 8 briefly discusses the use of tree rings in climate studies. The authors lean almost exclusively on their experience with the angiosperm species of the eastern US, and they provide a number of interesting anecdotal studies to demonstrate the application of basic principles. They especially emphasise the use of basal area increment (BAI) in their studies. Overall, I found the book disappointing for several reasons. First, given the title, I expected a stronger emphasis on the ecological aspects of dendrochronology and the integration of a far broader range of studies conducted in North America, South America and Asia that have emerged in the past 20–30 years. Second, much of the information in the book is outdated, and in some instances it is dangerously primitive. For example, any discussion of standardisation—the statistical process used to remove non-climatic information from tree rings— should acknowledge regional curve standardisation (and its variations) and signal-free standardisation, two major developments in the quantitative analysis of tree-ring time series since the mid-1990s. The seminal works of Keith Briffa, Tom Melvin, Jan Esper and Ed Cook (e.g. Cook & Kariukstis 1990; Melvin & Briffa 2008; Esper et al. 2010; Briffa et al. 2013) are easily accessible, and yet reference to them is almost entirely missing from this volume. Several other commonly used st
树木是长寿命的生物体，受其生物和非生物环境的影响。树木年代学的特点是通过研究树木来提供有关过去环境的信息。近一个世纪以来，树木年轮学家一直在利用树木年轮来了解环境在年、年、百年尺度上的变化。树木年代学为深入了解气候变化、林分发展模式以及火灾、昆虫、风暴和其他干扰的影响提供了基础。在过去的半个世纪里，树木年轮科学发展迅速，变得多样化。这包括，但不限于，复杂的时间序列分析，同位素和木材特性分析，基于过程的木质学建模，以及生态系统水平的实验。因此，一本关于树木年轮研究的新书的问世总是引起人们的兴趣。在《树木生态学:原理与实践》一书中，理查德·菲普斯和托马斯·扬诺斯基介绍了用于研究树木记录的环境历史的树木年代学技术。这本书开始与树木年代学的历史(仅在美国)，树木结构和不同类型的木结构的一个非常简短的概述。然后概述了样品收集的基础知识和该领域需要考虑的问题，随后描述了交叉定年的关键过程和树木年轮系列的标准化。第4-7章提供了关于树木年轮如何帮助理解过去环境事件的信息和例子。最后，第8章简要讨论了树木年轮在气候研究中的应用。作者几乎完全依靠他们在美国东部的被子植物物种方面的经验，他们提供了许多有趣的轶事研究来证明基本原理的应用。他们在研究中特别强调基础面积增量(BAI)的使用。总的来说，我觉得这本书令人失望有几个原因。首先，考虑到这个标题，我希望能更强调树木年代学的生态方面，并整合过去20-30年来在北美、南美和亚洲开展的更广泛的研究。其次，书中的许多信息都过时了，在某些情况下，它是危险的原始。例如，任何关于标准化的讨论——用于从树木年轮中去除非气候信息的统计过程——都应该承认区域曲线标准化(及其变化)和无信号标准化，这是自20世纪90年代中期以来树木年轮时间序列定量分析的两个主要发展。Keith Briffa, Tom Melvin, Jan Esper和Ed Cook的开创性作品(例如Cook & Kariukstis 1990;Melvin & Briffa 2008;Esper et al. 2010;Briffa et al. 2013)很容易获得，但在本卷中几乎完全没有对它们的参考。在某些情况下，其他几种常用的标准化方法可能比作者提出的方法更适合使用，但作者没有提及这些方法。此外，Cook和Peters(1997)在20世纪90年代末提出了标准化的关键技术问题，例如使用残差而不是比率(作者只指出使用比率进行标准化)。任何试图处理树轮时间序列的人都需要意识到这些问题。除了省略关键的进展外，作者还对具有不同目的的基本术语(如标准化和平滑)引入了不透明性。这可能会让读者感到困惑，尤其是研究树木年代学的学生。关于这本书的年代性质的一个进一步的例子是它引用了亨利·格里森-迈耶的最终树轮网页，这些网页已经消失了一段时间。第三，文字重复，令人困惑。例如，BAI及其计算至少被“介绍”了三次。一般来说，文本在整本书中来回徘徊，使得清晰地阅读要点变得困难，特别是对于树木年代学的新手。广泛使用诸如“……正如前一节所讨论的……或……正如我们将在下一节讨论的那样……”，接着是对上面/下面讨论过的内容的重复，使文本变得模糊。一个奇怪的怪癖是每章末尾的“精选参考文献”和很少的文本参考文献，这使得读者很难跟上任何特定的兴趣点。最后，关于这本书的地理背景的明确陈述将是有用的。由于使用针叶物种进行树木生态学研究的文献占主导地位，作者可以利用他们在美国东部被子植物森林中的经验来发挥他们的优势。
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Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1748270
W. Wang
Urban disturbances cause severe challenges to street tree growth. Street trees, as a vital part of urban green infrastructure, are subject to multiple and severe constraints that influence their survival and growth. However, not all street trees respond similarly to these adverse growth conditions, and it has been observed in the older suburbs of Canberra that trees of the same species on street verges planted at the same time are displaying very different health and growth characteristics. Trees established in relatively short stretches of street verge will have similar aboveground conditions (e.g. weather, roadside disturbances), and I hypothesise that the belowground soil environment could be a key factor contributing to the different growth and health of street trees. The highly disturbed urban soils and their poor characteristics have been shown in many studies to have negative impacts on urban tree establishment and development. Soil compaction and its associated low soil porosity, high soil bulk density and low water infiltration rate are the common soil constraints that trigger tree health decline. On the basis that soil physical properties can cause damage to street tree growth, the aim of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that healthy street trees grow in soils with better soil properties (mainly soil infiltration rate) than unhealthy street trees. Paired observations (including two healthy and two unhealthy trees in each street) were made for eight streets in Canberra. Tree health conditions were assessed using a crown scoring system. Tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were also measured and it was found that healthy trees had relatively larger diameters than unhealthy trees. Conversely, some unhealthy trees of a given DBH were taller than healthy trees. This morphological difference may be due to long-term water stress, and further work is recommended to determine if these results are due to larger-diameter trees storing more water resources for tree growth and taller trees facing more severe hydraulic resistance under drought conditions. Soil infiltration observations did not show that healthier trees occurred on soils with better water infiltration rates. Most trees studied were on soils with low surface infiltration rates and subsoil hydraulic conductivity. Our field observations and measurements indicate that the presence of soil compaction, soil water repellency and soil surface crusting contributed to these low soil water infiltration capacities. Such poor soil characteristics can influence street tree growth. With continuing urbanisation and its associated disturbances on urban soils, urban trees will face more challenges. It is necessary to improve our understanding of urban soil constraints and their impacts on urban tree health. First, the monitoring of street tree health and growth, and more measurements about soil infiltration, soil compaction and soil water repellency, are needed. Further investigation i
{"title":"What is under these dying trees? An urban soil environment survey*","authors":"W. Wang","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1748270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1748270","url":null,"abstract":"Urban disturbances cause severe challenges to street tree growth. Street trees, as a vital part of urban green infrastructure, are subject to multiple and severe constraints that influence their survival and growth. However, not all street trees respond similarly to these adverse growth conditions, and it has been observed in the older suburbs of Canberra that trees of the same species on street verges planted at the same time are displaying very different health and growth characteristics. Trees established in relatively short stretches of street verge will have similar aboveground conditions (e.g. weather, roadside disturbances), and I hypothesise that the belowground soil environment could be a key factor contributing to the different growth and health of street trees. The highly disturbed urban soils and their poor characteristics have been shown in many studies to have negative impacts on urban tree establishment and development. Soil compaction and its associated low soil porosity, high soil bulk density and low water infiltration rate are the common soil constraints that trigger tree health decline. On the basis that soil physical properties can cause damage to street tree growth, the aim of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that healthy street trees grow in soils with better soil properties (mainly soil infiltration rate) than unhealthy street trees. Paired observations (including two healthy and two unhealthy trees in each street) were made for eight streets in Canberra. Tree health conditions were assessed using a crown scoring system. Tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were also measured and it was found that healthy trees had relatively larger diameters than unhealthy trees. Conversely, some unhealthy trees of a given DBH were taller than healthy trees. This morphological difference may be due to long-term water stress, and further work is recommended to determine if these results are due to larger-diameter trees storing more water resources for tree growth and taller trees facing more severe hydraulic resistance under drought conditions. Soil infiltration observations did not show that healthier trees occurred on soils with better water infiltration rates. Most trees studied were on soils with low surface infiltration rates and subsoil hydraulic conductivity. Our field observations and measurements indicate that the presence of soil compaction, soil water repellency and soil surface crusting contributed to these low soil water infiltration capacities. Such poor soil characteristics can influence street tree growth. With continuing urbanisation and its associated disturbances on urban soils, urban trees will face more challenges. It is necessary to improve our understanding of urban soil constraints and their impacts on urban tree health. First, the monitoring of street tree health and growth, and more measurements about soil infiltration, soil compaction and soil water repellency, are needed. Further investigation i","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"101 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1748270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43848781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1762150
A. C. Flanagan, S. Midgley, P. Stevens
ABSTRACT The smallholder tree-farm resources of Southeast Asia are generating substantial benefits for growers and support many successful domestic wood processors. They could provide even greater benefits at all levels of the supply and value chains if they enjoyed a sympathetic policy framework; technical and specialised support and training to promote productivity gains; and greater knowledge of market trends and access requirements. This paper reviews current forest certification systems as applied to smallholder tree-farmers in Southeast Asia, with a focus on the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam, and questions whether perceived benefits match operational realities. A critical issue in any form of transactional relationship between two or more people or institutions is to answer to mutual satisfaction the question, ‘Who benefits?’ This is particularly important in transactions between relatively weak and vulnerable and relatively strong and powerful individuals and groups, such as the relationships between smallholder tree-farmers in Southeast Asia and purchasers of certified wood products. We explore factors that drive certification and how they intersect with salient characteristics of smallholder tree-farms restricting the adoption of certification. We argue that new approaches are required to deliver the benefits necessary to expand smallholder participation in wood production supply chains, such as national codes of practice for small-scale forestry and agreed standards that encourage mutual recognition between verification systems. Innovative approaches should be adopted to deliver a fair, equitable and inclusive model that is relevant, practical, feasible and cost-effective for smallholder tree-farmers. As currently practised, certification has many positive aspects for some types of forests and wood producers but rarely for smallholder tree-farmers. A new approach to smallholder forest certification is required to ensure that the answer to the question, ‘Who benefits?’ is, ‘All participants in the supply and value chain, including smallholder tree-farmers’. To achieve this outcome, certification organisations and forest products businesses should remove existing barriers to smallholder participation and develop initiatives to more fairly link smallholder tree-farmers with others in the supply chain, based on enabling and mutually supportive partnerships.
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Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1769899
S. Davey, A. Sarre
In their review of prescribed burning in south-eastern Australia, Morgan et al. (2020) stated that, ‘[t]he increasing extent and occurrence of wildfire disasters in south-eastern Australia indicate...
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Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1727181
Y. Japarudin, M. Lapammu, A. Alwi, P. Warburton, P. Macdonell, D. Boden, J. Brawner, M. Brown, R. Meder
ABSTRACT The establishment of commercial tree plantations in Malaysian Borneo began with a progression of various species, including Pinus caribea, Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea, Falcataria moluccana (formerly Albizia falcataria) and Eucalyptus deglupta. Ultimately, A. mangium, intended for the production of pulplogs, dominated the plantation landscape. However, recent widespread devastation of A. mangium by the Ceratocystis pathogen in Sabah has led to a shift in plantation species, which has also necessitated a review of downstream end products. This paper analyses growth data and estimates productivity for species in a taxa trial as well as a F. moluccana progeny trial in a single trial area in Sabah. A eucalyptus hybrid (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (UG)), Eucalyptus pellita, F. moluccana, Acacia crassicarpa and A. mangium exhibited high productivity after three years, with an average mean annual increment of approximately 35 m3 ha−1 y−1 or better. Mean annual increment curves show that productivity declined slightly for the eucalypts and F. moluccana after three years. Acacia species experienced a sharper decline associated with disease-caused mortality, with A. mangium the most seriously affected. The mean basic density of the UG hybrid and F. moluccana was 560 kg m−3 and 252 kg m−3 at six and five years of age, respectively, and E. pellita had a mean basic density of 629 kg m−3 at six years of age. The importance of growth and wood properties in the selection of species suitable for planted forest development in the wet tropics is discussed.
摘要马来西亚婆罗洲商业树木种植园的建立始于各种物种的发展，包括加勒比松、芒果Acacia、木犀属（Gmelina arborea）、摩鹿加桉（Falcotaria moluccana，前身为阿尔比齐亚（Albizia Falcataria））和德格卢普塔桉树（Eucalyptus deglupta）。最终，用于生产纸浆原木的A.mangium占据了种植园的主导地位。然而，最近沙巴Ceratocystis病原体对A.mangium的广泛破坏导致了种植园物种的转变，这也需要对下游终端产品进行审查。本文在沙巴的一个试验区分析了分类群试验和毛鹿加后代试验中物种的生长数据并估计了生产力。桉树杂交种（尾叶桉x巨桉（UG））、pellita桉树、F.moluccana、Acacia crassicarpa和A.mangium在三年后表现出较高的生产力，平均年产量增加约35 m3 ha−1 y−1或更好。平均年增长曲线显示，桉树和毛鹿加的生产力在三年后略有下降。Acacia物种经历了与疾病导致的死亡率相关的急剧下降，其中a.mangium受到的影响最为严重。UG杂交种和F.moluccana在6岁和5岁时的平均基本密度分别为560 kg m−3和252 kg m−3.pellita在6年时的平均基础密度为629 kg m−。讨论了生长和木材特性在选择适合热带潮湿地区人工林发展的物种方面的重要性。
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