Pub Date : 2023-03-10DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2022.2150362
Marketa Beitlova, S. Popelka, Martin Konopka, K. Macků
{"title":"Verification of Cartographic Communication Models Using Detection of Map Reading Strategies Based on Eye Movement Recording","authors":"Marketa Beitlova, S. Popelka, Martin Konopka, K. Macků","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2022.2150362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2022.2150362","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49140568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1978619
J. Davies, D. Watt
ABSTRACT The plans of world cities outside the USSR that were produced by the Soviet military during the Cold War each include a List of Important Objects. These are items of significant strategic economic, administrative or military importance. This paper examines these object lists from Soviet military plans of British cities and discusses their contents. It concludes that there is considerable variation in their comprehensiveness and some inconsistency in the criteria used to select objects for inclusion.
{"title":"Lists of Important Objects on Soviet Military City Plans – An Initial Analysis","authors":"J. Davies, D. Watt","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1978619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1978619","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The plans of world cities outside the USSR that were produced by the Soviet military during the Cold War each include a List of Important Objects. These are items of significant strategic economic, administrative or military importance. This paper examines these object lists from Soviet military plans of British cities and discusses their contents. It concludes that there is considerable variation in their comprehensiveness and some inconsistency in the criteria used to select objects for inclusion.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49266927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1997412
Charles Aylmer
ABSTRACT As long as maps produced by the official Chinese state mapping agency at scales larger than 1:1,000,000 remain inaccessible, Soviet General staff maps provide the best alternative. Although toponyms are given only in cyrillicized form, vernacular script equivalents may be found on pre-1945 Japanese military survey maps as well as on some maps of the US Army Mapping Service (AMS). A unique feature of the Soviet 1:200,000 map series is the accompanying spravka or descriptive text on the reverse of each sheet, probably constituting in aggregate the most detailed description of China ever compiled. Soviet General Staff plans of Chinese cities include 'objects' of military significance, many of which are omitted or not identified on any other mapping. This paper presents translations of the spravka from a representative sheet of the 1:200,000 series and from the city plan of Beijing, together with an evaluation of the reliability of their content.
{"title":"Soviet Military Maps of China","authors":"Charles Aylmer","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1997412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1997412","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As long as maps produced by the official Chinese state mapping agency at scales larger than 1:1,000,000 remain inaccessible, Soviet General staff maps provide the best alternative. Although toponyms are given only in cyrillicized form, vernacular script equivalents may be found on pre-1945 Japanese military survey maps as well as on some maps of the US Army Mapping Service (AMS). A unique feature of the Soviet 1:200,000 map series is the accompanying spravka or descriptive text on the reverse of each sheet, probably constituting in aggregate the most detailed description of China ever compiled. Soviet General Staff plans of Chinese cities include 'objects' of military significance, many of which are omitted or not identified on any other mapping. This paper presents translations of the spravka from a representative sheet of the 1:200,000 series and from the city plan of Beijing, together with an evaluation of the reliability of their content.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45696329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-16DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.2006391
Charles K. Bartles
ABSTRACT Soviet and Russian military maps may comprise any combination of over 1,000 map symbols and 3,000 Russian terms. These symbols and terms identify tangible aspects such as locations, unit/equipment type and numbers, but some symbols, and groupings of symbols, can also denote more subjective aspects such as movement over time, types of manoeuvres, relationship to the surrounding environment and other activities or conditions. Unlike Russian topographic maps that have a well-documented symbology system, there has been little study of Soviet/Russian military map symbology and terms. This paper offers a brief overview of the topic and discusses a few examples.
{"title":"A Brief Overview of Soviet and Russian Military Map Symbology and Terms","authors":"Charles K. Bartles","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.2006391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.2006391","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soviet and Russian military maps may comprise any combination of over 1,000 map symbols and 3,000 Russian terms. These symbols and terms identify tangible aspects such as locations, unit/equipment type and numbers, but some symbols, and groupings of symbols, can also denote more subjective aspects such as movement over time, types of manoeuvres, relationship to the surrounding environment and other activities or conditions. Unlike Russian topographic maps that have a well-documented symbology system, there has been little study of Soviet/Russian military map symbology and terms. This paper offers a brief overview of the topic and discusses a few examples.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44875992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1982458
Ian Byrne
ABSTRACT In recent years, many maps produced in the former Soviet Union have become available. However, researchers have focused on topographical maps or those of Western cities produced by the General Staff for military use, and less on maps created by GUGK, the state mapping agency, for domestic purposes, including tourism. By contrast, this paper focuses on maps produced for tourists, whether travelling by private car or on an organized rail or bus tour. The 42 maps reviewed take three main forms: those covering a single administrative region, ranging from an oblast to a Soviet republic; those of a specific tourist area or associated with a literary hero; and strip maps connecting major cities. The paper considers the general design and symbology used on these maps, tracing some of the stylistic changes and developments in the quarter-century prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
{"title":"Soviet Tourist Maps: A Short Overview","authors":"Ian Byrne","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1982458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1982458","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In recent years, many maps produced in the former Soviet Union have become available. However, researchers have focused on topographical maps or those of Western cities produced by the General Staff for military use, and less on maps created by GUGK, the state mapping agency, for domestic purposes, including tourism. By contrast, this paper focuses on maps produced for tourists, whether travelling by private car or on an organized rail or bus tour. The 42 maps reviewed take three main forms: those covering a single administrative region, ranging from an oblast to a Soviet republic; those of a specific tourist area or associated with a literary hero; and strip maps connecting major cities. The paper considers the general design and symbology used on these maps, tracing some of the stylistic changes and developments in the quarter-century prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42203118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2022.2097759
Mingguang Wu, Lige Qiao
ABSTRACT While dockless bike sharing is gaining popularity, oversupplied and poorly maintained bikes introduce chaos and waste (e.g., so-called zombie bikes that unused). Spatiotemporal pattern visualizations can help policy-making and infrastructure improvement (e.g., allocating parking areas). However, multivariate symbolizing (e.g., supply, flow, usage) to optimize dockless bike sharing is challenging. In this paper, we introduce metaphor theory to design multivariate symbols. First, we systemically explore the coupling of three metaphor types (orientational, ontological and structural) with symbols at three levels of iconicity. Then, we construct metaphorical symbols for optimizing dockless bike sharing following a user-centred design process. We also offer an evaluation using eye-tracking and questionnaire techniques. The results indicate that, compared with bin-packing and multiview symbols, metaphorical symbols significantly improved effectiveness and efficiency, and reduced participants' cognitive load. Our evaluation presents preliminary evidence that metaphors can offer new organizational mechanisms for map symbols to represent multivariate naturally and effectively.
{"title":"Designing Metaphorical Multivariate Symbols to Optimize Dockless Bike Sharing","authors":"Mingguang Wu, Lige Qiao","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2022.2097759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2022.2097759","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While dockless bike sharing is gaining popularity, oversupplied and poorly maintained bikes introduce chaos and waste (e.g., so-called zombie bikes that unused). Spatiotemporal pattern visualizations can help policy-making and infrastructure improvement (e.g., allocating parking areas). However, multivariate symbolizing (e.g., supply, flow, usage) to optimize dockless bike sharing is challenging. In this paper, we introduce metaphor theory to design multivariate symbols. First, we systemically explore the coupling of three metaphor types (orientational, ontological and structural) with symbols at three levels of iconicity. Then, we construct metaphorical symbols for optimizing dockless bike sharing following a user-centred design process. We also offer an evaluation using eye-tracking and questionnaire techniques. The results indicate that, compared with bin-packing and multiview symbols, metaphorical symbols significantly improved effectiveness and efficiency, and reduced participants' cognitive load. Our evaluation presents preliminary evidence that metaphors can offer new organizational mechanisms for map symbols to represent multivariate naturally and effectively.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"220 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42202762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1995126
Manuel Morato-Moreno, José-María Gentil-Baldrich
ABSTRACT The Coatzacoalcos River is one of the most important rivers in Mexico. The oldest map of this river was drawn by Francisco Gali in 1580. Unlike most maps made in New Spain in the last quarter of the sixteenth century, this map is purely European in style and is somewhat reminiscent of a nautical chart. Analysis of the map suggests that it was made hastily. Both the errors in the distances and the numerous corrections that can still be observed support this conjecture. It seems that Francisco Gali was more interested from his point of view as an explorer and navigator in the most important aspect of the region: the possibility of connecting the North Sea and the South Sea through the Strait of Tehuantepec. In this respect, the map of Coatzacoalcos would have been drawn to show the viability of using the river as an interoceanic passage.
{"title":"The Map of the Coatzacoalcos River (1580): The First Cartography of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec","authors":"Manuel Morato-Moreno, José-María Gentil-Baldrich","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1995126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1995126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Coatzacoalcos River is one of the most important rivers in Mexico. The oldest map of this river was drawn by Francisco Gali in 1580. Unlike most maps made in New Spain in the last quarter of the sixteenth century, this map is purely European in style and is somewhat reminiscent of a nautical chart. Analysis of the map suggests that it was made hastily. Both the errors in the distances and the numerous corrections that can still be observed support this conjecture. It seems that Francisco Gali was more interested from his point of view as an explorer and navigator in the most important aspect of the region: the possibility of connecting the North Sea and the South Sea through the Strait of Tehuantepec. In this respect, the map of Coatzacoalcos would have been drawn to show the viability of using the river as an interoceanic passage.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"167 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45060064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2022.2097758
D. Cameron, Krisztián Kerkovits
ABSTRACT This paper presents the Cameron Aquatic Projection, a novel concept designed to depict the world’s surface hydrosphere as it is, a continuous unbroken unit including oceans and rivers. After a review of related past projections, the paper will describe the parameters of the projection, according to the existing layout of surface water on Planet Earth. This description of the design principles is followed by the mathematical realization of the proposal. The article concludes with completed examples of the projection and suggests future applications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"A New Map of the World’s Hydrosphere","authors":"D. Cameron, Krisztián Kerkovits","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2022.2097758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2022.2097758","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper presents the Cameron Aquatic Projection, a novel concept designed to depict the world’s surface hydrosphere as it is, a continuous unbroken unit including oceans and rivers. After a review of related past projections, the paper will describe the parameters of the projection, according to the existing layout of surface water on Planet Earth. This description of the design principles is followed by the mathematical realization of the proposal. The article concludes with completed examples of the projection and suggests future applications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"203 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42327645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.2006390
Chaode Yan, Xiao Liu, Muhammad Waseem Boota, Ziwei Pan
ABSTRACT Machine learning methods are increasingly used in the automatic generalization of river networks, but previous research lacks a comparative analysis of different methods using the same data set. This innovative study considers eight river network indicators, such as river length, river grade, river spacing, seasonality, connectivity, catchment area, tributaries at the next grade, and total number of tributaries, which can precisely describe the characteristics of the river network. The experiments were carried out and automated selection of river network was established based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM) and decision tree (DT) methods. We established that BPNN and SVM have high selection accuracy, but the parameters are complex. SVM is more suitable for small samples. In addition, DT has unique advantages due to its visualized tree structure and the characteristic of derivable rules. We hope that this study will provide a reference for the selection of river generalization methods in the future.
{"title":"A Comparison of Machine Learning Methods Applied to the Automated Selection of River Networks","authors":"Chaode Yan, Xiao Liu, Muhammad Waseem Boota, Ziwei Pan","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.2006390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.2006390","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Machine learning methods are increasingly used in the automatic generalization of river networks, but previous research lacks a comparative analysis of different methods using the same data set. This innovative study considers eight river network indicators, such as river length, river grade, river spacing, seasonality, connectivity, catchment area, tributaries at the next grade, and total number of tributaries, which can precisely describe the characteristics of the river network. The experiments were carried out and automated selection of river network was established based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM) and decision tree (DT) methods. We established that BPNN and SVM have high selection accuracy, but the parameters are complex. SVM is more suitable for small samples. In addition, DT has unique advantages due to its visualized tree structure and the characteristic of derivable rules. We hope that this study will provide a reference for the selection of river generalization methods in the future.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"187 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44536233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2022.2097760
J. Wabiński, A. Mościcka, G. Touya
ABSTRACT Accessibility to tactile maps is limited due to their expensive and time-consuming development. Acceleration of their production requires standardized design guidelines that consider symbol design and production methods. In this paper, based on a review of research and best practice, we summarize knowledge on how to design tactile maps properly and provide a selection of highly legible, recommended symbols for the compilation of tactile maps. We also examine generalization constraints and other design parameters that are necessary for the standardization of tactile mapping. Finally, we explore differences in tactile map design depending upon the selected production method. Over the years, many useful guidelines have been developed although they remain unknown to the wider audience. There is still a long way to go in creating a global standard for the design of tactile maps.
{"title":"Guidelines for Standardizing the Design of Tactile Maps: A Review of Research and Best Practice","authors":"J. Wabiński, A. Mościcka, G. Touya","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2022.2097760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2022.2097760","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Accessibility to tactile maps is limited due to their expensive and time-consuming development. Acceleration of their production requires standardized design guidelines that consider symbol design and production methods. In this paper, based on a review of research and best practice, we summarize knowledge on how to design tactile maps properly and provide a selection of highly legible, recommended symbols for the compilation of tactile maps. We also examine generalization constraints and other design parameters that are necessary for the standardization of tactile mapping. Finally, we explore differences in tactile map design depending upon the selected production method. Over the years, many useful guidelines have been developed although they remain unknown to the wider audience. There is still a long way to go in creating a global standard for the design of tactile maps.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"239 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41767878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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