Existing data-driven fault diagnosis methods imply the decision-making automatically, but lack adaptation and trustworthiness for varying working conditions. Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) relies on the cross-domain distribution disparity to achieve high-performance diagnostics. However, it struggles in complex multi-domain and diverse-source scenarios, which currently lack in-depth analysis. The proposed approach implements a novel multi-source domain adversarial network (MSDA) architecture via evidence-based target pseudo-label learning (ETPL) with dynamic multi-loss weightings. Specifically, MSDA constrains the disparity of diverse source–target pairs to obtain generalized domain-invariant features via an adversarial mechanism, and ETPL performs target pseudo-label learning while applying Dempster–Shafer (DS) evidence theory to assign sample-wise weights through MSDA and an unsupervised algorithm. Meanwhile, this study provides a theoretical analysis including a detailed generalization error bound for multi-source scenarios and target pseudo-labels, illustrating its dependence on distribution discrepancy and pseudo-label quality metrics. Human–computer collaboration approach is adopted to strengthen both advantages from human and machines by sample-wise analysis. Sufficient experimental results on two real-world case studies validate the effectiveness, successfully accomplishing complex cross-domain fault diagnosis and illustrating its potential applications in industrial settings.
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