Pub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2890
Dery Rovino, Theresia Arianti
ABSTRACTIndonesian language has long been officially determined as the national language of Indonesia. However, numerous texts in mass media embed English in the text being delivered. Previous studies have shown that English has long been used in Indonesia’s different media and platforms to, one of which, enhance the sense of prestige as well as class of the discourse presented. Though some researchers have conducted studies regarding the surface ideation of advertisements, little is known about the linguistic ideology behind the use of English in those texts, wherein the gap is fulfilled by the present study. This study aimed to analyze the linguistic ideology behind the English used on local billboards, with TACO framework. The findings showed that English is often used on local billboards in plenty of non-normative lexical positioning, unconventional spelling, and preferences in source language over the prescribed Bahasa Indonesia loan words. Study also found different modes of Bahasa Indonesia-English coinage as well as some evidence of disconnect between the Bahasa Indonesia-English use of expressions and the actual sold products. This study believes that these eccentric language pairings between Bahasa Indonesia and English lend themselves into the present ideology of prestige enhancement of the product and service advertised. This ideation is derived from a particular narrative that English is superior towards the national language, Indonesian language. Findings also exhibited that economic and education gaps are two main issues hidden behind the use of English on local billboards.
{"title":"CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGY USED ON BILLBOARDS IN JAKARTA","authors":"Dery Rovino, Theresia Arianti","doi":"10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2890","url":null,"abstract":" ABSTRACTIndonesian language has long been officially determined as the national language of Indonesia. However, numerous texts in mass media embed English in the text being delivered. Previous studies have shown that English has long been used in Indonesia’s different media and platforms to, one of which, enhance the sense of prestige as well as class of the discourse presented. Though some researchers have conducted studies regarding the surface ideation of advertisements, little is known about the linguistic ideology behind the use of English in those texts, wherein the gap is fulfilled by the present study. This study aimed to analyze the linguistic ideology behind the English used on local billboards, with TACO framework. The findings showed that English is often used on local billboards in plenty of non-normative lexical positioning, unconventional spelling, and preferences in source language over the prescribed Bahasa Indonesia loan words. Study also found different modes of Bahasa Indonesia-English coinage as well as some evidence of disconnect between the Bahasa Indonesia-English use of expressions and the actual sold products. This study believes that these eccentric language pairings between Bahasa Indonesia and English lend themselves into the present ideology of prestige enhancement of the product and service advertised. This ideation is derived from a particular narrative that English is superior towards the national language, Indonesian language. Findings also exhibited that economic and education gaps are two main issues hidden behind the use of English on local billboards.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86594874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2697
Kasih Elisabet Roostini, C. Manara
Language shift may lead to language investment, and it may also affect language heritage maintenance. This case study aims to explore maintenance of language heritage among a group of Papuan students who are living in a school dormitory, away from their families. These 29 senior high school students are originally from different ethnic groups from several districts in Papua. A questionnaire and a semi-structured interview video-recorded for data collection were employed to find out the students’ attitudes towards languages and maintenance of heritage languages. The questionnaire was designed and developed by adapting the semi-structured interview questions designed by Berman et al. (2011). The data were analysed based on the aspects organised in the questionnaire and the results were compared with the findings of Berman et al.’s (2011), Ehala and Niglas’s (2006), and Nguyen’s (2018) studies. The result shows that there has been a language shift among these adolescents. Living among a community that is totally different from theirs has driven them to adapt and accept the language used in the community. Technology exposure at school has also affected their perspectives towards their future, which motivates them to invest in other languages that they think are important for their future career. Their positive attitudes towards other languages do not discourage them from maintaining their heritage language, as they perceive the use of heritage language as a way to stay connected with their own culture.
语言转移可能导致语言投资，也可能影响语言遗产的维护。本案例研究旨在探讨一群远离家人住在学校宿舍的巴布亚学生对语言遗产的维护。这29名高中生来自巴布亚几个地区的不同民族。通过问卷调查和半结构化访谈视频收集数据，了解学生对语言和遗产语言维护的态度。问卷是根据Berman et al.(2011)设计的半结构化访谈问题进行设计和开发的。根据问卷中组织的方面对数据进行分析，并将结果与Berman等人(2011年)、Ehala和Niglas(2006年)和Nguyen(2018年)的研究结果进行比较。结果表明，在这些青少年中出现了语言的转变。生活在一个与自己完全不同的社区中，促使他们适应和接受社区中使用的语言。在学校接触技术也影响了他们对未来的看法，这促使他们投资于其他语言，他们认为这对他们未来的职业生涯很重要。他们对其他语言的积极态度并没有阻止他们保留自己的传统语言，因为他们认为使用传统语言是与自己的文化保持联系的一种方式。
{"title":"STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS LANGUAGES AND MAINTENANCE OF HERITAGE LANGUAGES: A CASE STUDY OF PAPUAN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS","authors":"Kasih Elisabet Roostini, C. Manara","doi":"10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2697","url":null,"abstract":"Language shift may lead to language investment, and it may also affect language heritage maintenance. This case study aims to explore maintenance of language heritage among a group of Papuan students who are living in a school dormitory, away from their families. These 29 senior high school students are originally from different ethnic groups from several districts in Papua. A questionnaire and a semi-structured interview video-recorded for data collection were employed to find out the students’ attitudes towards languages and maintenance of heritage languages. The questionnaire was designed and developed by adapting the semi-structured interview questions designed by Berman et al. (2011). The data were analysed based on the aspects organised in the questionnaire and the results were compared with the findings of Berman et al.’s (2011), Ehala and Niglas’s (2006), and Nguyen’s (2018) studies. The result shows that there has been a language shift among these adolescents. Living among a community that is totally different from theirs has driven them to adapt and accept the language used in the community. Technology exposure at school has also affected their perspectives towards their future, which motivates them to invest in other languages that they think are important for their future career. Their positive attitudes towards other languages do not discourage them from maintaining their heritage language, as they perceive the use of heritage language as a way to stay connected with their own culture.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74223216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2823
Putu Dinia Suryandani, I. Budasi
The teaching and learning process entails several encounters in which the teacher and students exchange a variety of utterances, particularly in language classes. Understanding language involves an understanding of pragmatics. Teaching and learning will be more successful if appropriate speech acts are used. Directive Speech Acts are a type of speech act that is frequently employed in classroom interactions. It is used by the teacher to give instruction, command the students to do something, limit the students’ bad behavior, etc. This study aims at investigating the types of directive speech acts and analyzing the functions of the acts used by English teachers at SMKN 1 Sawan. The theory of directive acts classification adopted in this study is the theory proposed by Ibrahim (1993). Ibrahim’s theory classified directive acts into six major types. They are requestive, question, requirement, prohibitive, permission and advisory. This research also focused on the functions of directive acts based on Amalsaleh, Yamini, and Yarmohammadi's (2004) theory. They are elicitation, instruction, advice, threat, and attention-getter. This research was a descriptive study with two teachers as the subjects of this research. Observation and recording were used as the technique in collecting the data. The validity of the data used is source and theory of triangulation. The results showed that the most frequent type of directive speech acts used by the teachers was question directive with occurance of 185 utterances (46.95%). Teachers that employ the question directive encourage students to be interested in the world around them, to enhance their abilities and attitudes toward science, and to enhance their speech communication and critical thinking. The other functions of the acts were also identified in various types of the acts.
在教学过程中，特别是在语言课堂上，教师和学生之间会多次交流不同的话语。理解语言需要理解语用学。如果使用适当的言语行为，教与学将会更成功。指导性言语行为是课堂互动中经常使用的一种言语行为。它是教师用来给予指导，命令学生做某事，限制学生的不良行为等。本研究旨在调查指示性言语行为的类型，并分析SMKN 1 Sawan英语教师使用指示性言语行为的功能。本研究采用的指令行为分类理论是Ibrahim(1993)提出的理论。易卜拉欣的理论将指令行为分为六种主要类型。它们是请求、疑问、要求、禁止、许可和咨询。本研究还基于Amalsaleh, Yamini, and Yarmohammadi(2004)的理论对指令性行为的功能进行了研究。它们是启发、指导、建议、威胁和吸引注意力。本研究为描述性研究，以两位教师为研究对象。数据采集采用观察和记录两种方法。数据的有效性在于三角测量的来源和理论。结果表明，教师使用指示性言语行为最多的类型是疑问指示，共出现185次(46.95%)。采用问题指导的教师鼓励学生对周围的世界感兴趣，增强他们对科学的能力和态度，增强他们的语言交流和批判性思维。这些行为的其他职能也在各种类型的行为中加以确定。
{"title":"AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS PRODUCED BY TEACHERS IN EFL CLASSROOM","authors":"Putu Dinia Suryandani, I. Budasi","doi":"10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2823","url":null,"abstract":"The teaching and learning process entails several encounters in which the teacher and students exchange a variety of utterances, particularly in language classes. Understanding language involves an understanding of pragmatics. Teaching and learning will be more successful if appropriate speech acts are used. Directive Speech Acts are a type of speech act that is frequently employed in classroom interactions. It is used by the teacher to give instruction, command the students to do something, limit the students’ bad behavior, etc. This study aims at investigating the types of directive speech acts and analyzing the functions of the acts used by English teachers at SMKN 1 Sawan. The theory of directive acts classification adopted in this study is the theory proposed by Ibrahim (1993). Ibrahim’s theory classified directive acts into six major types. They are requestive, question, requirement, prohibitive, permission and advisory. This research also focused on the functions of directive acts based on Amalsaleh, Yamini, and Yarmohammadi's (2004) theory. They are elicitation, instruction, advice, threat, and attention-getter. This research was a descriptive study with two teachers as the subjects of this research. Observation and recording were used as the technique in collecting the data. The validity of the data used is source and theory of triangulation. The results showed that the most frequent type of directive speech acts used by the teachers was question directive with occurance of 185 utterances (46.95%). Teachers that employ the question directive encourage students to be interested in the world around them, to enhance their abilities and attitudes toward science, and to enhance their speech communication and critical thinking. The other functions of the acts were also identified in various types of the acts.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88540626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2673
P. Kinasih
From the start, the philosophical movement that came to be known as existentialism was associated with literature. This possibility happens because there is a natural affinity between existential philosophy and narrative forms of art. On one hand, existentialist concur on the primacy of individual existence, of the lived experience of concrete human beings. On the other hand, cinematic narratives tell stories of beings such as ourselves, helping us to make sense of our existence and opening up probabilities that we might never have pondered otherwise (Shaw, 2017). Interestingly, Time.com stated that Pixar films are the philosophical of the animation world. Here lies the reason why the writer decided to analyze the portrayal of Jean-Paul Sartre’s famous phrase ‘Existence Precedes Essence’ in the latest Disney Pixar animation, Soul. Sartre argued that for human beings, our existence precedes our essence. In addition, Sartre’s notion of ‘existence’ characterized in terms of consciousness, free choice and ‘subjectivity’. For Sartre, the first act of consciousness is to choose. This study shows that Disney Pixar’sSoul does portray Sartre’s ‘existence precedes essence’ through Joe’s life – human beings have no fixed preordained essence or definition. Moreover, Sartre’s idea of consciousness or subjectivity can be seen from 22’s decision to be dared to live.
{"title":"THE ANALYSIS OF SARTRE’S ‘ESENSE’ AND ‘SUBJECTIVITY’ IN DISNEY PIXAR’S SOUL ANIMATION","authors":"P. Kinasih","doi":"10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2673","url":null,"abstract":"From the start, the philosophical movement that came to be known as existentialism was associated with literature. This possibility happens because there is a natural affinity between existential philosophy and narrative forms of art. On one hand, existentialist concur on the primacy of individual existence, of the lived experience of concrete human beings. On the other hand, cinematic narratives tell stories of beings such as ourselves, helping us to make sense of our existence and opening up probabilities that we might never have pondered otherwise (Shaw, 2017). Interestingly, Time.com stated that Pixar films are the philosophical of the animation world. Here lies the reason why the writer decided to analyze the portrayal of Jean-Paul Sartre’s famous phrase ‘Existence Precedes Essence’ in the latest Disney Pixar animation, Soul. Sartre argued that for human beings, our existence precedes our essence. In addition, Sartre’s notion of ‘existence’ characterized in terms of consciousness, free choice and ‘subjectivity’. For Sartre, the first act of consciousness is to choose. This study shows that Disney Pixar’sSoul does portray Sartre’s ‘existence precedes essence’ through Joe’s life – human beings have no fixed preordained essence or definition. Moreover, Sartre’s idea of consciousness or subjectivity can be seen from 22’s decision to be dared to live.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"173 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76003670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.16
Wang Xiaokang
Up till now, there have been numerous articles and papers concerning the issue of Point of View in Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”, most of which are focused on the analysis of narrator’s function in the construction of narrative structure or the presentation of thematic meanings. Despite some articles’ application of linguistic/stylistic research methods to the study of the story, few of them involves the analysis of point of view. Therefore, by clarifying and combining theories relevant to point of view proposed by both narratologists and stylists, the paper focuses on the analysis of point of view in Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” from both narratological and stylistic perspective through the exploration of three aspects: uniqueness of first-person point of view, transition and transgression of point of view, and omission of point of view, with the findings that the use of first-person plural narrator “we” serves the narrative function and involves community issues and racial problems deep in the south after the civil war, that the transition of teller-character to reflector-character influences narrative structure as well narrative distance of the story, which are closely related to the narrator’s authority and reliability, that the oscillation between third-person limited perspective and focal characters’ perspective helps to achieve the effect of omniscience within limitation, that the transgression of the narrator’s limited point of view into the realm of omniscient point of view creates double-layer effects of foreshadowing and self-exposure, and that the omitted point of view of Emily, Homer, and the negro servant are in close relation with the social, historical, and cultural background at the south in the first half of 20th century. Generally speaking, the paper verifies that the integrated theories of narratology and stylistics concerning point of view are of significance and innovativeness to the understanding of aesthetic effects and thematic meanings of fiction.
{"title":"Narratological and Stylistic Analysis of Point of View in Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”","authors":"Wang Xiaokang","doi":"10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.16","url":null,"abstract":"Up till now, there have been numerous articles and papers concerning the issue of Point of View in Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”, most of which are focused on the analysis of narrator’s function in the construction of narrative structure or the presentation of thematic meanings. Despite some articles’ application of linguistic/stylistic research methods to the study of the story, few of them involves the analysis of point of view. Therefore, by clarifying and combining theories relevant to point of view proposed by both narratologists and stylists, the paper focuses on the analysis of point of view in Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” from both narratological and stylistic perspective through the exploration of three aspects: uniqueness of first-person point of view, transition and transgression of point of view, and omission of point of view, with the findings that the use of first-person plural narrator “we” serves the narrative function and involves community issues and racial problems deep in the south after the civil war, that the transition of teller-character to reflector-character influences narrative structure as well narrative distance of the story, which are closely related to the narrator’s authority and reliability, that the oscillation between third-person limited perspective and focal characters’ perspective helps to achieve the effect of omniscience within limitation, that the transgression of the narrator’s limited point of view into the realm of omniscient point of view creates double-layer effects of foreshadowing and self-exposure, and that the omitted point of view of Emily, Homer, and the negro servant are in close relation with the social, historical, and cultural background at the south in the first half of 20th century. Generally speaking, the paper verifies that the integrated theories of narratology and stylistics concerning point of view are of significance and innovativeness to the understanding of aesthetic effects and thematic meanings of fiction.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85338424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.13
Esubalew Getenet
The objective of this study was to investigate teachers’ questioning behaviour in EFL classes in Higher Education Institutions at Wolkite University in Ethiopia. The study was a descriptive case study with a mixed-methods approach, but mainly qualitative. Data were collected through classroom observations, interviews and questionnaires. The participants of the study were English language teachers and first-year students of Wolkite University. A simple random sampling technique was used to select and observe seven teachers. Each class was observed twice. A purposive sampling technique was also employed to select the seven sample teachers for interviews. Besides, 31 EFL teachers, who were selected purposefully, filled in the questionnaire. Furthermore, 230 students were taken from the target classes through a stratified sampling technique. Of these, fourteen students (i.e., two students from each observed class) who were randomly chosen were interviewed face-to-face. The findings were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative data were analysed using open Code 4.02 and corpus analysis toolkit (AntConc) software programs, and for the quantitative data, percentages were used. The result of the study showed that EFL teachers largely utilised close-ended/display types of questions in the classes. The findings also showed that learners’ outputs were related to the types of questions that teachers utilised. The finding further indicated that when learners were asked open-ended and/or referential questions, their utterances were longer and more complex for they strived to clarify their outputs and negotiate the meanings with their interlocutors. Moreover, it was found that when teachers opted for closed-ended/display questions, learners’ oral contributions were so simple, short, and restricted, and often comprising one or two words. The findings also suggest that the formulation of questions should be given emphasis in the English language methodology courses. Finally, it would be useful if such research undertakings are conducted at different levels of the educational system of the country. More importantly, teacher-training institutes would benefit if some research on teachers questioning behaviour is carried out.
{"title":"Teachers’ Questioning Behaviour in EFL Classes in Higher Education Institutions at Wolkite University, Ethiopia","authors":"Esubalew Getenet","doi":"10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.13","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate teachers’ questioning behaviour in EFL classes in Higher Education Institutions at Wolkite University in Ethiopia. The study was a descriptive case study with a mixed-methods approach, but mainly qualitative. Data were collected through classroom observations, interviews and questionnaires. The participants of the study were English language teachers and first-year students of Wolkite University. A simple random sampling technique was used to select and observe seven teachers. Each class was observed twice. A purposive sampling technique was also employed to select the seven sample teachers for interviews. Besides, 31 EFL teachers, who were selected purposefully, filled in the questionnaire. Furthermore, 230 students were taken from the target classes through a stratified sampling technique. Of these, fourteen students (i.e., two students from each observed class) who were randomly chosen were interviewed face-to-face. The findings were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative data were analysed using open Code 4.02 and corpus analysis toolkit (AntConc) software programs, and for the quantitative data, percentages were used. The result of the study showed that EFL teachers largely utilised close-ended/display types of questions in the classes. The findings also showed that learners’ outputs were related to the types of questions that teachers utilised. The finding further indicated that when learners were asked open-ended and/or referential questions, their utterances were longer and more complex for they strived to clarify their outputs and negotiate the meanings with their interlocutors. Moreover, it was found that when teachers opted for closed-ended/display questions, learners’ oral contributions were so simple, short, and restricted, and often comprising one or two words. The findings also suggest that the formulation of questions should be given emphasis in the English language methodology courses. Finally, it would be useful if such research undertakings are conducted at different levels of the educational system of the country. More importantly, teacher-training institutes would benefit if some research on teachers questioning behaviour is carried out.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"241 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75776555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.14
Djoukwo Tsanetse Majolie Carine, Aihong Wang
Amongst the Bamileke people of the West Region of Cameroon, is associated with the phenomenon and practice of traditional rituals. Essentially, these rituals contribute to practitioners' good mental health, which is consistent with the Community action clauses that appeared in Quebec during the 1960s concerning art therapy. The goal is to improve the living standards and health conditions of the individual and the social group. In the various Bamileke groups, the activity of pottery faced some prejudices likely to discourage anyone wishing to make a career in this profession. Prejudices that, among others, the activity would be reserved for sterile and menopausal women, etc. The present study, led by the desire to bring a denial of these preliminary misunderstandings, presents the traditional pottery of the Bamilekes in its environment as the expression of art therapy. Indeed, pottery objects as well as the other forms of art of the said tribe accompany the individual or the group in the accomplishment of his deep aspirations. In each situation, the object and ritual that accompanies it provide a relatively effective solution. Our argument first consists of briefly presenting the concept of art therapy and some theoretical approaches supporting it, then present the pottery as therapy in a general way, and the pottery as the therapy in Bamileke. The argument continues with the unfolded prejudices related to the job of the potter in the Bamileke territory. Here we bring a denial by stating that if the traditional pottery materializes the concept of art therapy, it would like to say that it promotes fertility and not sterility. Finally, we ponder about the future of pottery as a therapy in the context of the Bamilekes. The different points approached allows us to investigate and understand the use of pottery objects in many rituals of the Bamileke people, considered as a form of practicing the art of therapy. The different rituals to which objects are associated have a single purpose: to seek the psychosomatic welfare of the individual and the community.
{"title":"Traditional Pottery as Expression of Art Therapy in Western Bamileke Cameroon","authors":"Djoukwo Tsanetse Majolie Carine, Aihong Wang","doi":"10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.14","url":null,"abstract":"Amongst the Bamileke people of the West Region of Cameroon, is associated with the phenomenon and practice of traditional rituals. Essentially, these rituals contribute to practitioners' good mental health, which is consistent with the Community action clauses that appeared in Quebec during the 1960s concerning art therapy. The goal is to improve the living standards and health conditions of the individual and the social group. In the various Bamileke groups, the activity of pottery faced some prejudices likely to discourage anyone wishing to make a career in this profession. Prejudices that, among others, the activity would be reserved for sterile and menopausal women, etc. The present study, led by the desire to bring a denial of these preliminary misunderstandings, presents the traditional pottery of the Bamilekes in its environment as the expression of art therapy. Indeed, pottery objects as well as the other forms of art of the said tribe accompany the individual or the group in the accomplishment of his deep aspirations. In each situation, the object and ritual that accompanies it provide a relatively effective solution. Our argument first consists of briefly presenting the concept of art therapy and some theoretical approaches supporting it, then present the pottery as therapy in a general way, and the pottery as the therapy in Bamileke. The argument continues with the unfolded prejudices related to the job of the potter in the Bamileke territory. Here we bring a denial by stating that if the traditional pottery materializes the concept of art therapy, it would like to say that it promotes fertility and not sterility. Finally, we ponder about the future of pottery as a therapy in the context of the Bamilekes. The different points approached allows us to investigate and understand the use of pottery objects in many rituals of the Bamileke people, considered as a form of practicing the art of therapy. The different rituals to which objects are associated have a single purpose: to seek the psychosomatic welfare of the individual and the community.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"12 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72545176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.12
J. Assadi, Marwa M. S. Abbass
Place is thought to have a variety of functions. The most well-known function is that of serving as a background for the event in order to provide the reader with more details and engage him more in the context. The place obtains more importance when it discloses the characters’ features, growth and complexity. This function gives the reader the chance to more deeply comprehend the plot of the story, the characters' relationships or conflict. And more central, the place can exceed the previous functions and play a more crucial role, when it performs roles usually given to the antagonist or the protagonist. This study explores Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night and discusses the significance of the place clarifying how it influences the plot and the characters. Needless to assert, the choice of place to be examined in this research rises from the recurrent concurrences of places in the novel and their parallel to those in Fitzgerald's reality. Another essential end for selecting the places on which the novel centers is that very few critics have investigated the aforesaid correlation between event and place. This gap makes it imperative to start mining deep in the origin of this association. In addition, this paper compares between the various places depicted in the novel and the key events in each of them. It also looks into the similarity between them and the places in Fitzgerald's real life. In giving place a domineering factor in the novel, Fitzgerald perhaps tries to maintain that place is a subjugating authority analogous to fate. Therefore, Fitzgerald takes the art of fiction and readership to newfangled unfamiliar ground. Here perhaps lies Fitzgerald’s chief impact.
{"title":"The Role of Place in Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night","authors":"J. Assadi, Marwa M. S. Abbass","doi":"10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.12","url":null,"abstract":"Place is thought to have a variety of functions. The most well-known function is that of serving as a background for the event in order to provide the reader with more details and engage him more in the context. The place obtains more importance when it discloses the characters’ features, growth and complexity. This function gives the reader the chance to more deeply comprehend the plot of the story, the characters' relationships or conflict. And more central, the place can exceed the previous functions and play a more crucial role, when it performs roles usually given to the antagonist or the protagonist. This study explores Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night and discusses the significance of the place clarifying how it influences the plot and the characters. Needless to assert, the choice of place to be examined in this research rises from the recurrent concurrences of places in the novel and their parallel to those in Fitzgerald's reality. Another essential end for selecting the places on which the novel centers is that very few critics have investigated the aforesaid correlation between event and place. This gap makes it imperative to start mining deep in the origin of this association. In addition, this paper compares between the various places depicted in the novel and the key events in each of them. It also looks into the similarity between them and the places in Fitzgerald's real life. In giving place a domineering factor in the novel, Fitzgerald perhaps tries to maintain that place is a subjugating authority analogous to fate. Therefore, Fitzgerald takes the art of fiction and readership to newfangled unfamiliar ground. Here perhaps lies Fitzgerald’s chief impact.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78432740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-16DOI: 10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.11
Ningyi Li
As one of the greatest short-story novelists in the world, O. Henry is a critical realistic author, also one of the world’s three major short masters, together with Chekov and Maupassant. His writing style is appreciated by numerous readers, especially for the twist plot and the surprising ending with the feature of “smile with tears”. In language, O. Henry uses many rhetoric tactics to achieve the effect of making the stories more vivid and humorous, such as exaggeration, metaphor, and simile and so on. His writing materials are from his own life experiences, that each story is a reflection of the society then, and he always sympathizes with the poor, criticizes and satirizes the capitalists even the common insignificants who have the valuable humanity. Through the analysis of O. Henry’s representative novels, it has expounded the humanistic spirit and optimistic expectation of human kindness contained in his works, which also shows love and kindness are the ultimate belief and the eternal chapter praised by all human beings. Therefore, it has become a major stylistic feature of O. Henry’s novels to show the characters’ psychology by depicting the emotional motivation, which is also the main line and key to our analysis of his works. Moreover, his unique writing styles influence following authors in the field of literature, therefore, his story is known as the “encyclopedia of American life”.
{"title":"“Smile with Tears”—— An Interpretation of O. Henry’s Short Stories","authors":"Ningyi Li","doi":"10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.ELLC.20210603.11","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the greatest short-story novelists in the world, O. Henry is a critical realistic author, also one of the world’s three major short masters, together with Chekov and Maupassant. His writing style is appreciated by numerous readers, especially for the twist plot and the surprising ending with the feature of “smile with tears”. In language, O. Henry uses many rhetoric tactics to achieve the effect of making the stories more vivid and humorous, such as exaggeration, metaphor, and simile and so on. His writing materials are from his own life experiences, that each story is a reflection of the society then, and he always sympathizes with the poor, criticizes and satirizes the capitalists even the common insignificants who have the valuable humanity. Through the analysis of O. Henry’s representative novels, it has expounded the humanistic spirit and optimistic expectation of human kindness contained in his works, which also shows love and kindness are the ultimate belief and the eternal chapter praised by all human beings. Therefore, it has become a major stylistic feature of O. Henry’s novels to show the characters’ psychology by depicting the emotional motivation, which is also the main line and key to our analysis of his works. Moreover, his unique writing styles influence following authors in the field of literature, therefore, his story is known as the “encyclopedia of American life”.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74795772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-29DOI: 10.11648/J.ELLC.20210602.13
Hai-ming Zhou, Xu Qian, Rong-chun Jiang, Zhou Sen
In the era of globalization, Sino-US relationship is currently the hottest topic, especially in the case of tensions in Sino-US trade relationship, and then the construction of national image of various countries becomes very important. Within the appraisal theory, this paper probes into the construction of national image from three perspectives, namely attitude, engagement and graduation. Through this study, the following findings have been highlighted. First, with reference to appraisal theory, the salient feature is that the text is emphatic. Emphatic words are widely used to enhance momentum of the expression and sharpen attitudes of the two anchors. Second, judgement is mainly used in the ATTITUDE system. Both sides prefer to construct the image of pursuing peaceful coexistence and wishing a better future for each other. Besides, they also incline to seek common ground while preserving difference. Third, heterogloss is the main application of the ENGAGEMENT system in the debate. The application of heterogloss can construct the national image of keeping objective and being fair by invoking a legal provision and using reference data. Fourth, emphatic words account for a high percentage in the debate according to the GRADUATION system. Both sides have a clear and sharp attitude to everything especially in face of the wrong perception of others. And they both construct the image of being gentle and modest, which shows the demeanor of a great country.
{"title":"On the Discursive Construction of National Image from the Perspective of Appraisal Theory","authors":"Hai-ming Zhou, Xu Qian, Rong-chun Jiang, Zhou Sen","doi":"10.11648/J.ELLC.20210602.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.ELLC.20210602.13","url":null,"abstract":"In the era of globalization, Sino-US relationship is currently the hottest topic, especially in the case of tensions in Sino-US trade relationship, and then the construction of national image of various countries becomes very important. Within the appraisal theory, this paper probes into the construction of national image from three perspectives, namely attitude, engagement and graduation. Through this study, the following findings have been highlighted. First, with reference to appraisal theory, the salient feature is that the text is emphatic. Emphatic words are widely used to enhance momentum of the expression and sharpen attitudes of the two anchors. Second, judgement is mainly used in the ATTITUDE system. Both sides prefer to construct the image of pursuing peaceful coexistence and wishing a better future for each other. Besides, they also incline to seek common ground while preserving difference. Third, heterogloss is the main application of the ENGAGEMENT system in the debate. The application of heterogloss can construct the national image of keeping objective and being fair by invoking a legal provision and using reference data. Fourth, emphatic words account for a high percentage in the debate according to the GRADUATION system. Both sides have a clear and sharp attitude to everything especially in face of the wrong perception of others. And they both construct the image of being gentle and modest, which shows the demeanor of a great country.","PeriodicalId":55896,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of English Language Literature and Culture","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74698548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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