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1. Introducing Global Politics 1. 全球政治简介
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-19 DOI: 10.1093/hepl/9780198844327.003.0001
S. Lawson
This introductory chapter provides an overview of global politics, starting with an account of the global political sphere as a specialized area of study—more conventionally known as the discipline of International Relations (IR)—and including an explanation of the distinction between the ‘global’ and the ‘international’. It also addresses the extent to which the world is ‘globalized’, even as some pundits herald a halt to globalization and a return to the closed politics of nationalism. The chapter then explores the history of globalization, which provides an essential backdrop to the understanding of the phenomenon in the present, and the challenges to it. This includes attention to the interweaving of globalization’s political, economic, social, and cultural dimensions and some of the implications for the current state-based world order. Finally, the chapter considers the role of theory and method, including concerns raised by the notion of a ‘post-truth’ world.
这一导论章节概述了全球政治,首先将全球政治领域作为一个专门的研究领域——通常被称为国际关系(IR)学科——进行描述,并解释了“全球”和“国际”之间的区别。它还谈到了世界“全球化”的程度,即使一些权威人士预示着全球化的停止和民族主义的封闭政治的回归。然后,本章探讨了全球化的历史,这为理解当前的现象及其面临的挑战提供了一个重要的背景。这包括关注全球化的政治、经济、社会和文化维度的交织,以及对当前以国家为基础的世界秩序的一些影响。最后,本章考虑了理论和方法的作用,包括“后真相”世界概念所引起的关注。
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引用次数: 0
8. International Law 8. 国际法
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-19 DOI: 10.1093/hepl/9780198844327.003.0008
S. Lawson
This chapter describes the broad challenges involved in establishing global order under conditions of anarchy through international law. The fact that there is no world government with powers akin to national governments means that maintaining cooperative relations between and among states is always a careful balancing act, given the problem of enforcing international law in the absence of a single, overarching sovereign authority. The chapter looks at law in the global sphere through the notion of rule of law. It then considers the emergence of international law in broad historical perspective. Moving on to international law in the twentieth century, and up to the present period, the chapter examines the nature of treaties, charters, and covenants which operate in multiple issue areas from postal services, trade, and aviation to communications, the environment, and human rights. It also focuses on two major international courts: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). Finally, the chapter reflects on how the principles and practices of a rules-based international order are faring in the contemporary period with a focus on Russia, China, and the US.
本章描述了通过国际法在无政府状态下建立全球秩序所涉及的广泛挑战。没有一个拥有与国家政府类似权力的世界政府,这一事实意味着,考虑到在没有一个统一的、至高无上的主权权威的情况下执行国际法的问题,维持国家之间和国家之间的合作关系始终是一种谨慎的平衡行为。本章通过法治的概念来审视全球范围内的法律。然后从广泛的历史角度考虑国际法的出现。本章继续讨论20世纪至今的国际法,考察了涉及邮政服务、贸易、航空、通信、环境和人权等多个问题领域的条约、宪章和公约的性质。它还侧重于两个主要的国际法院:国际法院(ICJ)和国际刑事法院(ICC)。最后,本章以俄罗斯、中国和美国为重点,反思了基于规则的国际秩序的原则和实践在当代的发展情况。
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引用次数: 0
5. New Waves of Theorizing in Global Politics 5. 全球政治理论化的新浪潮
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-19 DOI: 10.1093/hepl/9780198844327.003.0005
S. Lawson
This chapter evaluates new modes of theorizing in global politics. These are based on long-standing concerns in social and political theory and all of them involve identity politics in one way or another—a form of politics in which an individual’s membership of a group, based on certain distinctive characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and sexuality, acquires significant political salience and is implicated in hierarchies of power. It follows that identity itself involves issues of both who an individual is, and who that individual is not. This involves not just self-identification or self-definition, but is also mediated by the perceptions of others. In some cases there are connections with social movements concerned with issues of justice and equality in both domestic and global spheres. In almost all cases the specific issues of concern, and their theorization, have come relatively late to the agenda of global politics and so may be said to constitute a ‘new wave’ of theorizing in the discipline. The chapter looks at feminism, gender theory, racism, cultural theory, colonialism, and postcolonial theory.
本章评估全球政治理论化的新模式。这些都是基于社会和政治理论中长期存在的问题,所有这些问题都以这样或那样的方式涉及身份政治——一种政治形式,在这种政治形式中,一个人在一个群体中的成员身份,基于某些独特的特征,如种族、民族、宗教、性别和性取向,获得了显著的政治突出性,并与权力等级有关。由此可见,身份本身涉及到一个人是谁,以及这个人不是谁的问题。这不仅涉及自我认同或自我定义,还受到他人看法的影响。在某些情况下,与国内和全球范围内有关正义和平等问题的社会运动有联系。在几乎所有的情况下,所关注的具体问题及其理论化,在全球政治的议程上出现得相对较晚,因此可以说构成了该学科理论化的“新浪潮”。这一章着眼于女权主义、性别理论、种族主义、文化理论、殖民主义和后殖民理论。
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引用次数: 0
7. International Organizations in Global Politics 7. 全球政治中的国际组织
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-19 DOI: 10.1093/hepl/9780198844327.003.0007
S. Lawson
This chapter addresses the nature of international organizations and how they are generally theorized as participants in global politics and then reviews the rise of international organizations from a historical perspective, with particular reference to developments from the nineteenth century onwards. It also discusses the major intergovernmental institutions that emerged in the twentieth century and which have played such an important role in shaping global order. The chapter briefly looks at the League of Nations but most attention is given to its successor, the United Nations (UN), and its various appendages. It then examines the world of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Some of these NGOs possess significant status in the global sphere, others have little relevance, and still others pose dangers. Finally, the chapter considers social movements and their relationship to the contemporary world of international organizations along with the idea of global civil society. In reviewing these institutions, actors, and ideas, we should keep in mind that liberal international theory, especially in the form of liberal institutionalism, as well as proponents of international society, regard robust international organizations as essential building blocks of global order.
本章阐述了国际组织的本质,以及国际组织作为全球政治参与者是如何被理论化的,然后从历史的角度回顾了国际组织的兴起,特别提到了19世纪以来的发展。它还讨论了20世纪出现的主要政府间机构,它们在塑造全球秩序方面发挥了如此重要的作用。本章简要介绍了国际联盟,但主要关注的是它的后继者联合国及其各种附属机构。然后它审查了非政府组织(ngo)的世界。这些非政府组织有的在全球范围内具有重要地位,有的无足轻重,还有的构成危险。最后,本章考虑了社会运动及其与当代国际组织世界的关系,以及全球公民社会的概念。在回顾这些机构、行动者和思想时,我们应该记住,自由主义国际理论,尤其是自由制度主义的国际理论,以及国际社会的支持者,都将健全的国际组织视为全球秩序的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
12. Conclusion Justice and the Future of Global Politics 12. 正义与全球政治的未来
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-19 DOI: 10.1093/hepl/9780198844327.003.0012
S. Lawson
This concluding chapter draws together some of the themes running throughout this book to address some key issues of justice and the future of global politics. In addition to outlining the concept of global justice, it deals with two contrasting normative approaches to issues in global politics, namely, cosmopolitanism and communitarianism, taking particular note of the debates that emerged in the post-Cold War period and which have been especially important for the analysis of human rights. The chapter looks at how these approaches map onto opposing strands of thought within the English school, namely, solidarism and pluralism. It then moves on to some specific issues in contemporary global politics involving the application of normative theory—citizenship, migration, and refugees. Finally, the chapter considers issues of intergenerational justice with respect to the normative links between past, present, and future and the responsibilities these entail.
这最后一章汇集了贯穿全书的一些主题,以解决正义和全球政治未来的一些关键问题。除了概述全球正义的概念外,它还讨论了处理全球政治问题的两种截然不同的规范方法,即世界主义和社群主义,特别注意到冷战后时期出现的辩论,这些辩论对分析人权特别重要。本章着眼于这些方法如何映射到英国学派的对立思想,即团结主义和多元主义。然后,它转移到当代全球政治中涉及规范理论应用的一些具体问题-公民身份,移民和难民。最后,本章考虑了代际正义的问题,涉及过去、现在和未来之间的规范性联系以及这些联系所带来的责任。
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引用次数: 0
4. Critical Approaches to Global Politics 4. 全球政治的批判方法
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-19 DOI: 10.1093/hepl/9780198844327.003.0004
S. Lawson
This chapter investigates critical approaches to global politics. While liberal and realist theorists probe each other’s ideas for faults and weaknesses, neither have challenged capitalism and its implications for social, economic, and political order. Marxism, on the other hand, which developed around the mid-nineteenth century, has provided very different perspectives and presents a significant challenge for mainstream approaches to global order in both theory and practice. Post-Marxist Critical Theory, along with historical sociology and world-systems theory, emerged in the twentieth century, giving rise to schools of thought which continue the critique of capitalism and the social and political forces underpinning it. Meanwhile, ideas arising from social theory, such as the extent to which perceptions of reality are socially conditioned and indeed ‘constructed’, achieved greater prominence following the end of the Cold War, an event which prompted many scholars to start asking new questions about global politics and the assumptions on which traditional theories rested. Constructivism, postmodernism, and poststructuralism remain concerned with issues of power and justice but provide different lenses through which these issues may be viewed in the sphere of global politics.
本章探讨全球政治的批判方法。虽然自由主义和现实主义理论家相互探究对方的缺点和弱点,但他们都没有挑战资本主义及其对社会、经济和政治秩序的影响。另一方面,马克思主义在19世纪中期左右发展起来,提供了非常不同的视角,并在理论和实践上对全球秩序的主流方法提出了重大挑战。后马克思主义批判理论,以及历史社会学和世界体系理论,出现在20世纪,产生了继续批判资本主义及其社会和政治力量的思想流派。与此同时,来自社会理论的观点,如对现实的看法在多大程度上是社会制约的,实际上是“建构”的,在冷战结束后获得了更大的突出地位,这一事件促使许多学者开始对全球政治和传统理论所依据的假设提出新的问题。建构主义、后现代主义和后结构主义仍然关注权力和正义问题,但提供了不同的视角,通过这些视角可以在全球政治领域看待这些问题。
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引用次数: 0
9. Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 9. 外交与外交政策
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-19 DOI: 10.1093/hepl/9780198844327.003.0009
S. Lawson
This chapter explores diplomacy and the conduct of foreign policy, which are fundamental to relations between political communities and have been practised for thousands of years. In the contemporary period, diplomatic and foreign policy practices usually involve fully professionalized state bureaucracies. But alongside formal state diplomacy, other important actors contribute as well, from Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) to special envoys or third-party mediators tasked with specific missions. There are also special forms of diplomacy such as ‘summit diplomacy’ and ‘public diplomacy’, both of which have assumed increasing importance in contemporary practice. Foreign policy behaviour itself is a closely related but distinctive field of study focusing on the strategies that states adopt in their relations with each other and which reflect, in turn, the pressures that governments face in either the domestic or external sphere. The chapter then considers the foreign and security policy of the EU which now has a role and an identity as an international actor in its own right. Finally, it presents a brief account of Wikileaks, which illustrates another very different kind of actor in the field.
本章探讨外交和外交政策的实施,这是政治团体之间关系的基础,已经实践了数千年。在当代,外交和外交政策实践通常涉及完全专业化的国家官僚机构。但是,除了正式的国家外交之外,其他重要行为体也做出了贡献,从非政府组织(ngo)到执行特定任务的特使或第三方调解人。还有一些特殊的外交形式,如“首脑外交”和“公共外交”,它们在当代实践中越来越重要。外交政策行为本身是一个密切相关但又独特的研究领域,其重点是国家在相互关系中采取的战略,这些战略反过来反映了政府在国内或外部领域所面临的压力。这一章接着讨论了欧盟的外交和安全政策,欧盟现在凭借自己的权利,作为一个国际行动者发挥了作用和身份。最后,它简要介绍了维基解密,它展示了该领域另一种非常不同的行动者。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond lockdown? The ethics of global movement in a new era 除了封锁?新时代的全球运动伦理
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/16544951.2021.1895487
Guy Aitchison
ABSTRACT A collection of recent works offer a route into rethinking the ethics of borders at a time when the rules and practices of global mobility have been called into question by the coronavirus pandemic. What counts as a legitimate justification for the closure of borders and who gets to decide? Who has responsibility for the protection of refugees? Just how practical is the ideal of ‘open borders’ and is there a trade-off between justice in immigration and the stability of a liberal political order? While some commentators have claimed that the coronavirus pandemic sounded the death knell for the ideal of open borders, its true import is to highlight our mutual vulnerability and the need for effective global co-ordination of migration and asylum. The four contributions I discuss provide vital moral arguments and conceptual distinctions relevant to thinking about the contours of a post-pandemic regime of global mobility. While they differ on the question of who the liberal state may justifiably exclude, and on the desirability and practicality of cosmopolitan reform, they converge in assigning states a far greater role in protecting the human rights of vulnerable non-citizens and in their condemnation of a cruel and repressive status quo.
在冠状病毒大流行对全球流动的规则和做法提出质疑之际,近期的一系列作品为重新思考边界伦理提供了一条途径。关闭边境的正当理由是什么?谁来决定?谁有责任保护难民?“开放边界”的理想到底有多实际?在移民的公正和自由政治秩序的稳定之间是否存在权衡?虽然一些评论员声称,冠状病毒大流行敲响了开放边界理想的丧钟,但其真正意义在于强调我们的共同脆弱性以及在移民和庇护方面进行有效全球协调的必要性。我讨论的四项贡献提供了重要的道德论据和概念上的区别,与思考大流行后全球流动制度的轮廓有关。尽管他们在自由国家可以合理地排斥谁的问题上存在分歧,在世界主义改革的可取性和实用性上存在分歧,但他们一致认为,在保护弱势非公民的人权和谴责残酷和压迫的现状方面,国家应发挥更大的作用。
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引用次数: 1
What Kind of Functionings Matter for Global Justice for Children? 什么样的功能对全球儿童正义至关重要?
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/16544951.2021.1873576
G. Schweiger
ABSTRACT In this paper I am interested in the ‘currency of justice’ question, which is important for a theory of global justice for children, based within the capability approach. My paper is structured in three parts. In the first part I will examine the distinction between capabilities and functionings and consider the role this plays in global justice for children. In the second part I will discuss the temporality of functionings as a key feature for understanding global justice for children. It is important to distinguish here between the timing (when children have certain functionings) and the duration of functionings (for how long children have those functionings). In the third and final part I will discuss the role of specific functionings which have been termed in other debates ‘kindergoods’ or the ‘intrinsic goods of childhood’. I will argue in this regard that child-specificity can have different meanings, that some functionings can only be had by children and that some functionings are particularly valuable only for children despite the fact that adults can also have them.
在本文中,我感兴趣的是“正义的货币”问题,这对基于能力方法的全球儿童正义理论很重要。我的论文由三部分组成。在第一部分中,我将研究能力和功能之间的区别,并考虑这在全球儿童正义中所起的作用。在第二部分中,我将讨论作为理解全球儿童正义的关键特征的功能的临时性。在这里,区分时间(儿童具有某些功能的时间)和功能持续时间(儿童具有这些功能的时间)是很重要的。在第三部分也是最后一部分,我将讨论在其他辩论中被称为“儿童商品”或“儿童的内在商品”的特定功能的作用。在这方面,我认为儿童特异性可以有不同的含义,有些功能只能由儿童拥有,有些功能只对儿童特别有价值,尽管成年人也可以拥有这些功能。
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引用次数: 0
A defense of the moral and legal right to secede 对脱离联邦的道德和法律权利的辩护
IF 0.7 3区 哲学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/16544951.2021.1913902
Moises Vaca, Marc Artiga
ABSTRACT We defend the moral and legal right to secede in accordance with plebiscitary theory. Our paper has three main goals. First, by offering a schematic characterization of plebiscitary theory, the main arguments in its favour (and the main objections to them), we contribute to clarify the structure of this complex debate. Second, we stress the point that, if the moral right to secede is established, the resistance for its inclusion into positive law is unjustified. Finally, by addressing old and new objections to plebiscitary theory, we hope to make a compelling case for a wider recognition of secessionist rights.
根据公民投票理论,我们捍卫脱离联邦的道德和法律权利。我们的论文有三个主要目标。首先,通过提供全民投票理论的概要描述,支持全民投票理论的主要论点(以及反对全民投票理论的主要论点),我们有助于澄清这场复杂辩论的结构。其次,我们强调,如果道德上的分离权得到确立,那么反对将其纳入成文法是不合理的。最后,通过解决对公民投票理论的新旧反对意见,我们希望为更广泛地承认分离主义者的权利提出令人信服的理由。
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引用次数: 2
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Ethics & Global Politics
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