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SPEECH ACTS IN DISNEY ANIMATED MOVIE: CINDERELLA 3 A TWIST IN TIME 在迪斯尼动画电影《灰姑娘3》中,言语扮演了一个扭曲的角色
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.30813/jelc.v13i1.3406
T. Q. Tran, Thanh Vinh Tran
Speech act, one form of linguistic expression, plays a vital role in expressing speaker’s meaning, so understanding the underlying meaning can help to avoid misunderstanding in daily communication situations in general and in movies in specific. This study aims to analyse the types of speech acts performed by characters in the Cinderella 3: A Twist in Time. It adopted Searle's (1983) model of speech acts for data analysis. The findings reveal that 11 characters performed 854 speech acts to indicate five types of speech acts, namely representative, directive, expressive, commissive and declarative. The representatives were most employed, followed by directives, and expressives. The least used illocutionary acts were commissives and declaratives. Regarding the language function, it is found that the most common functions were stating, ordering and calling which were performed mostly by Cinderella, Prince Charming, Anastasia, and Tremaine. This paper suggests some implications for English language teaching and learning in terms of pragmatics.
言语行为是语言表达的一种形式,在表达说话人的意思方面起着至关重要的作用,因此理解言语行为的潜在意义可以帮助我们在一般的日常交际场合和电影中避免误解。本研究旨在分析《灰姑娘3:时光扭曲》中角色的言语行为类型。采用Searle(1983)的言语行为模型进行数据分析。结果表明,11个汉字共进行了854次言语行为,分别表现为代表性、指导性、表达性、委托性和陈述性五种言语行为类型。代表是最常用的,其次是指令和表达。使用最少的言外行为是委托和声明。在语言功能方面,我们发现最常见的功能是陈述、排序和调用,这些功能主要由灰姑娘、白马王子、安娜斯塔西娅和特里梅因完成。本文从语用学的角度提出了对英语教学的启示。
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引用次数: 0
MYTHOLOGY IN SEXTING EMOJI: REVEALING CHANGES IN MEANING 性短信表情符号的神话:揭示含义的变化
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.30813/jelc.v13i1.3704
R. Silalahi
The development of digital-based communication and the widespread use of social media allows the emergence of various variants of communication modes. The use of emojis to express oneself stemmed from the past when people still used pictures or pictographs to communicate through writing to express themselves. However, in modern times, with the advance of the internet and technology, people are increasingly using emojis to amplify messages conveyed to others. In using social media platforms or messaging applications such as WhatsApp and Instagram, people often use emojis to express themselves, including sexuality. The emojis, commonly known as sexting (emojis), are used implicitly to convey meaning because, in social construction, matters related to sexuality tend to be taboo and its existence allows the emergence of various interpretations. This study aims to reconstruct the development of the meaning of sexting emoji from a semiotic perspective. This study is directed to interpret the change in meaning by focusing on the reconstruction of meaning across texts in intertextual relations and the personal interpretation of the informants as a basis for argumentation. This qualitative research uses visual sexting emoji as primary data, which is further interpreted personally by non-native English informants in the interview process and elaborated in an intertextual relation with other sources. This study shows that there is a mythology in the process of interpreting emojis. Connotative meaning allows various kinds of interpretation for each recipient of the message. On the other hand, the development of meaning also impacts the emergence of other linguistic expressions associated with sex and sexual activity.
数字化通信的发展和社交媒体的广泛使用使得各种通信模式的变体出现。使用表情符号来表达自己源于过去人们仍然使用图片或象形文字通过文字交流来表达自己。然而,在现代,随着互联网和科技的进步,人们越来越多地使用表情符号来增强向他人传达的信息。在使用WhatsApp和Instagram等社交媒体平台或消息应用程序时,人们经常使用表情符号来表达自己,包括表达性。这些表情符号,通常被称为“性短信”(emojis),被含蓄地用来传达含义,因为在社会建构中,与性有关的事情往往是禁忌,它的存在允许出现各种解释。本研究旨在从符号学角度重构性短信表情符号意义的发展。本研究旨在通过关注互文关系中跨文本意义的重建以及作为论证基础的举报人的个人解释来解释意义的变化。本定性研究以视觉性短信表情符号为主要数据,由非英语母语的受访者在访谈过程中进一步亲自解读,并与其他来源的互文关系进行阐述。本研究表明,在解读表情符号的过程中存在着一种神话。隐含意义允许对信息的每个接收者进行不同的解释。另一方面,意义的发展也影响了与性和性活动有关的其他语言表达的出现。
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引用次数: 1
A DEIXIS ANALYSIS IN JOKO WIDODO’S STATEMENT ON INDONESIA’S G20 PRESIDENCY 佐科·维多多(joko widodo)关于印尼担任g20轮值主席国的声明中的隐喻分析
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.30813/jelc.v13i1.3569
Miftakhul Rizqi, Yulianto Sabat
Deixis is an important element in pragmatic studies to avoid misunderstandings between speakers and listeners. People will be misunderstanding a conversation when they don't understand the context. The purpose of this research was to determine the type of deixis contained in Joko Widodo's statement in the Indonesia’s G20 presidency and to determine the dominant type of deixis in Joko Widodo's statement. Yule's (1996) theory of deixis is used to justify the data or findings in this study. This research was designed using qualitative methods. Data was taken from the English version of the script from President Joko Widodo's statement. Following data collection, researchers found and selected data that showed that most phrases or words contain deixis types. The researchers reached conclusions after thoroughly identifying and evaluating many types of deixis detected in statements. From the data analysis, three types of deixis were found in Joko Widodo's statement in the Indonesia’s G20 presidency, namely person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. The total deixis contained are 35 data. Persona Deiksis is the deixis that most often appears in Joko Widodo's statement in the Indonesia’s G20 presidency with a total of 26 data. In addition, spatial deixis found 2 data and temporal deixis found 7 data. Based on previous research, the researchers concluded that person deixis always dominates every moment when Joko Widodo delivers his statement.
指示语是语用研究中避免说话者和听话者之间误解的重要手段。当人们不理解上下文时,他们就会误解对话。本研究的目的是确定佐科·维多多在印度尼西亚担任G20主席国期间的声明中包含的指示语类型,并确定佐科·维多多声明中主要的指示语类型。Yule(1996)的指示语理论被用来证明本研究的数据或发现。本研究采用定性方法设计。数据摘自印尼总统佐科·维多多(Joko Widodo)声明的英文脚本。在数据收集之后,研究人员发现并选择的数据表明,大多数短语或单词都包含指示类型。研究人员在彻底识别和评估了语句中检测到的多种指示语类型后得出了结论。从数据分析来看,佐科·维多多在印尼担任G20主席国期间的讲话中存在三种指示类型,即人称指示、空间指示和时间指示。总共包含35个数据。在印度尼西亚担任G20轮值主席国期间,佐科•维多多(Joko Widodo)的讲话中出现次数最多的是“指示人物”(Persona Deiksis),共有26个数据。此外,空间指示语发现2个数据,时间指示语发现7个数据。根据之前的研究,研究人员得出结论,佐科·维多多发表讲话时,人物指示总是占据主导地位。
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引用次数: 2
Who Cares about Translation Theory? (Latvian experience) 谁在乎翻译理论?(拉脱维亚的经验)
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.22364/bjellc.12.2022.10
Jānis Sīlis
The article is a study of relations between translation theory or, to be more precise – theoretical and applied translation studies and translation practice (i.e., regular work of translation professionals) with a glimpse into the views of some prominent translation theorists and afterwards provides a general picture of opinions of novice translators, experienced professional translators and translation studies experts in Latvia. The feeling is that in ‘real life’ there is a wide gap between the assessment of translation theory and practice in the eyes of several groups of persons relevant to the phenomenon of translation. A deeper survey and analysis of its results shows that the range of opinions is very wide among both translation theorists and practitioners. The pivotal question of this study is to find out who are of those who care (or do not care) about translation theory and who are those who care for translation theory. Is translatology as a research discipline a necessary complement to translation practice, or is it a testing site for ever more sophisticated translatological schools?
本文主要研究翻译理论或更准确地说,翻译理论和应用研究与翻译实践(即翻译专业人员的日常工作)之间的关系,首先了解一些著名翻译理论家的观点,然后提供拉脱维亚翻译新手,经验丰富的专业翻译和翻译研究专家的观点。感觉是,在“现实生活”中,翻译理论与翻译实践的评价在与翻译现象相关的几组人的眼中存在着很大的差距。对调查结果的深入调查和分析表明,无论是翻译理论家还是翻译实践者,都存在着广泛的意见分歧。本研究的关键问题是找出哪些人关心(或不关心)翻译理论,哪些人关心翻译理论。作为一门研究学科的翻译学是翻译实践的必要补充,还是越来越复杂的翻译学学派的测试场所?
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引用次数: 0
Communicative Failures Presented in American Comedy Series Analysed from a Psycholinguistic Perspective 从心理语言学的角度分析美国喜剧系列中的交际失败
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-07-05 DOI: 10.22364/bjellc.12.2022.06
A. Martynyuk, Olga Dubtsova
The paper reveals and describes the causes of communicative failures from a perspective of the intersubjective approach to communication incorporating basic assumptions of psycholinguistics. It introduces a unit of communication analysis called an intersubjective act. It is defined as an inter-action, where verbal/non-verbal communicative actions of addressers are viewed as perceptual stimuli that, coming into the focus of addressees’ attention, trigger parallel conscious/non-conscious inference processes involving cognition, volition, and affect to issue a command of a communicative and/or (immediate or postponed) social action. Inferential analysis applied in the research provides tools for the recreation of communicants’ inferential processes and allows consideration of perceptual, cognitive, affective, and volitional aspects of interaction. Inferential analysis handles American cinema discourse represented by the genre of a situation comedy that models live communication, supplying instances of communicative failures to subject to analysis. А communicative failure is viewed as an inability on the part of an addressee to make an inference or make a faulty inference in an intersubjective act. Communicative failures are identified and classified in accordance with the element of the physical or mental experience of the participants of an intersubjective act, which plays a privileged role in causing them. We distinguish between perceptual, lingua-cognitive, cognitive and affective-volitional communicative failures.
本文结合心理语言学的基本假设,从主体间性交际研究的角度揭示和描述了交际失败的原因。它引入了一种称为主体间行为的交流分析单元。它被定义为一种相互作用,在这种相互作用中,说话人的言语/非言语交际行为被视为感知刺激,这些刺激进入被说话人的注意力焦点,触发涉及认知、意志和情感的平行有意识/无意识推理过程,以发出交际和/或(即时或延迟)社会行动的命令。在研究中应用的推理分析为交际者的推理过程的再创造提供了工具,并允许考虑互动的感知、认知、情感和意志方面。推理分析处理以情景喜剧类型为代表的美国电影话语,模拟现场交流,提供交流失败的实例进行分析。А交际失败被认为是收件人在主体间行为中无法做出推断或做出错误的推断。交际失败是根据主体间行为参与者的生理或心理体验因素来识别和分类的,这在导致交际失败方面起着特殊的作用。我们区分知觉交际失败、语言认知交际失败、认知交际失败和情感意志交际失败。
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引用次数: 0
Latvian-English-Latvian Electronic Lexicographic Resources of Legal Terminology 拉脱维亚-英语-拉脱维亚法律术语电子词典资源
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-07-05 DOI: 10.22364/bjellc.12.2022.04
Laura Karpinska, D. Liepiņa
The technological advances of the 20th and 21st centuries have played a significant part in facilitating information exchange and processing the worldwide community outreach. A significant achievement has been the development of electronic dictionaries and terminological databases that allow access to information from various sources and in different languages. Much has been done to develop Latvian electronic dictionaries in line with the requirements of modern lexicography; however, the available electronic terminological databases are not so helpful in dealing with domain-specific terminology as is the case of Legal Latvian and its equivalents in other languages. The aim of the present research study has been to examine Latvian-English-Latvian electronic lexicographic resources, their adaptability to user needs and reliability, focusing in particular on their treatment of legal terminology where utmost precision is required. The research reveals the need for a free-access legal terminology electronic database where Latvian terms have equivalents from different foreign languages with appropriate support information. Undoubtedly, such a database can be developed only in close cooperation between language specialists and legal professionals that would consolidate the stability and reliability of Latvian legal terminology and the respective equivalents in other languages.
20世纪和21世纪的技术进步在促进信息交流和处理全球社区外展方面发挥了重要作用。一项重大成就是电子词典和术语数据库的发展,使人们能够从各种来源和不同语言获取信息。为了发展符合现代词典编纂要求的拉脱维亚电子词典,已经做了很多工作;但是,现有的电子术语数据库在处理特定领域的术语方面,并不象拉脱维亚法律语和其他语文的等同用语那样有帮助。本研究的目的是审查拉脱维亚语-英语-拉脱维亚语电子词典编纂资源,它们对用户需要的适应性和可靠性,特别侧重于它们对法律术语的处理,因为法律术语要求最精确。这项研究表明,需要建立一个免费获取的法律术语电子数据库,其中拉脱维亚术语有来自不同外语的对等词,并附有适当的支持资料。毫无疑问,只有在语文专家和法律专业人员密切合作的情况下才能建立这样一个数据库,从而巩固拉脱维亚法律术语和其他语文相应的法律术语的稳定性和可靠性。
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引用次数: 1
‘Return to the International Family of Democracies’: Keyness Factor in the International Speeches of the Baltic Presidents “重返国际民主大家庭”:波罗的海各国总统国际讲话的关键因素
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-07-05 DOI: 10.22364/bjellc.12.2022.08
Līga Romāne-Kalniņa
Presidential speeches as a type of political discourse are aimed not only at the negotiation and construction of the national identity of a nation-state at a local level but also at the representation and shaping of the national identity internationally. The presidents of the Baltic States have represented their individual, collective and regional identities in the international gatherings of world leaders since the restoration of independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania from the Soviet Union. The current study displays an analysis of how the keyness factor of particular lexical items used in 142 speeches given by the presidents of the Baltic States internationally from 1991 until 2021 helps to identify the tendencies of identity construction and representation, which can then be investigated in detail via a critical analysis of the discursive strategies and linguistic means applied in the speeches. Moreover, the analysis of keyword tendencies across speeches marked by different criteria shows how the process of identity construction as marked by lexical change varies across time and states. The keyness factor points to multiple identities being constructed in the international speeches, where the national identities are constructed most frequently, followed by the common European identity, Baltic regional identity, and global identity. It is also concluded that a common political past is one of the main elements of national and Baltic identities, while shared values such as democracy and cooperation are the main elements of supra-national identities.
总统演讲作为一种政治话语,其目的不仅在于民族国家的民族认同在地方层面的协商和建构,而且在于民族认同在国际上的表现和塑造。自爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛从苏联恢复独立以来,波罗的海各国总统在世界领导人的国际会议上代表了他们的个人、集体和区域身份。本研究分析了波罗的海国家总统在1991年至2021年期间发表的142次国际演讲中使用的特定词汇的关键因素如何有助于识别身份建构和表征的趋势,然后可以通过对演讲中使用的话语策略和语言手段的批判性分析来详细调查。此外,本文还分析了以不同标准标记的演讲中的关键词倾向,揭示了以词汇变化为标志的身份建构过程在不同的时间和状态下是如何变化的。关键因素指向国际演讲中的多重身份建构,其中国家身份建构的频率最高,其次是欧洲共同身份、波罗的海地区身份和全球身份。它还得出结论,共同的政治过去是民族和波罗的海特性的主要因素之一,而诸如民主和合作等共同价值则是超民族特性的主要因素。
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引用次数: 1
On the Gradience of English Size Nouns: frequency, productivity, and expansion 论英语大小名词的梯度:频率、生产力和扩展
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-07-05 DOI: 10.22364/bjellc.12.2022.03
D. Herda
The synchronic degrees of grammaticalization of size nouns are traditionally measured based on proportionate frequencies of their quantificational attestations in corpus samples. However, grammaticalization, in general, is associated not only with an increased frequency of grammaticalized uses but also with a rise in productivity and distributional expansion. Thus, drawing on corpus data encompassing selected English size nouns which originally individuate concrete inanimate nominals, this paper investigates the relationship between the three aforementioned parameters. Productivity is operationalized as the arithmetic mean of two measures, namely type-token ratio (TTR) and hapax-token ratio (HTR), i.e. the number of, respectively, types of quantified collocates and hapax legomena N2s divided by the number of all quantifier tokens of each expression, while host-class expansion is construed as the proportion of animate and abstract collocates among the respective items’ quantifier uses. Contrary to expectations, the results reveal only a weak positive correlation between the elements’ frequency values and their levels of productivity, and the same holds for the relation between frequency and distributional extension. Also surprising is the moderate negative correlation observed between productivity and expansion, which can nevertheless be elucidated in terms of a high type frequency of semantically general animate and abstract N2-collocates of the most distributionally extended expressions.
大小名词的共时性语法化程度传统上是根据其在语料库样本中的量化证明的比例频率来衡量的。然而,一般来说,语法化不仅与语法化使用频率的增加有关,而且与生产力的提高和分布的扩大有关。因此,本文利用包含精选的英语大小名词的语料库数据,研究了上述三个参数之间的关系。生产率可操作化为类型-标记比率(TTR)和hapax-标记比率(HTR)两个度量的算术平均值,即量化搭配和hapax legomena N2s类型的数量分别除以每个表达式的所有量词标记的数量,而主类扩展被解释为在各自项目的量词使用中动画和抽象搭配的比例。与预期相反,结果显示要素的频率值与其生产力水平之间只有微弱的正相关关系,频率与分布扩展之间的关系也是如此。同样令人惊讶的是,在生产力和扩展之间观察到适度的负相关,尽管如此,这可以通过最分布扩展表达式的语义一般动画和抽象n2搭配的高类型频率来阐明。
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引用次数: 0
Approaches to Easy-To-Read Discourses: a case study 易读语篇的方法:个案研究
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-07-05 DOI: 10.22364/bjellc.12.2022.09
G. Roziņa, I. Karapetjana, Margarita Spirida
In 2017, the organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development estimated that around 25 per cent of the population experiences difficulties in reading comprehension. The World Health Organisation (2021) has indicated that around 15 per cent of the world population faces functional impairment-related problems, which limit sufficient access to information unless the resources are adapted for meeting the needs of this layer of society. Considering the increasing numbers of the population who suffer from impairments at the language perception level, the present study has attempted to examine selected approaches that might serve for developing easy-to-read (EtR) discourses. Limited research has been conducted in the above-mentioned field, and the contributions that exist so far have focused on the linguistic and design features considered when producing EtR discourses; however, other central components that govern the adaptation of authentic texts for EtR needs seem to be neglected. Therefore, the present study aims to examine selected discourse-pragmatic approaches that can be applied for adapting texts to an EtR language. The present research is a qualitative case study targeted at EtR text developers and seeks to answer the research question: which discourse-pragmatic approaches should be considered to produce easy-to-read discourses? In conclusion, the paper offers the implications of the findings and reflects on the value of using discourse-pragmatic approaches to EtR discourse and cognitive load reduction.
2017年,经济合作与发展组织估计,约25%的人口在阅读理解方面存在困难。世界卫生组织(2021年)指出,世界人口中约有15%面临与功能障碍有关的问题,这些问题限制了充分获取信息的机会,除非对资源进行调整,以满足社会这一阶层的需求。考虑到越来越多的人在语言感知水平上受到损害,本研究试图检验一些可能有助于发展易读语篇的方法。在上述领域进行的研究有限,迄今为止存在的贡献主要集中在产生EtR语篇时考虑的语言和设计特征;然而,其他一些影响真实文本适应EtR需求的核心因素似乎被忽视了。因此,本研究旨在考察可用于将文本改编为EtR语言的话语语用学方法。本研究是一项针对EtR文本开发者的定性案例研究,旨在回答研究问题:应该考虑哪种话语语用学方法来产生易于阅读的话语?最后,本文提出了研究结果的意义,并反思了使用话语语用学方法研究英语翻译语篇和减少认知负荷的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Functional Transposition of After from a Diachronic Perspective 从历时的角度看后位的功能转位
IF 0.2 Pub Date : 2022-07-05 DOI: 10.22364/bjellc.12.2022.05
Yurii Kovbasko
The paper aims at tracing the origin of the preposition, adverb, and conjunction after, starting with the first examples registered before 850; distinguishing the primary and transposed categories; and reconstructing the process of functional transposition in general. The analysis is undertaken on the basis of the examples, which have been manually selected from the HCET and the CLMET and have undergone the following PoS tagging, and the statistical data retrieved from the COHA and the BNC. It is proved that after emerges as the preposition and transposes into the adverb and conjunction. The preposition, which predominates throughout Old English, loses its position in favor of the adverb in the second half of the Middle English period. Later, it stabilizes the correlation, which remains more or less consistent up to now. The adverb reaches its peak in Early Modern English, then it starts rapid declension, and now its quantity is close to null. The conjunction, being neglected up to the middle of the Early Modern English period, starts its increase and is at the peak in Present-Day English. It testifies that functional transposition, which is undeservingly disregarded in linguistics, is still remaining in progress for fundamental and newly-coined lexical units.
本文旨在从公元850年以前记录的第一批例句开始,追溯其后介词、副词和连词的起源;区分原范畴和转位范畴;重构一般的功能转换过程。分析是基于人工从HCET和CLMET中选择并经过以下词性标注的示例,以及从COHA和BNC中检索到的统计数据。证明了after作为介词出现,转置为副词和连词。在古英语中占主导地位的介词在中古英语后半期被副词取代,失去了其地位。后来,它稳定了相关性,直到现在,这种相关性基本保持一致。副词在早期现代英语中达到顶峰,然后开始迅速衰落,现在它的数量接近于零。这个连词在早期现代英语时期中期之前一直被忽视,在现代英语中开始增加并达到顶峰。这证明了在语言学上被不应有地忽视的功能转位,在基本和新创造的词汇单位中仍在进行中。
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引用次数: 0
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Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture
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