Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2023.2267944
Jochen Schiewe
Diverse user requirements has led to an increasing availability of multi-temporal data, the analysis of which often requires visualization, e.g. in multi-temporal choropleth maps. However, if using standard data classification methods for the creation of these maps, problems arise: significant changes can be lost by data classification (change loss) or non-significant changes can be emphasized (change exaggeration). In this paper, an extended method for data classification is presented, which can reduce these effects as far as possible. In the first step, class differences are set for important or necessary changes. The actual data classification considers these class differences in the context of a sweep line algorithm, whose optimal solution is determined with the help of a measure called Preservation of Change Classes (POCC). By assigning weights during computation of this measure, different tasks or change analyses (e.g. emphasize only highly significant changes) can be processed.
{"title":"Preserving Change Information in Multi-temporal Choropleth Maps Through an Extended Data Classification Method","authors":"Jochen Schiewe","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2023.2267944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2023.2267944","url":null,"abstract":"Diverse user requirements has led to an increasing availability of multi-temporal data, the analysis of which often requires visualization, e.g. in multi-temporal choropleth maps. However, if using standard data classification methods for the creation of these maps, problems arise: significant changes can be lost by data classification (change loss) or non-significant changes can be emphasized (change exaggeration). In this paper, an extended method for data classification is presented, which can reduce these effects as far as possible. In the first step, class differences are set for important or necessary changes. The actual data classification considers these class differences in the context of a sweep line algorithm, whose optimal solution is determined with the help of a measure called Preservation of Change Classes (POCC). By assigning weights during computation of this measure, different tasks or change analyses (e.g. emphasize only highly significant changes) can be processed.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"33 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2023.2259174
Jim Goldsmith
{"title":"The British Cartographic Society Awards 2022","authors":"Jim Goldsmith","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2023.2259174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2023.2259174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"31 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2023.2246316
Babatunde Adedayo Ogundiwin
ABSTRACTThe Southern Baptist cartographic style portraying Yorùbáland in the mid-nineteenth century shifted the graphic appearance of this geographical space. This paper asserts that this graphic appearance reflects the evangelical thought of spreading the gospel and marked a very significant transition in the visual portrayal of West-Central Africa. Employing an historical-stylistic analysis, this paper examines the Christian missionary contribution to the appearance of the Yorùbá landscape in nineteenth-century maps. The Southern Baptist missionary maps of the 1850s, resulting from evangelical discourses and missionary work, highlighted geographical features that gave a new landscape identity to Yorùbáland. The map design of this ethno-territorial space emphasises an evangelical concern for well-populated regions. Hence, this study highlights the role of missionary maps in the distinctive visual expression of an ethnic territory in West African geography.KEYWORDS: Cartographic styleSouthern Baptist MissionYorùbálandThomas BowenWilliam Keenan Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsBabatunde Adedayo OgundiwinBabatunde Adedayo Ogundiwin is currently a doctoral student at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa having gained Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees at the University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria. His thesis explores the role of maps in providing visual insights into agrarian spatial thought.
{"title":"The American Southern Baptist Mission and Maps of Yorùbáland: The Evolution of a Cartographic Style","authors":"Babatunde Adedayo Ogundiwin","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2023.2246316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2023.2246316","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe Southern Baptist cartographic style portraying Yorùbáland in the mid-nineteenth century shifted the graphic appearance of this geographical space. This paper asserts that this graphic appearance reflects the evangelical thought of spreading the gospel and marked a very significant transition in the visual portrayal of West-Central Africa. Employing an historical-stylistic analysis, this paper examines the Christian missionary contribution to the appearance of the Yorùbá landscape in nineteenth-century maps. The Southern Baptist missionary maps of the 1850s, resulting from evangelical discourses and missionary work, highlighted geographical features that gave a new landscape identity to Yorùbáland. The map design of this ethno-territorial space emphasises an evangelical concern for well-populated regions. Hence, this study highlights the role of missionary maps in the distinctive visual expression of an ethnic territory in West African geography.KEYWORDS: Cartographic styleSouthern Baptist MissionYorùbálandThomas BowenWilliam Keenan Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsBabatunde Adedayo OgundiwinBabatunde Adedayo Ogundiwin is currently a doctoral student at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa having gained Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees at the University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria. His thesis explores the role of maps in providing visual insights into agrarian spatial thought.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"31 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2023.2246713
Mingguang Wu, Ziming Cheng, Wei Cheng
ABSTRACTWhen selecting categorical map colours, colour conventions should be respected to leverage semantic–colour resonance to facilitate cartographic communication. Given a set of sample colours, kernel density estimation (KDE) can be used to estimate each colour's probability density (appropriateness) to represent the category. How to couple bandwidth and kernel to estimate better appropriateness remains unknown. To fill this gap, an experiment was designed to explore best pairs of bandwidth and kernel capturing users' assessments. We gathered six groups of colour samples from 10 well-accepted land use atlases and 30 randomly sampled test colours; we then applied KDE to estimate the appropriateness of test colours using all possible pairs of bandwidth and kernel, and invited participants to score each test colour. Results show that pair of rule-of-thumb bandwidth and Gaussian kernel yields the best estimates. Our findings are generalizable to diverse colours and can serve as a complement to design colours.KEYWORDS: Map colour designcategorical colourskernel density estimationcolour conventionsexperimental evaluation Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data Availability StatementData are available from the authors upon request.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41971417 and 41930104).Notes on contributorsMingguang WuMingguang WU is currently a professor at department of geographic information science, Nanjing Normal University, China. He has a PhD in Geography and Geographic Information Science from the Information Engineering University, China. His professional skills and interests in cartography are symbol design and spatio-temporal mapping.Ziming ChengZiming Cheng is currently pursuing a PhD degree at the College of Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Normal University. His primary research focuses on cartography and the visualization of geographic information.Wei ChengWei Cheng is currently a GIS software engineer at Nanjing NARI Information & Communication Technology Co., Ltd., China. His professional skills in cartography are the visualization of geographic information and mapping software development.
{"title":"An Experimental Evaluation of Kernel Density Estimation to Choose Categorical Map Colours","authors":"Mingguang Wu, Ziming Cheng, Wei Cheng","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2023.2246713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2023.2246713","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTWhen selecting categorical map colours, colour conventions should be respected to leverage semantic–colour resonance to facilitate cartographic communication. Given a set of sample colours, kernel density estimation (KDE) can be used to estimate each colour's probability density (appropriateness) to represent the category. How to couple bandwidth and kernel to estimate better appropriateness remains unknown. To fill this gap, an experiment was designed to explore best pairs of bandwidth and kernel capturing users' assessments. We gathered six groups of colour samples from 10 well-accepted land use atlases and 30 randomly sampled test colours; we then applied KDE to estimate the appropriateness of test colours using all possible pairs of bandwidth and kernel, and invited participants to score each test colour. Results show that pair of rule-of-thumb bandwidth and Gaussian kernel yields the best estimates. Our findings are generalizable to diverse colours and can serve as a complement to design colours.KEYWORDS: Map colour designcategorical colourskernel density estimationcolour conventionsexperimental evaluation Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data Availability StatementData are available from the authors upon request.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41971417 and 41930104).Notes on contributorsMingguang WuMingguang WU is currently a professor at department of geographic information science, Nanjing Normal University, China. He has a PhD in Geography and Geographic Information Science from the Information Engineering University, China. His professional skills and interests in cartography are symbol design and spatio-temporal mapping.Ziming ChengZiming Cheng is currently pursuing a PhD degree at the College of Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Normal University. His primary research focuses on cartography and the visualization of geographic information.Wei ChengWei Cheng is currently a GIS software engineer at Nanjing NARI Information & Communication Technology Co., Ltd., China. His professional skills in cartography are the visualization of geographic information and mapping software development.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"32 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2023.2257979
{"title":"The British Cartographic Society Annual Report for the Year Ended 31 December 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2023.2257979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2023.2257979","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"32 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2023.2246742
Maxwell J. Roberts
{"title":"Objective and Subjective Methods for Evaluating the Usability of Schematic Maps: The Case Against Informal Expert Assessments","authors":"Maxwell J. Roberts","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2023.2246742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2023.2246742","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"14 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135870534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2023.2246320
Burak Beyhan, Mehtap Çelik
ABSTRACTPiers are vital elements in the formation of collective memory in Mediterranean port cities and they played an important role in Mersin's urban life until the 1950s. Although there are some oral history-based studies attempting to spatialize them, they lack any measure of accuracy and reliability, and carry the risk of leading to false memories. In this context, the aim of this paper is to illustrate that collective memory can be properly reconstructed by using historical maps only if appropriate methods of analysis and reliable maps are used. In this study, which is based on various historical maps of Mersin city, the locations of the lost piers have been determined by using georeferencing tools available in QGIS. The study reveals that the tendency to construct false memories could be prevented by using reliable maps and appropriate tools in GIS in combination with the archive records.KEYWORDS: Urban historyhistorical mapscultural heritagegeoreferencingGISTurkey AcknowledgmentsAn earlier version of this manuscript in draft was presented at the seventh International Conference on Cartography & GIS (7 ICC&GIS 2018) held by the Bulgarian Cartographic Association in Sozopol, Bulgaria (18th-23rd June, 2018). The authors would like to acknowledge the participants who made insightful comments and suggestions at the presentation. They are also grateful to anonymous referees for their useful comments, suggestions and constructive critiques. This work received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsBurak BeyhanBurak Beyhan is a Professor at the Department of City and Regional Planning, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University. He received his degrees (Bachelor of City Planning - BCP, Master of Regional Planning – MRP, and Doctor of Philosophy – PhD) in the Department of City and Regional Planning at Middle East Technical University, in Ankara, Turkey. His main research interests are in the areas of urban and regional planning, regional development and innovation systems, geographic information systems (GIS) in planning, and urban and planning history in Turkey.Mehtap ÇelikMehtap Çelik is an Assistant Professor at the Department of History, Mersin University. She received her Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) and Master of Science (MSc) degrees in the Department of History, Ankara University, in Ankara, Turkey, and received her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the Department of History, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey. Her main research interests are in the areas of Ottoman history, and the evolution of financial and institutional system of the Ottoman Empire between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries.
{"title":"Preventing False Memories and Revitalizing Collective Memory with the Help of Historical Cartographic Materials and GIS: An Examination of the Lost Piers of Mersin","authors":"Burak Beyhan, Mehtap Çelik","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2023.2246320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2023.2246320","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTPiers are vital elements in the formation of collective memory in Mediterranean port cities and they played an important role in Mersin's urban life until the 1950s. Although there are some oral history-based studies attempting to spatialize them, they lack any measure of accuracy and reliability, and carry the risk of leading to false memories. In this context, the aim of this paper is to illustrate that collective memory can be properly reconstructed by using historical maps only if appropriate methods of analysis and reliable maps are used. In this study, which is based on various historical maps of Mersin city, the locations of the lost piers have been determined by using georeferencing tools available in QGIS. The study reveals that the tendency to construct false memories could be prevented by using reliable maps and appropriate tools in GIS in combination with the archive records.KEYWORDS: Urban historyhistorical mapscultural heritagegeoreferencingGISTurkey AcknowledgmentsAn earlier version of this manuscript in draft was presented at the seventh International Conference on Cartography & GIS (7 ICC&GIS 2018) held by the Bulgarian Cartographic Association in Sozopol, Bulgaria (18th-23rd June, 2018). The authors would like to acknowledge the participants who made insightful comments and suggestions at the presentation. They are also grateful to anonymous referees for their useful comments, suggestions and constructive critiques. This work received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsBurak BeyhanBurak Beyhan is a Professor at the Department of City and Regional Planning, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University. He received his degrees (Bachelor of City Planning - BCP, Master of Regional Planning – MRP, and Doctor of Philosophy – PhD) in the Department of City and Regional Planning at Middle East Technical University, in Ankara, Turkey. His main research interests are in the areas of urban and regional planning, regional development and innovation systems, geographic information systems (GIS) in planning, and urban and planning history in Turkey.Mehtap ÇelikMehtap Çelik is an Assistant Professor at the Department of History, Mersin University. She received her Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) and Master of Science (MSc) degrees in the Department of History, Ankara University, in Ankara, Turkey, and received her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the Department of History, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey. Her main research interests are in the areas of Ottoman history, and the evolution of financial and institutional system of the Ottoman Empire between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"52 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135267073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2023.2216496
Joaquim Alves Gaspar
ABSTRACTA chart of the sixteenth century is extant, depicting the southern hemisphere and containing the earliest known representation of the southeast coast of South America, in the wake of Magellan and Elcano's circum navigation. In this paper, it is argued that astronomical observations of longitude were accommodated in the representation, and that the chart was produced in the specific context of the Juntas of Badajoz-Elvas, held between the representatives of the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns, to discuss the location and possession of the Spice Islands. It is further shown that the chart was produced using the information brought to Seville by the ship San Antonio, which had deserted the fleet in October 1520, before the passage to the Pacific Ocean was found. It is concluded that this chart presents a unique historical milestone in the history of cartography, containing the earliest material evidence of the effective use of astronomical methods to determine longitude in a nautical context.KEYWORDS: History of cartographyhistory of nautical cartographyhistory of navigationhistory of maritime expansioncircum-navigation of Magellan/Elcanoastronomical determination of longitude AcknowledgementsI warmly thank Romeu Gaspar for his support in assessing the errors associated with astronomical determinations of longitude in the sixteenth century, which has permitted more solid conclusions to be drawn about how this chart was constructed. This world was made possible by the collaboration of Šima Krtalić in the in situ examination of the manuscript and the research that followed.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).FundingThis project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 714033- MEDEA-CHART/ERC-2016-STG).Notes1 The designation chart, instead of map, will be used throughout this text notwithstanding the fact that this is not strictly a nautical chart and was not intended for navigation. Despite of the use of a map projection foreign to marine navigation, the representation was copied from traditional charts, and the cartographic conventions in the depiction of the coastlines and names are those of nautical cartography.2 The anonymous chart known as Kunstmann IV planisphere (c. 1519), attributed to Jorge Reinel and Pedro Reinel, was lost during World War II. A black and white photograph is extant, as well as a coloured facsimile drawn in 1843 by Otto Progel, now kept at the Biblothèque nationale de France (CPL GE AA-564 (RES)). The Miller Atlas (c. 1519) is a luxurious manuscript containing ten charts and a map of the world, whose cover page is signed and dated by the Portuguese cartographer Lopo Homem. It is considered to have been also drawn by Pedro and Jorge Reinel and is now kept at the Biblothèque nationale de France (Res. Ge. DD. 683). See Gaspar and Krtalić (Citation2023: 127–135; 136–
在麦哲伦和埃尔卡诺的环球航行之后，现存的一幅16世纪的海图描绘了南半球，并包含了已知最早的南美洲东南海岸的代表。在这篇论文中，有人认为，经度的天文观测被包含在这幅图中，而这幅图是在巴达霍兹-埃尔瓦斯会议的特定背景下制作的，会议由西班牙和葡萄牙王室的代表举行，讨论香料群岛的位置和所有权。进一步表明，该图表是根据圣安东尼奥号船带到塞维利亚的信息制作的，圣安东尼奥号船在1520年10月离开了舰队，在通往太平洋的通道被发现之前。结论是，这张图呈现了地图学历史上一个独特的历史里程碑，包含了在航海背景下有效使用天文学方法确定经度的最早物质证据。关键词:地图学的历史航海地图学的历史航海的历史海上扩张的历史麦哲伦的环球航行/埃尔坎天文经度的测定感谢我热烈感谢罗梅·加斯帕在评估16世纪天文经度测定的错误方面的支持，这使得我们能够得出关于这张海图是如何构成的更可靠的结论。这个世界是通过Šima krtaliki的合作，在手稿的现场检查和随后的研究中成为可能的。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。该项目已获得欧洲研究委员会(ERC)在欧盟地平线2020研究和创新计划下的资助(资助协议714033- MEDEA-CHART/ERC-2016- stg)。注1尽管这不是严格意义上的海图，也不是用于航海的，但本文将使用指定海图，而不是地图。尽管使用了一种与海上航行无关的地图投影，但其表示方式是从传统海图中复制的，并且在描绘海岸线和名称方面的制图惯例是航海制图的惯例这张被称为Kunstmann IV planisphere(约1519年)的匿名图表被认为是Jorge Reinel和Pedro Reinel的作品，在第二次世界大战期间丢失。现存一张黑白照片，以及1843年由奥托·普罗格尔绘制的彩色复制品，现保存在法国国家图书馆(CPL GE AA-564 (RES))。《米勒地图集》(约1519年)是一份豪华的手稿，包含十张图表和一幅世界地图，其封面上有葡萄牙制图师洛波·霍姆的签名和日期。它被认为也是佩德罗和豪尔赫·雷纳尔绘制的，现在保存在法国国家图书馆(Res. Ge)。弟弟。683)。参见Gaspar and krtaliki (Citation2023: 127-135;136 - 142年)。3这张名为Castiglione planisphere的匿名图表于1525年在塞维利亚的Contratación之家完成，在皇帝查理五世(西班牙卡洛斯一世)与葡萄牙伊莎贝尔公主结婚之际，送给马德里教皇克莱门特七世的宗座使节Baldassare Castiglione伯爵。它现在保存在摩德纳大学图书馆(C.G.A.12)。参见cortes<e:1>和Mota (Citation1987: 95-97);Martín-Merás (Citation1993: 91-99);3 . Martínez (Citation1994: 183-192)和Gaspar and krtaliki (Citation2023: 168-172)需要解释为什么209°的航向与这张现代地图投影上测量到的航向不一致。原因是直线方向在等距圆柱投影(现代地图的投影)上不守恒;这个性质只有在墨卡托投影上才能观察到。但是当时的海图，平行线是等距的，并没有使用明确的地图投影来绘制。用航海罗盘测得的方位被直接传送到海图上，没有校正磁偏角，也忽略了它们是在地球球面上测得的。结果导致了几何上的不一致，也就是说，只有用来构造图表的特定轨迹才被正确地表示出来。在它们上测量的所有其他方向都受到可变误差的影响。这一事实最早是由数学家佩德罗·努涅斯(Pedro Nunes，引文2002)在1537年发表的《为航海图辩护的论述》(Tratado en defensam da carta de mararear)中注意到的，他提请注意这样一个事实，即大多数方向，包括南北方向，在当时的海图上都被错误地描绘出来。 虽然观测日食被普遍认为是确定经度的最佳方法，但当时的天文学家意识到，只有在很长一段时间内反复观测才能保证准确的结果。现存最早的葡萄牙地图描绘了1524年以后的地区，这些地图收录在加斯帕尔·维加斯(Gaspar Viegas)于1537年绘制的匿名地图集中，其中描绘摩鹿加群岛的纵向误差小于1度。到那时，葡萄牙人已经有机会对该地区的经度进行了几次天文测定。关于摩鹿加群岛在16世纪欧洲海图上的位置列表，见Gaspar和krtaliki (citation2023,233 -243)手稿后来如何在奥斯曼土耳其人手中被发现则更难解释。很有可能是在伊比利亚联盟(1580-1640)期间，它与其他文件一起从里斯本被带到西班牙，其中包括安德里萨斯·德·桑Martín的笔记。这片当时由西班牙君主统治的大片欧洲领土可能更容易解释它是如何落入土耳其人手中的。作者简介:joaquim Alves GasparJoaquim Alves GasparJoaquim Alves Gaspar是葡萄牙海军退休军官，航海专家，拥有物理海洋学硕士学位和地理信息系统博士学位。他的研究活动一直集中在中世纪和早期现代航海制图的历史上，使用制图分析和建模的数值方法。他现在是Medea-Chart项目的首席研究员，该项目由欧洲研究理事会资助，由葡萄牙里斯本大学理学院主持(https://www.medea-chart.org/about)。
{"title":"The Polar Chart of Pedro Reinel (c. 1521–1524): A Diplomatic Tool or a Scientific Argument?","authors":"Joaquim Alves Gaspar","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2023.2216496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2023.2216496","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTA chart of the sixteenth century is extant, depicting the southern hemisphere and containing the earliest known representation of the southeast coast of South America, in the wake of Magellan and Elcano's circum navigation. In this paper, it is argued that astronomical observations of longitude were accommodated in the representation, and that the chart was produced in the specific context of the Juntas of Badajoz-Elvas, held between the representatives of the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns, to discuss the location and possession of the Spice Islands. It is further shown that the chart was produced using the information brought to Seville by the ship San Antonio, which had deserted the fleet in October 1520, before the passage to the Pacific Ocean was found. It is concluded that this chart presents a unique historical milestone in the history of cartography, containing the earliest material evidence of the effective use of astronomical methods to determine longitude in a nautical context.KEYWORDS: History of cartographyhistory of nautical cartographyhistory of navigationhistory of maritime expansioncircum-navigation of Magellan/Elcanoastronomical determination of longitude AcknowledgementsI warmly thank Romeu Gaspar for his support in assessing the errors associated with astronomical determinations of longitude in the sixteenth century, which has permitted more solid conclusions to be drawn about how this chart was constructed. This world was made possible by the collaboration of Šima Krtalić in the in situ examination of the manuscript and the research that followed.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).FundingThis project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 714033- MEDEA-CHART/ERC-2016-STG).Notes1 The designation chart, instead of map, will be used throughout this text notwithstanding the fact that this is not strictly a nautical chart and was not intended for navigation. Despite of the use of a map projection foreign to marine navigation, the representation was copied from traditional charts, and the cartographic conventions in the depiction of the coastlines and names are those of nautical cartography.2 The anonymous chart known as Kunstmann IV planisphere (c. 1519), attributed to Jorge Reinel and Pedro Reinel, was lost during World War II. A black and white photograph is extant, as well as a coloured facsimile drawn in 1843 by Otto Progel, now kept at the Biblothèque nationale de France (CPL GE AA-564 (RES)). The Miller Atlas (c. 1519) is a luxurious manuscript containing ten charts and a map of the world, whose cover page is signed and dated by the Portuguese cartographer Lopo Homem. It is considered to have been also drawn by Pedro and Jorge Reinel and is now kept at the Biblothèque nationale de France (Res. Ge. DD. 683). See Gaspar and Krtalić (Citation2023: 127–135; 136–","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136012753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2022.2155762
Gad Schaffer, S. Svenningsen
ABSTRACT This paper presents a comparative analysis of the Soviet military city plans of Tel Aviv (Israel) and Copenhagen (Denmark), that both date from 1985. It presents a methodological framework to examine and compare the quality and completeness of thematic information included in the plans, particularly the strategically important objects (which are identified, numbered and colour coded according to their function). Our results indicate that the Soviet city plans do not include all military sites located in the areas they cover. In addition, several sites are erroneously included in the lists of strategically important objects and the lists also include obsolete information on sites that were no longer in military use. Ultimately, our analysis found no substantial difference in thematic accuracy between the two plans.
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