Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00993
J. Ivelic-Sáez , S. Valle , J. Dörner , J.L. Arumí , J. Valenzuela , E. Muñoz , P. Cisternas , A. Báez , S. Radic-Schilling , M. González-Chang , J. Clunes , D. Dec , R. Horn , O. Wendroth , E. Domínguez
Site-specific management (SSM) is a key strategy for optimizing inputs in agriculture and livestock production by accounting for the spatial variability of ecosystem properties. Due to the ongoing degradation of Patagonian Vegas (wetland meadows), SSM may provide a framework for sustainable livestock and agricultural management in these ecosystems. This study aimed to assess spatial variability and relationships between soil properties, water dynamics, and vegetation distribution in a Patagonian Vega and to classify and group soil and ecosystem properties into distinct management zones, providing a functional framework for land-use planning and conservation.
A grid-based sampling approach was used to assess soil, water, and plant biodiversity across seven topographic zones: northern summit, northern high and low footslopes, center of the Vega, southern low and high footslopes, and southern summit. Five key soil variables—bulk density (BD), aluminum pyrophosphate (Alp), soil organic carbon (SOC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE)—were analyzed using geostatistics, along with soil moisture (M), water table height (WT), soil classification, and plant biodiversity.
The results revealed strong spatial dependence of soil and water variables, differentiating three to five zones depending on the indicator used. While wetter, organic-rich areas may support higher productivity and grazing, they are also more vulnerable to degradation considering that the higher soil moisture decreases the mechanical stability of the soil. Conversely, drier, shallower soils may require conservation-focused management. These findings provide a foundation for future land-use planning, though further studies are needed to experimentally assess the long-term effects of different management strategies on soil stability and ecosystem resilience.
{"title":"Spatial variability of soil, water, and vegetation in a Patagonian wetland: Implications for sustainable land management planning","authors":"J. Ivelic-Sáez , S. Valle , J. Dörner , J.L. Arumí , J. Valenzuela , E. Muñoz , P. Cisternas , A. Báez , S. Radic-Schilling , M. González-Chang , J. Clunes , D. Dec , R. Horn , O. Wendroth , E. Domínguez","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Site-specific management (SSM) is a key strategy for optimizing inputs in agriculture and livestock production by accounting for the spatial variability of ecosystem properties. Due to the ongoing degradation of Patagonian Vegas (wetland meadows), SSM may provide a framework for sustainable livestock and agricultural management in these ecosystems. This study aimed to assess spatial variability and relationships between soil properties, water dynamics, and vegetation distribution in a Patagonian Vega and to classify and group soil and ecosystem properties into distinct management zones, providing a functional framework for land-use planning and conservation.</div><div>A grid-based sampling approach was used to assess soil, water, and plant biodiversity across seven topographic zones: northern summit, northern high and low footslopes, center of the Vega, southern low and high footslopes, and southern summit. Five key soil variables—bulk density (BD), aluminum pyrophosphate (Al<sub>p</sub>), soil organic carbon (SOC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE)—were analyzed using geostatistics, along with soil moisture (M), water table height (WT), soil classification, and plant biodiversity.</div><div>The results revealed strong spatial dependence of soil and water variables, differentiating three to five zones depending on the indicator used. While wetter, organic-rich areas may support higher productivity and grazing, they are also more vulnerable to degradation considering that the higher soil moisture decreases the mechanical stability of the soil. Conversely, drier, shallower soils may require conservation-focused management. These findings provide a foundation for future land-use planning, though further studies are needed to experimentally assess the long-term effects of different management strategies on soil stability and ecosystem resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00993"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144779429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soils represent the largest terrestrial carbon pool globally, with a significant proportion of this carbon stored in forest soils. Mongolia's forest area represents 0.45 % of the world's total forest cover. Research on the variability of SOC stocks within forest soil groups remains limited. This study aimed to address the SOC stock variations and retention capasities among groups of soils including Umbrisols (Gelic), Leptic Umbrisols, Mollic Umbrisols, Gleyic Umbrisols, and Podzols (Arenic). A total of 1558 soil samples from 316 soil profiles were collected in the Mongolian forest. The SOC stock was calculated from key parameters on SOC content, bulk density, and gravel content for each horizon. Then, the calculated SOC stock was standardized to the following depths: 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm, 60–100 cm, and 0–100 cm depth layers using a weighted average method. Mean SOC stock in 0–100 cm across all groups of forest soil was 88.5 Mg C ha−1. SOC stocks ranged between 59 and 141.0 Mg C ha−1 and varied significantly across soil groups (ANOVA: F = 22.9, p < 0.001). Gleyic Umbrisols, predominantly found on the northern foot slopes of mountain, exhibited the highest SOC stock. In contrast, Podzols (Arenic) in sandy forest areas had the lowest SOC stock. Leptic Umbrisols, the most widespread forest soil in Mongolia, had an average SOC stock of 78.6 Mg C ha−1. Across all soil groups, over 57.7–78.1 % of the SOC stocks was found in the first 30 cm emphasizing the critical role of this layer in carbon sequestration. The total SOC stock in Mongolian forest soils is estimated at approximately 1.24 petagrams (Pg). Furthermore, forest soils have the potential to sequester up to an additional 0.68 Pg of SOC. These results offer the first national scale SOC baseline for Mongolia's forests. The results on mitigation potentials highlight the importance of soil group specific management for carbon sequestration.
土壤是全球最大的陆地碳库，其中很大一部分储存在森林土壤中。蒙古的森林面积占世界森林总面积的0.45%。森林土壤中有机碳储量的变异研究仍然有限。摘要本研究旨在探讨不同土壤类型（含有机质有机质）、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质、含有机质有机质)的变化。在蒙古森林共采集了316个土壤剖面的1558个土壤样品。根据每个层位的有机碳含量、体积密度和砾石含量等关键参数，计算出了有机碳储量。然后，采用加权平均法将计算得到的SOC储量标准化到0-30 cm、30-60 cm、60-100 cm和0-100 cm深度层。各森林土壤0 ~ 100 cm的平均有机碳储量为88.5 Mg C ha−1。土壤有机碳储量在59 ~ 141.0 Mg C ha - 1之间，不同土壤组间差异显著(方差分析：F = 22.9, p <；0.001)。Gleyic Umbrisols主要分布在山的北坡，其碳储量最高。相比之下，沙林区灰藻（Arenic）的有机碳储量最低。蒙古森林土壤中分布最广的松松林土壤的平均有机碳储量为78.6 Mg C ha−1。在所有土壤类群中，超过57.7% - 78.1%的有机碳储量分布在前30 cm，强调了这一层在固碳中的关键作用。蒙古森林土壤的总有机碳储量估计约为1.24百克（Pg）。此外，森林土壤有可能额外封存0.68 Pg的有机碳。这些结果为蒙古森林提供了第一个国家尺度的有机碳基线。关于减缓潜力的结果强调了土壤组特定管理对碳固存的重要性。
{"title":"Soil organic carbon stocks in the forested regions of Mongolia and its mitigation potential","authors":"Byambaa Ganbat , Batkhishig Ochirbat , Jón Guðmundsson , Telmen Turmunkh , Zoljargal Khavtgai , Ganzorig Ulgiichimeg , Nyamdavaa Batsaikhan","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soils represent the largest terrestrial carbon pool globally, with a significant proportion of this carbon stored in forest soils. Mongolia's forest area represents 0.45 % of the world's total forest cover. Research on the variability of SOC stocks within forest soil groups remains limited. This study aimed to address the SOC stock variations and retention capasities among groups of soils including Umbrisols (Gelic), Leptic Umbrisols, Mollic Umbrisols, Gleyic Umbrisols, and Podzols (Arenic). A total of 1558 soil samples from 316 soil profiles were collected in the Mongolian forest. The SOC stock was calculated from key parameters on SOC content, bulk density, and gravel content for each horizon. Then, the calculated SOC stock was standardized to the following depths: 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm, 60–100 cm, and 0–100 cm depth layers using a weighted average method. Mean SOC stock in 0–100 cm across all groups of forest soil was 88.5 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>. SOC stocks ranged between 59 and 141.0 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> and varied significantly across soil groups (ANOVA: F = 22.9, <em>p</em> < 0.001). Gleyic Umbrisols, predominantly found on the northern foot slopes of mountain, exhibited the highest SOC stock. In contrast, Podzols (Arenic) in sandy forest areas had the lowest SOC stock. Leptic Umbrisols, the most widespread forest soil in Mongolia, had an average SOC stock of 78.6 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>. Across all soil groups, over 57.7–78.1 % of the SOC stocks was found in the first 30 cm emphasizing the critical role of this layer in carbon sequestration. The total SOC stock in Mongolian forest soils is estimated at approximately 1.24 petagrams (Pg). Furthermore, forest soils have the potential to sequester up to an additional 0.68 Pg of SOC. These results offer the first national scale SOC baseline for Mongolia's forests. The results on mitigation potentials highlight the importance of soil group specific management for carbon sequestration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00991"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00990
Magboul M.S. Siddig , Daniela Sauer , Eric C. Brevik
Quantitative soil mapping (QSM), including both digital soil mapping (DSM) based on the scorpan concept and approaches that rely on geostatistical approaches (GeoSA), is important to provide information to make informed decisions for sustainable soil management and land use planning, especially in developing countries. This work provides a systematic review of QSM literature focused on Sudan between 2000 and 2024. In the literature search, we identified 27 QSM articles for Sudan, with the largest number of articles published in 2023. The majority of the QSM (16 articles) utilized a GeoSA for prediction and mapping, while the rest (11 articles) applied the DSM-based scorpan concept. Ordinary kriging was the most used GeoSA, while machine learning algorithms coupled with environmental covariates (ECOVs: i.e., remote sensing data and terrain attributes) only appeared in recent years. Most studies targeted the 0–60 cm soil depth interval, and soil pH and salinity/sodicity were the soil properties most commonly mapped across the country. Only 30 % of studies provided uncertainty estimation along with model assessment. QSM studies in Sudan are still at their early stages in terms of predictive models applied, ECOVs utilized, and utilization of DSM information. Several challenges and research gaps were identified in the current literature that should be investigated in future studies. We recommend the establishment of an international team including Sudanese scientists and interested scientists from other countries to collaborate in research projects that would improve QSM in Sudan, specifically reliance on DSM. Meanwhile, the present collaboration between the Agricultural Research Corporation, Sudan, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization could be upgraded to include more advanced technologies to support a national DSM program that would transform the conventional objective of QSM (i.e., map production) into operational goals.
{"title":"Quantitative soil mapping in Sudan−a systematic review","authors":"Magboul M.S. Siddig , Daniela Sauer , Eric C. Brevik","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantitative soil mapping (QSM), including both digital soil mapping (DSM) based on the <em>scorpan</em> concept and approaches that rely on geostatistical approaches (GeoSA), is important to provide information to make informed decisions for sustainable soil management and land use planning, especially in developing countries. This work provides a systematic review of QSM literature focused on Sudan between 2000 and 2024. In the literature search, we identified 27 QSM articles for Sudan, with the largest number of articles published in 2023. The majority of the QSM (16 articles) utilized a GeoSA for prediction and mapping, while the rest (11 articles) applied the DSM-based scorpan concept. Ordinary kriging was the most used GeoSA, while machine learning algorithms coupled with environmental covariates (ECOVs: i.e., remote sensing data and terrain attributes) only appeared in recent years. Most studies targeted the 0–60 cm soil depth interval, and soil pH and salinity/sodicity were the soil properties most commonly mapped across the country. Only 30 % of studies provided uncertainty estimation along with model assessment. QSM studies in Sudan are still at their early stages in terms of predictive models applied, ECOVs utilized, and utilization of DSM information. Several challenges and research gaps were identified in the current literature that should be investigated in future studies. We recommend the establishment of an international team including Sudanese scientists and interested scientists from other countries to collaborate in research projects that would improve QSM in Sudan, specifically reliance on DSM. Meanwhile, the present collaboration between the Agricultural Research Corporation, Sudan, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization could be upgraded to include more advanced technologies to support a national DSM program that would transform the conventional objective of QSM (i.e., map production) into operational goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00989
Georges Martial Ndzana , Jeroen Meersmans , Li Huang , Tabi Fritz Oben , Etienne Mboua , Azinwi Primus , C.T. Kaamil Fonfatawouo , Danielle Mamba , Etienne Bekoa , Bertrand Mungu Akam , Joseph Kabala Mubolo , Bin Zhang
Foumbot in Cameroon is renowned for its fertile soils, which serves as a food basket for the region. However, these soils are currently under threat due to climate change and overutilization. As such, there is a need to better understand their properties, variability and identify the degradation risks to improve their management and conservation. To address this gap, soil profiles formed under volcanic deposits were sampled at three distinct altitudes: 1156 m (highland), 1075 m (middle land), and 974 m (lowland), representing tropical highland, transitioning tropical highland, and tropical forest climates, respectively. Physical and chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques, were conducted to determine the variability of soil morphology, physical and chemical properties, and mineralogy as well as soil classification under climotoposequence. The findings reveal that pedon 1 in the highland was dark in colors (2.5Y and 10YR), slightly acidic to neutral and exhibited the highest organic carbon content (6.8 %) in the surface horizon. In contrast, the middle land, showed a slightly acidic profile (pedon 2) characterized by a darker surface horizon (10YR) with a yellowish subsoil (7.5YR) and lower organic content (4.1 %) in surface horizon compared to pedon 1. Finally, the lowland profile (pedon 3), displayed more acidic conditions and the lowest soil organic carbon content (2.5 %) in surface horizon compared to pedon 1 and pedon 2. A trend of decreasing Alo + ½Feo and Alp/Alo alongside increasing clay content was observed with decreasing altitude. Mineralogical analysis revealed a transition from short-range ordered minerals (allophane and ferrihydrite) in highland soils to poor crystalline kaolinite dominance in the middle land and well crystalline kaolinite in lowland. Additionally, bulk density increased with decreasing altitude. According to the WRB classification, Pedon 1 was classified as Mollic Vytric Silandic Andosol (Loamic, Eutrosilic, Humic), Pedon 2 as Dystric Xanthic Andic Ferralsol (Clayic, Humic), and Pedon 3 as Umbric Rhodic Ferralsol (Clayic, Humic). Andosol was identified as black soil and presents greater potential for agricultural productivity compared to the two other pedons. Since andosols are situated at the top of the hill, possess structural weaknesses (granular structure), and are subjected to intensive cultivation, they pose a higher potential risk of degradation when farming is practiced compared to the other two pedons. This study highlights the significant influence of pedogenetic factors on the soil properties and mineral composition and reveals the urgent need of adopting new soils sustainable management strategies to protect black soils in the Foumbot region of Cameroon.
{"title":"Assessing the morphological, physicochemical, and mineralogical properties of black soils and ferralsols and identification of potential risk of degradations along a climotoposequence in Foumbot, West Cameroon","authors":"Georges Martial Ndzana , Jeroen Meersmans , Li Huang , Tabi Fritz Oben , Etienne Mboua , Azinwi Primus , C.T. Kaamil Fonfatawouo , Danielle Mamba , Etienne Bekoa , Bertrand Mungu Akam , Joseph Kabala Mubolo , Bin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foumbot in Cameroon is renowned for its fertile soils, which serves as a food basket for the region. However, these soils are currently under threat due to climate change and overutilization. As such, there is a need to better understand their properties, variability and identify the degradation risks to improve their management and conservation. To address this gap, soil profiles formed under volcanic deposits were sampled at three distinct altitudes: 1156 m (highland), 1075 m (middle land), and 974 m (lowland), representing tropical highland, transitioning tropical highland, and tropical forest climates, respectively. Physical and chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques, were conducted to determine the variability of soil morphology, physical and chemical properties, and mineralogy as well as soil classification under climotoposequence. The findings reveal that pedon 1 in the highland was dark in colors (2.5Y and 10YR), slightly acidic to neutral and exhibited the highest organic carbon content (6.8 %) in the surface horizon. In contrast, the middle land, showed a slightly acidic profile (pedon 2) characterized by a darker surface horizon (10YR) with a yellowish subsoil (7.5YR) and lower organic content (4.1 %) in surface horizon compared to pedon 1. Finally, the lowland profile (pedon 3), displayed more acidic conditions and the lowest soil organic carbon content (2.5 %) in surface horizon compared to pedon 1 and pedon 2. A trend of decreasing Alo + ½Feo and Alp/Alo alongside increasing clay content was observed with decreasing altitude. Mineralogical analysis revealed a transition from short-range ordered minerals (allophane and ferrihydrite) in highland soils to poor crystalline kaolinite dominance in the middle land and well crystalline kaolinite in lowland. Additionally, bulk density increased with decreasing altitude. According to the WRB classification, Pedon 1 was classified as Mollic Vytric Silandic <strong>Andosol</strong> (Loamic, Eutrosilic, Humic), Pedon 2 as Dystric Xanthic Andic <strong>Ferralsol</strong> (Clayic, Humic), and Pedon 3 as Umbric Rhodic <strong>Ferralsol (</strong>Clayic, Humic). Andosol was identified as black soil and presents greater potential for agricultural productivity compared to the two other pedons. Since andosols are situated at the top of the hill, possess structural weaknesses (granular structure), and are subjected to intensive cultivation, they pose a higher potential risk of degradation when farming is practiced compared to the other two pedons. This study highlights the significant influence of pedogenetic factors on the soil properties and mineral composition and reveals the urgent need of adopting new soils sustainable management strategies to protect black soils in the Foumbot region of Cameroon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00989"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00988
Volodymyr Yakovenko , Vadym Gorban , Oleksandr Kotovych , Oleh Didur , Julia Poleva
Chernozems of the low-intensity land use systems of the steppe zone of Ukraine are an important factor of sustainable development, contributing to the conservation of natural resources and maintaining a balance between agricultural productivity and environmental protection. The aim of the study was to assess the humus state of Chernozems of the low-intensity land use systems of the steppe zone of Ukraine under the influence of different types of vegetation (Wildland, Shelterbelts and Native forest). The humus state was determined by such characteristics as humus forms, intensity of earthworm bioturbation, content and reserves of soil organic carbon (SOC), SOC/clay ratio. Humus forms were classified according to Keys of classification of humus systems and forms. The content of earthworm casts was calculated in thin sections as a percentage of the total number of aggregates of the 2–0.25 mm fraction of the surface layer. Soil organic carbon was determined by the titration method, with subsequent calculation of its reserves in the soil layer. The SOC/clay Ratio was used to determine the soil structure qualities class and the level of soil layer saturation with humus. The comparison of quantitative characteristics of soils under the influence of different types of vegetation was carried out by statistical methods (descriptive statistics, ANOVA/MANOVA, multiple comparison of means according to the Tukey criterion). It was found that humipedons of Wildland Chernozems belong to the Mesomull humus form, humipedons under Shelterbelts and Native forest belong to Oligomull. Earthworm casts content in Native forest Chernozem is 3.5 and 2.9 times higher than in Chernozems under wildland steppe vegetation and artificial forest, respectively. SOC/clay Ratio for Native forest statistically significantly (p ˂ 0.05) exceeds the indicators for Wildland and Shelterbelts. The dependence of the distribution of SOC reserves in the thickness of the studied soils on the type of vegetation was established, according to which the SOC reserve for Native forest statistically significantly (p ˂ 0.05) exceeds this indicator for Wildland and Shelterbelts by 1.42 and 1.40 times, respectively. Thus, the type of vegetation significantly affects the quantity, quality of humus and the overall humus state of Chernozems of the steppe zone of Ukraine under low-intensity land use. The results of the study will be useful for diagnosing organic matter transformations, accounting for carbon reserves in soils of steppe landscapes of Ukraine, and monitoring the humus state of Chernozems that are actively used in agriculture.
{"title":"Humus forms, earthworm bioturbation and soil organic carbon storage in Chernozems of the low-intensity land use of steppe zone of Ukraine","authors":"Volodymyr Yakovenko , Vadym Gorban , Oleksandr Kotovych , Oleh Didur , Julia Poleva","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chernozems of the low-intensity land use systems of the steppe zone of Ukraine are an important factor of sustainable development, contributing to the conservation of natural resources and maintaining a balance between agricultural productivity and environmental protection. The aim of the study was to assess the humus state of Chernozems of the low-intensity land use systems of the steppe zone of Ukraine under the influence of different types of vegetation (Wildland, Shelterbelts and Native forest). The humus state was determined by such characteristics as humus forms, intensity of earthworm bioturbation, content and reserves of soil organic carbon (SOC), SOC/clay ratio. Humus forms were classified according to Keys of classification of humus systems and forms. The content of earthworm casts was calculated in thin sections as a percentage of the total number of aggregates of the 2–0.25 mm fraction of the surface layer. Soil organic carbon was determined by the titration method, with subsequent calculation of its reserves in the soil layer. The SOC/clay Ratio was used to determine the soil structure qualities class and the level of soil layer saturation with humus. The comparison of quantitative characteristics of soils under the influence of different types of vegetation was carried out by statistical methods (descriptive statistics, ANOVA/MANOVA, multiple comparison of means according to the Tukey criterion). It was found that humipedons of Wildland Chernozems belong to the Mesomull humus form, humipedons under Shelterbelts and Native forest belong to Oligomull. Earthworm casts content in Native forest Chernozem is 3.5 and 2.9 times higher than in Chernozems under wildland steppe vegetation and artificial forest, respectively. SOC/clay Ratio for Native forest statistically significantly (p ˂ 0.05) exceeds the indicators for Wildland and Shelterbelts. The dependence of the distribution of SOC reserves in the thickness of the studied soils on the type of vegetation was established, according to which the SOC reserve for Native forest statistically significantly (p ˂ 0.05) exceeds this indicator for Wildland and Shelterbelts by 1.42 and 1.40 times, respectively. Thus, the type of vegetation significantly affects the quantity, quality of humus and the overall humus state of Chernozems of the steppe zone of Ukraine under low-intensity land use. The results of the study will be useful for diagnosing organic matter transformations, accounting for carbon reserves in soils of steppe landscapes of Ukraine, and monitoring the humus state of Chernozems that are actively used in agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00988"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-14DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00987
Sarah A. Schliemann , Nels Grevstad , David A. Parr
Alpine tundra ecosystems, like their arctic counterparts, have historically been the sites of considerable soil organic carbon (SOC) storage due to climatic factors that suppressed microbial activity. While climatic factors are important, heterotopic soil respiration (and SOC storage) may be influenced by a range of soil characteristics. In this study, we measured soil respiration, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil nutrient concentrations, soil pH, and soil texture in 4 alpine tundra sites located in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA from June 2015 – September 2021. We also used geospatial modeling to visualize predicted climate changes in this system over the 21st century. Finally, we measured SOC concentrations over the seven-year study. We found that soil respiration was significantly correlated with soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil texture. All other parameters were not significantly correlated with soil respiration. We also found that SOC concentrations did not change significantly over the course of the seven-year study. The predictive models show that by the end of the century, over the majority of the park, the mean maximum air temperature will increase, the amount of snowfall will decrease, soil moisture will decrease, and the number of snow-free days will increase. These results suggest that SOC is not currently being lost from this system at a high rate. In addition, it appears that with a changing climate, soil respiration may increase with warming, but the overall increase may be limited by decreased soil moisture and in some cases, high soil temperatures.
{"title":"Controls on soil respiration in alpine tundra","authors":"Sarah A. Schliemann , Nels Grevstad , David A. Parr","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alpine tundra ecosystems, like their arctic counterparts, have historically been the sites of considerable soil organic carbon (SOC) storage due to climatic factors that suppressed microbial activity. While climatic factors are important, heterotopic soil respiration (and SOC storage) may be influenced by a range of soil characteristics. In this study, we measured soil respiration, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil nutrient concentrations, soil pH, and soil texture in 4 alpine tundra sites located in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA from June 2015 – September 2021. We also used geospatial modeling to visualize predicted climate changes in this system over the 21st century. Finally, we measured SOC concentrations over the seven-year study. We found that soil respiration was significantly correlated with soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil texture. All other parameters were not significantly correlated with soil respiration. We also found that SOC concentrations did not change significantly over the course of the seven-year study. The predictive models show that by the end of the century, over the majority of the park, the mean maximum air temperature will increase, the amount of snowfall will decrease, soil moisture will decrease, and the number of snow-free days will increase. These results suggest that SOC is not currently being lost from this system at a high rate. In addition, it appears that with a changing climate, soil respiration may increase with warming, but the overall increase may be limited by decreased soil moisture and in some cases, high soil temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00987"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00986
Fabio Corradini , Rodrigo Candia , María Jiménez
Municipal wastewater sludge can contribute to nutrient recycling and carbon accumulation in soils. However, achieving these benefits requires both an appropriate application rate and suitable field selection. This study proposes an approach to guide field selection to optimize carbon accumulation. The approach integrates hydrological and topographical data with historical records of sludge applications and soil chemical properties to predict medium- to long-term organic carbon concentration in soils following sludge application. An opportunity map was developed using a model trained with 14 years of data from a wastewater company in Chile. Following a scenario analysis, two fields (each with eight paddocks) with contrasting soil conditions were selected to evaluate model performance and assess organic carbon distribution within the soil profile. The model achieved a root mean square error of 6.2 g kg−1 for topsoil organic carbon, with an R2 value of 0.43. The opportunity map revealed that only 20 % of the paddocks that had received sludge since the company started its operations were located in soils with potential for organic carbon accumulation. The case study indicated that fallow-corn rotations promoted organic carbon loss, regardless of the sludge application rate. Direct observations of the paddocks showed that organic carbon accumulated beyond the ploughing depth. Deep, fine-textured soils contained 156.7 ± 17.0 tons ha−1 of organic carbon, whereas shallow, coarse-textured soils had 131.3 ± 14.9 tons ha−1 after similar sludge application rates. The carbon balances for the topsoil, both predicted and observed, were negative for the studied fields. Since sludge application records included only topsoil data, it was not possible to calculate a net carbon balance. The proposed approach accurately reflected paddock conditions and could serve as a decision-making tool for selecting suitable soils for sludge disposal to maximise soil carbon accumulation.
城市污水污泥有助于土壤养分循环和碳积累。然而，要实现这些效益，需要适当的施用量和合适的现场选择。本研究提出了一种指导农田选择以优化碳积累的方法。该方法将水文和地形数据与污泥施用的历史记录和土壤化学性质相结合，以预测污泥施用后土壤中长期有机碳浓度。利用智利一家污水处理公司14年数据训练的模型，绘制了机会图。在情景分析之后，选择了两个不同土壤条件的田（每个田有8个围场）来评估模型的性能，并评估土壤剖面中的有机碳分布。模型对表层土壤有机碳的均方根误差为6.2 g kg−1，R2值为0.43。机会图显示，自该公司开始运营以来，只有20%的围场接收了污泥，这些围场位于具有有机碳积累潜力的土壤中。案例研究表明，与污泥施用量无关，休耕玉米轮作促进了有机碳的损失。对围场的直接观察表明，有机碳的积累超过了耕作深度。在相似的污泥施用量下，深层、细质地土壤的有机碳含量为156.7±17.0吨ha - 1，而浅层、粗质地土壤的有机碳含量为131.3±14.9吨ha - 1。研究区表层土壤的碳平衡，无论是预测的还是观测的，都是负的。由于污泥应用记录仅包括表土数据，因此不可能计算净碳平衡。所提出的方法准确地反映了围场条件，可以作为选择污泥处置的合适土壤的决策工具，以最大限度地提高土壤碳积累。
{"title":"Targeted sludge application for carbon sequestration: A novel approach deployed in semi-arid soils","authors":"Fabio Corradini , Rodrigo Candia , María Jiménez","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Municipal wastewater sludge can contribute to nutrient recycling and carbon accumulation in soils. However, achieving these benefits requires both an appropriate application rate and suitable field selection. This study proposes an approach to guide field selection to optimize carbon accumulation. The approach integrates hydrological and topographical data with historical records of sludge applications and soil chemical properties to predict medium- to long-term organic carbon concentration in soils following sludge application. An opportunity map was developed using a model trained with 14 years of data from a wastewater company in Chile. Following a scenario analysis, two fields (each with eight paddocks) with contrasting soil conditions were selected to evaluate model performance and assess organic carbon distribution within the soil profile. The model achieved a root mean square error of 6.2 g kg<sup>−1</sup> for topsoil organic carbon, with an R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.43. The opportunity map revealed that only 20 % of the paddocks that had received sludge since the company started its operations were located in soils with potential for organic carbon accumulation. The case study indicated that fallow-corn rotations promoted organic carbon loss, regardless of the sludge application rate. Direct observations of the paddocks showed that organic carbon accumulated beyond the ploughing depth. Deep, fine-textured soils contained 156.7 ± 17.0 tons ha<sup>−1</sup> of organic carbon, whereas shallow, coarse-textured soils had 131.3 ± 14.9 tons ha<sup>−1</sup> after similar sludge application rates. The carbon balances for the topsoil, both predicted and observed, were negative for the studied fields. Since sludge application records included only topsoil data, it was not possible to calculate a net carbon balance. The proposed approach accurately reflected paddock conditions and could serve as a decision-making tool for selecting suitable soils for sludge disposal to maximise soil carbon accumulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00986"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-07DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00985
Alexandre Ferreira do Nascimento , Jorge Lulu , Admar Junior Coletti , Austeclínio Lopes de Farias Neto , Anderson Ferreira , Sílvio Tulio Spera , Roberta Aparecida Carnevalli
Integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) systems have been used for food production in tropical environments, offering significant benefits to their components. However, shading can alter the exchange of energy and matter within the systems, directly affecting plant development and animal behavior and, ultimately, interfering with soil C and N dynamics. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil C and N pools in nine-year old integrated systems under the conditions of southern Amazon. The experimental systems comprised crop-livestock under full sunlight (ICL), moderately shaded ICLF (ICLFMS) and strongly shaded ICLF (ICLFSS), implemented in Sinop, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Incidence of photosynthetically active radiation in ICLFMS and ICLFSS was suppressed by 18 % and 50 %, respectively, compared with ICL. The ICL presented the highest stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC; 84.9 Mg ha−1), total nitrogen (TN; 5.3 Mg ha−1), dissolved organic C (160 mg kg−1), and C and N stocks in the mineral-associated organic matter fraction, as well as the lowest C lability index. In contrast, ICLFSS exhibited the lowest values for these parameters (SOC; 71.6 Mg ha−1; TN 4.1 Mg ha−1), indicating that shading alters soil C and N dynamics, resulting in reductions more than 15 % of SOC and 22 % of TN compared with ICL. Furthermore, ICLFSS exhibited the highest levels of labile forms of C in the particulate organic fraction and the highest lability index. Hence, shading decreased the addition and stabilization processes of C and N in soil organic matter, resulting approximately 1.5 Mg ha−1 year−1 less C and 0.14 Mg ha−1 year−1 less N accrual. The results presented herein will support decision-making processes related to soil management strategies and the implementation of systems aimed at low-emission livestock-based protein production.
{"title":"Increased shading in integrated agricultural systems in Southern Amazon reduces potential to store carbon and nitrogen in the soil","authors":"Alexandre Ferreira do Nascimento , Jorge Lulu , Admar Junior Coletti , Austeclínio Lopes de Farias Neto , Anderson Ferreira , Sílvio Tulio Spera , Roberta Aparecida Carnevalli","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) systems have been used for food production in tropical environments, offering significant benefits to their components. However, shading can alter the exchange of energy and matter within the systems, directly affecting plant development and animal behavior and, ultimately, interfering with soil C and N dynamics. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil C and N pools in nine-year old integrated systems under the conditions of southern Amazon. The experimental systems comprised crop-livestock under full sunlight (ICL), moderately shaded ICLF (ICLF<sub>MS</sub>) and strongly shaded ICLF (ICLF<sub>SS</sub>), implemented in Sinop, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Incidence of photosynthetically active radiation in ICLF<sub>MS</sub> and ICLF<sub>SS</sub> was suppressed by 18 % and 50 %, respectively, compared with ICL. The ICL presented the highest stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC; 84.9 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>), total nitrogen (TN; 5.3 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>), dissolved organic C (160 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), and C and N stocks in the mineral-associated organic matter fraction, as well as the lowest C lability index. In contrast, ICLF<sub>SS</sub> exhibited the lowest values for these parameters (SOC; 71.6 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>; TN 4.1 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>), indicating that shading alters soil C and N dynamics, resulting in reductions more than 15 % of SOC and 22 % of TN compared with ICL. Furthermore, ICLF<sub>SS</sub> exhibited the highest levels of labile forms of C in the particulate organic fraction and the highest lability index. Hence, shading decreased the addition and stabilization processes of C and N in soil organic matter, resulting approximately 1.5 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> less C and 0.14 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup> less N accrual. The results presented herein will support decision-making processes related to soil management strategies and the implementation of systems aimed at low-emission livestock-based protein production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00985"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00983
J.A.B. Schepens , C.J. Koopmans , D.T. Heupink , B.G.H. Timmermans , N. Gentsch , S. Martens , J. de Haan , R.E. Creamer , G.Y.K. Moinet
Numerous meta-analyses provide rates of carbon accrual for specific management practices at global scales. However, understanding how specific farming practices and soil properties influence SOC accrual within defined regions remains challenging. We examined whether three well-investigated improved management practices (organic fertilizer input, cover crops, and non-inversion tillage) increase SOC stocks within arable farming in Northwestern Europe. It was hypothesized that SOC accrual would be primarily driven by clay content. We sampled eleven experimental sites, where experimental durations, clay content, and SOC content ranged from 5 to 23 years, 1–20 %, and 0.9–2.3 %, respectively. The sites were sampled according to a uniform protocol for two depths (0–30 and 30–60 cm). Our cross-site analysis revealed substantial variation in SOC responses to the management practices, even within a single climatic region. There was a clear trend of increasing SOC accrual with increasing organic matter inputs from organic amendments, but effects were site dependent. Besides organic amendments, only frost-resistant cover crop species combined with non-inversion tillage accrued SOC at one site. Contrary to our hypothesis, clay content was not the primary driver of SOC accrual. Instead, SOC accrual was most strongly driven by the interplay between experimental duration and the initial SOC stock. Our study underscores the need for context-specific SOC management strategies that account for the initial SOC levels.
{"title":"From global trends to local realities: SOC accrual of improved management practices in northwestern Europe","authors":"J.A.B. Schepens , C.J. Koopmans , D.T. Heupink , B.G.H. Timmermans , N. Gentsch , S. Martens , J. de Haan , R.E. Creamer , G.Y.K. Moinet","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous meta-analyses provide rates of carbon accrual for specific management practices at global scales. However, understanding how specific farming practices and soil properties influence SOC accrual within defined regions remains challenging. We examined whether three well-investigated improved management practices (organic fertilizer input, cover crops, and non-inversion tillage) increase SOC stocks within arable farming in Northwestern Europe. It was hypothesized that SOC accrual would be primarily driven by clay content. We sampled eleven experimental sites, where experimental durations, clay content, and SOC content ranged from 5 to 23 years, 1–20 %, and 0.9–2.3 %, respectively. The sites were sampled according to a uniform protocol for two depths (0–30 and 30–60 cm). Our cross-site analysis revealed substantial variation in SOC responses to the management practices, even within a single climatic region. There was a clear trend of increasing SOC accrual with increasing organic matter inputs from organic amendments, but effects were site dependent. Besides organic amendments, only frost-resistant cover crop species combined with non-inversion tillage accrued SOC at one site. Contrary to our hypothesis, clay content was not the primary driver of SOC accrual. Instead, SOC accrual was most strongly driven by the interplay between experimental duration and the initial SOC stock. Our study underscores the need for context-specific SOC management strategies that account for the initial SOC levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00983"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-28DOI: 10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00984
Solmaz Bidast, Ahmad Golchin
Comprehension of the complex relationship between climate variations and soil characteristics is crucial for effectively managing soil organic carbon stocks (SOCs). This study involved a comprehensive analysis of soil properties, including sequential extraction of pedogenic oxides and carbon fractionation, across three distinct land management types: grazing land, undisturbed rangeland, and cultivated rangeland (cropland). Using the RothC model, projections were made to assess changes in SOC over a 63-year period under three different climate scenarios: baseline climate, warm-dry, and cool-wet scenarios. The findings revealed a strong linear correlation between observed and modeled SOC values for each management practice. Without climate change, the model predicted a 4.21 % decrease in SOC for cropland and a 2.37 % decrease for grazing land, while undisturbed rangeland showed a 3.04 % increase. Under the warm-dry scenario, all sites experienced a decline in SOC, whereas under the cool-wet scenario, SOC increased uniformly across all sites. In contradistinction to cropland and grazing land, undisturbed rangeland exhibited unique characteristics due to its long-term exposure to weathering. These included a significant increase in the chemical index of alteration, higher levels of occluding carbon within the microaggregates fraction, and varied amounts of dithionite and oxalate-extractable aluminum and iron. These factors enhanced the physical protection of SOC from microbial decomposition. This was supported by positive correlations between SOC and these factors, as well as the humified organic matter pool. In summary, understanding the relationship between management practices, climatic conditions, and the mechanisms that govern SOC conservation is pivotal for judicious decision-making.
{"title":"Soil carbon storage in rangeland ecosystems: The role of land management, climate change, and soil chemical transformations","authors":"Solmaz Bidast, Ahmad Golchin","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Comprehension of the complex relationship between climate variations and soil characteristics is crucial for effectively managing soil organic carbon stocks (SOCs). This study involved a comprehensive analysis of soil properties, including sequential extraction of pedogenic oxides and carbon fractionation, across three distinct land management types: grazing land, undisturbed rangeland, and cultivated rangeland (cropland). Using the RothC model, projections were made to assess changes in SOC over a 63-year period under three different climate scenarios: baseline climate, warm-dry, and cool-wet scenarios. The findings revealed a strong linear correlation between observed and modeled SOC values for each management practice. Without climate change, the model predicted a 4.21 % decrease in SOC for cropland and a 2.37 % decrease for grazing land, while undisturbed rangeland showed a 3.04 % increase. Under the warm-dry scenario, all sites experienced a decline in SOC, whereas under the cool-wet scenario, SOC increased uniformly across all sites. In contradistinction to cropland and grazing land, undisturbed rangeland exhibited unique characteristics due to its long-term exposure to weathering. These included a significant increase in the chemical index of alteration, higher levels of occluding carbon within the microaggregates fraction, and varied amounts of dithionite and oxalate-extractable aluminum and iron. These factors enhanced the physical protection of SOC from microbial decomposition. This was supported by positive correlations between SOC and these factors, as well as the humified organic matter pool. In summary, understanding the relationship between management practices, climatic conditions, and the mechanisms that govern SOC conservation is pivotal for judicious decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article e00984"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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