Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1995124
A. C. Lien, A. Lundberg
ABSTRACT The final position of the Norwegian–Swedish border was determined in 1751, after challenging negotiations. This paper focuses on central parts of Scandinavia and investigates the role of cartography in the border positioning process. The examination of a wide variety of historical maps before and after the border treaty provides insight into the differing opinions on the border region's shifting affiliation. Other factors that helped to shape the borderline were a turbulent political situation with shifting sovereignty over the area in question, as well as conflicts over valuable resources. The findings indicate that cartographic evidence had an important role in the position of the Norwegian–Swedish border in central Scandinavia. The paper adds to our understanding of maps as a political tool as well as of the role of resources in border processes, and provides new knowledge on how cartography influenced a national border between two countries fighting for land, resources and hegemony.
{"title":"Lines of Power: The Eighteenth-Century Struggle Over the Norwegian–Swedish Border in Central Scandinavia","authors":"A. C. Lien, A. Lundberg","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1995124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1995124","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The final position of the Norwegian–Swedish border was determined in 1751, after challenging negotiations. This paper focuses on central parts of Scandinavia and investigates the role of cartography in the border positioning process. The examination of a wide variety of historical maps before and after the border treaty provides insight into the differing opinions on the border region's shifting affiliation. Other factors that helped to shape the borderline were a turbulent political situation with shifting sovereignty over the area in question, as well as conflicts over valuable resources. The findings indicate that cartographic evidence had an important role in the position of the Norwegian–Swedish border in central Scandinavia. The paper adds to our understanding of maps as a political tool as well as of the role of resources in border processes, and provides new knowledge on how cartography influenced a national border between two countries fighting for land, resources and hegemony.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"102 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43108855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.2006980
S. Coetzee, Sanet Carow, Lourens Snyman
ABSTRACT Maps are useful for providing location context and for graphically presenting spatial relationships. They are often used in PhD dissertations to show the location of a study area or to present scientific results. These maps have to tell their story without the PhD candidate being present. We searched for maps in 575 PhD dissertations, and reviewed 192 maps in 65 of these: 38% were created by PhD candidates, 48% were inserted and 14% were adapted from other sources. Maps prepared by PhD candidates had more design shortcomings than other maps. Nevertheless, the number of problems with maps from other sources suggests that guidelines for including them in a dissertation could be useful. Our results suggest that PhD candidates use GIS software to design maps, but that there is room for improvement to guide users towards appropriate design choices. The results will help to plan support services for PhD candidates at universities.
{"title":"A Review of Maps in PhDs: Is Your Map Worth a Thousand Words?","authors":"S. Coetzee, Sanet Carow, Lourens Snyman","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.2006980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.2006980","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Maps are useful for providing location context and for graphically presenting spatial relationships. They are often used in PhD dissertations to show the location of a study area or to present scientific results. These maps have to tell their story without the PhD candidate being present. We searched for maps in 575 PhD dissertations, and reviewed 192 maps in 65 of these: 38% were created by PhD candidates, 48% were inserted and 14% were adapted from other sources. Maps prepared by PhD candidates had more design shortcomings than other maps. Nevertheless, the number of problems with maps from other sources suggests that guidelines for including them in a dissertation could be useful. Our results suggest that PhD candidates use GIS software to design maps, but that there is room for improvement to guide users towards appropriate design choices. The results will help to plan support services for PhD candidates at universities.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"150 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45291042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-11DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1956089
Patrick J. Kennelly
ABSTRACT Relief shading is designed to vary the brightness of terrain elements on a two-dimensional map to create a three-dimensional effect. One concern is how this layer can be generalized for use in multi-scale mapping. We propose a methodology that calculates relief shading from slope and aspect vectors, as these layers allow map users to recognize characteristics of the terrain and show consistent trends in spatial autocorrelation with generalization. We adjust the orientation of surface vectors with a mean filter to preserve the structural terrain elements while eliminating landforms of finer detail. To demonstrate its use, we show two examples of generalizing detailed relief shading and compare results to relief shading of the next coarser scale of DEM data available. The generalized maps remove or smooth out minor landforms while preserving more prominent landforms and eliminate issues of data gaps or interpolated data in lower resolution datasets.
{"title":"Decoupling Slope and Aspect Vectors to Generalize Relief Shading","authors":"Patrick J. Kennelly","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1956089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1956089","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Relief shading is designed to vary the brightness of terrain elements on a two-dimensional map to create a three-dimensional effect. One concern is how this layer can be generalized for use in multi-scale mapping. We propose a methodology that calculates relief shading from slope and aspect vectors, as these layers allow map users to recognize characteristics of the terrain and show consistent trends in spatial autocorrelation with generalization. We adjust the orientation of surface vectors with a mean filter to preserve the structural terrain elements while eliminating landforms of finer detail. To demonstrate its use, we show two examples of generalizing detailed relief shading and compare results to relief shading of the next coarser scale of DEM data available. The generalized maps remove or smooth out minor landforms while preserving more prominent landforms and eliminate issues of data gaps or interpolated data in lower resolution datasets.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"87 14","pages":"136 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41248415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-11DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1956263
Tome Marelić
ABSTRACT The geometry of Adriatic Sea basin renderings on 12 portolan charts made from the late thirteenth to the late sixteenth century was compared to a modern map by applying Helmert transformation in order to preserve their initial geometry and by using the same 40 identical points per chart. In the first stage of the research, the geometry of the portolan charts was compared to six selected map projections in order to determine the geometrical ‘best fit'. In the second stage, networks of lines plotted on charts were divided regionally and functionally and compared to the ‘best fit’ map projection to determine their geometric patterns in more detail. The research results showed that Adriatic Sea basin renderings on portolan charts were probably the result of a deliberately applied map projection which was geometrically most similar to the modern conformal cylindrical (Mercator) projection.
{"title":"Conformal Cylindrical Properties of Adriatic Sea Basin Renderings on Portolan Charts","authors":"Tome Marelić","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1956263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1956263","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The geometry of Adriatic Sea basin renderings on 12 portolan charts made from the late thirteenth to the late sixteenth century was compared to a modern map by applying Helmert transformation in order to preserve their initial geometry and by using the same 40 identical points per chart. In the first stage of the research, the geometry of the portolan charts was compared to six selected map projections in order to determine the geometrical ‘best fit'. In the second stage, networks of lines plotted on charts were divided regionally and functionally and compared to the ‘best fit’ map projection to determine their geometric patterns in more detail. The research results showed that Adriatic Sea basin renderings on portolan charts were probably the result of a deliberately applied map projection which was geometrically most similar to the modern conformal cylindrical (Mercator) projection.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"83 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44779042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1977889
S. Gavrilova
ABSTRACT This paper presents an overview of the development and the establishment of Soviet educational cartography, using the example of school world atlases. Geography, as a compulsory school subject, began to be implemented in the curriculum only after 1934, putting maps right at the centre of the educational process. This triggered the formation of new governmental committees and centralized map production, introducing new approaches to school atlases and new content that was aligned to the newly developed programme. This paper, therefore, examines the changes in the cartographic production and content of school world atlases from the late nineteenth century until 1937 against the context of changes in managing and perceiving the Russian and Soviet spaces.
{"title":"Learning About the Soviet State: The Establishment of Soviet Educational Cartography in the 1920s and 1930s","authors":"S. Gavrilova","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1977889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1977889","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper presents an overview of the development and the establishment of Soviet educational cartography, using the example of school world atlases. Geography, as a compulsory school subject, began to be implemented in the curriculum only after 1934, putting maps right at the centre of the educational process. This triggered the formation of new governmental committees and centralized map production, introducing new approaches to school atlases and new content that was aligned to the newly developed programme. This paper, therefore, examines the changes in the cartographic production and content of school world atlases from the late nineteenth century until 1937 against the context of changes in managing and perceiving the Russian and Soviet spaces.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58787129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-14DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1986616
Viktor Gorte, Auriol Degbelo
ABSTRACT Choropleth maps and graduated symbol maps are often used to visualize quantitative geographic data. However, as the number of classes grows, distinguishing between adjacent classes increasingly becomes challenging. To mitigate this issue, this work introduces choriented maps (maps that use colour and orientation as variables to encode geographic information) and choriented mobile maps (an optimization of choriented maps for mobile devices). The maps were evaluated in a graphical perception study with Sustainable Development Goal data of several European countries. Choriented maps and choriented mobile visualizations resulted in comparable, sometimes better effectiveness and confidence scores than choropleth and graduated symbol maps. The two visualizations also performed well regarding efficiency and only performed worse than graduated symbol maps. These results suggest that using colour and orientation as visual variables in combination can improve user performance and their selection of map symbols during the exploration of geographic data in some scenarios.
地形图和渐变符号图常用于定量地理数据的可视化。然而，随着类数量的增加，区分相邻类变得越来越具有挑战性。为了缓解这个问题，本工作引入了choriented maps(使用颜色和方向作为变量来编码地理信息的地图)和choriented mobile maps(针对移动设备的choriented maps的优化)。利用几个欧洲国家的可持续发展目标数据，对这些地图进行了图形感知研究。与choropleth和渐变符号图相比，Choriented map和Choriented mobile visualization产生了可比较的，有时更好的有效性和置信度分数。这两种可视化在效率方面也表现得很好，只是比渐变符号映射表现得更差。这些结果表明，在某些场景中，将颜色和方向作为视觉变量组合使用可以提高用户在地理数据探索过程中对地图符号的选择。
{"title":"Choriented Maps: Visualizing SDG Data on Mobile Devices","authors":"Viktor Gorte, Auriol Degbelo","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1986616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1986616","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Choropleth maps and graduated symbol maps are often used to visualize quantitative geographic data. However, as the number of classes grows, distinguishing between adjacent classes increasingly becomes challenging. To mitigate this issue, this work introduces choriented maps (maps that use colour and orientation as variables to encode geographic information) and choriented mobile maps (an optimization of choriented maps for mobile devices). The maps were evaluated in a graphical perception study with Sustainable Development Goal data of several European countries. Choriented maps and choriented mobile visualizations resulted in comparable, sometimes better effectiveness and confidence scores than choropleth and graduated symbol maps. The two visualizations also performed well regarding efficiency and only performed worse than graduated symbol maps. These results suggest that using colour and orientation as visual variables in combination can improve user performance and their selection of map symbols during the exploration of geographic data in some scenarios.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"35 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47040792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1958193
Martin Davis, A. Kent
Soviet military maps utilized a comprehensive cartographic symbology that was designed for mapping the globe at various scales, including thousands of towns and cities in street-level detail. This paper presents an analysis of the Soviet symbol specifications, as defined by the official cartographic production documents, and aims to offer some insights into how the challenges of mapping a global diversity of urban and natural environments were addressed. A further stage of the analysis examines a sample of 19 Soviet military city plans to evaluate the implementation of the official symbology specified in the production documents. This finds that barely half of this symbology was utilized and that new symbols were routinely created as improvised solutions. By comparing the theoretical context of the symbology with its real-world application the paper offers a critical appraisal of the versatility of the Soviet approach that may inform current and future global mapping initiatives.
{"title":"An Analysis of the Global Symbology of Soviet Military City Plans","authors":"Martin Davis, A. Kent","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1958193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1958193","url":null,"abstract":"Soviet military maps utilized a comprehensive cartographic symbology that was designed for mapping the globe at various scales, including thousands of towns and cities in street-level detail. This paper presents an analysis of the Soviet symbol specifications, as defined by the official cartographic production documents, and aims to offer some insights into how the challenges of mapping a global diversity of urban and natural environments were addressed. A further stage of the analysis examines a sample of 19 Soviet military city plans to evaluate the implementation of the official symbology specified in the production documents. This finds that barely half of this symbology was utilized and that new symbols were routinely created as improvised solutions. By comparing the theoretical context of the symbology with its real-world application the paper offers a critical appraisal of the versatility of the Soviet approach that may inform current and future global mapping initiatives.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41755145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2022.2071904
L. Harrie
and cartographic criticism, technological as well as theoretical developments, reflections on current emerging phenomena and reading of historical ones. Of particular significance, to me, is Part I, ‘Situating Cartography: From Craft to Performance’. It articulates the main paradigmatic shifts that occurred in thinking of cartography as first an informational representation to be optimized, then a discourse to be critically deconstructed and, more recently, a practice to be researched and experienced in multiple ways. Importantly, this last approach, which is increasingly embraced in the field of cartographic thinking, does not supersede the more technical and critical ones but gives the opportunity to recognize that today map studies need to be more pluralistic than ever before. Part II, ‘Exploring the Origins of Modern Cartography’, and Part III, ‘Measuring the Earth: From Geodesy to GPS’, provide historical and also cultural perspectives in reading technological changes through the epochs until present times. Part IV, ‘Understanding Cartographic Design: Principle in Practice’, features some basic principles that result in a useful reference for scholars with non-cartographic backgrounds. Part V, ‘Map and Society: Use, Uses and Users’ is more genuinely attached to social and political issues, while Part VI, ‘Reflections on the Future of Mapping and Cartography’, is a tentative reflection, including some ethical questions. I believe that the book also holds particular value for the expanding area of the so-called cartographic humanities, since it intersects technical aspects with reflective interpretation and theoretical issues. Indeed, some chapters devoted to visuality and visual cultures, media convergence, creative issues, ethnographic methods and humanistic perspectives could have been included. However, as the authors recognize in the Introduction, this collection is aimed at stimulating further reviews of the arena of map studies, and it surely succeeds in encouraging similar initiatives that showcase the complex and fascinating facets of current cartographic research.
{"title":"Thematic Mapping: 101 Inspiring Ways to Visualise Empirical Data","authors":"L. Harrie","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2022.2071904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2022.2071904","url":null,"abstract":"and cartographic criticism, technological as well as theoretical developments, reflections on current emerging phenomena and reading of historical ones. Of particular significance, to me, is Part I, ‘Situating Cartography: From Craft to Performance’. It articulates the main paradigmatic shifts that occurred in thinking of cartography as first an informational representation to be optimized, then a discourse to be critically deconstructed and, more recently, a practice to be researched and experienced in multiple ways. Importantly, this last approach, which is increasingly embraced in the field of cartographic thinking, does not supersede the more technical and critical ones but gives the opportunity to recognize that today map studies need to be more pluralistic than ever before. Part II, ‘Exploring the Origins of Modern Cartography’, and Part III, ‘Measuring the Earth: From Geodesy to GPS’, provide historical and also cultural perspectives in reading technological changes through the epochs until present times. Part IV, ‘Understanding Cartographic Design: Principle in Practice’, features some basic principles that result in a useful reference for scholars with non-cartographic backgrounds. Part V, ‘Map and Society: Use, Uses and Users’ is more genuinely attached to social and political issues, while Part VI, ‘Reflections on the Future of Mapping and Cartography’, is a tentative reflection, including some ethical questions. I believe that the book also holds particular value for the expanding area of the so-called cartographic humanities, since it intersects technical aspects with reflective interpretation and theoretical issues. Indeed, some chapters devoted to visuality and visual cultures, media convergence, creative issues, ethnographic methods and humanistic perspectives could have been included. However, as the authors recognize in the Introduction, this collection is aimed at stimulating further reviews of the arena of map studies, and it surely succeeds in encouraging similar initiatives that showcase the complex and fascinating facets of current cartographic research.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"370 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47752349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.2023963
Piotr Banasik, Łukasz Borowski
ABSTRACT The article concerns the transformation of the nineteenth--century cadastral map in the cadastral coordinate system to the current Polish national coordinate system (PL-1992, EPSG:2180). This map provides source information on land ownership and shows the state of topography nearly 200 years ago. The task of changing the georeferencing was performed for its sections covering the area of Krakow, using information on the cadastral system in Western Galicia and the Krakow local coordinate system (ULK). A single-step algorithm is proposed and can be used to transform coordinates from the Krakow area. In particular, it can be used to georeference sections of a cadastral map. The advantage is its independence from unchanged topographic points. These points are either difficult to determine or there are few of them in that area. The accuracy of the coordinate transformation model is at the level of 30 cm and the actual accuracy – is about 1 m.
{"title":"Georeferencing the Cadastral Map of the Krakow Region","authors":"Piotr Banasik, Łukasz Borowski","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.2023963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.2023963","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article concerns the transformation of the nineteenth--century cadastral map in the cadastral coordinate system to the current Polish national coordinate system (PL-1992, EPSG:2180). This map provides source information on land ownership and shows the state of topography nearly 200 years ago. The task of changing the georeferencing was performed for its sections covering the area of Krakow, using information on the cadastral system in Western Galicia and the Krakow local coordinate system (ULK). A single-step algorithm is proposed and can be used to transform coordinates from the Krakow area. In particular, it can be used to georeference sections of a cadastral map. The advantage is its independence from unchanged topographic points. These points are either difficult to determine or there are few of them in that area. The accuracy of the coordinate transformation model is at the level of 30 cm and the actual accuracy – is about 1 m.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"329 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46695698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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