Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adl5161
Weixu Zhu, Sinan Oğuz, Mary Katherine Heinrich, Michael Allwright, Mostafa Wahby, Anders Lyhne Christensen, Emanuele Garone, Marco Dorigo
We present the self-organizing nervous system (SoNS), a robot swarm architecture based on self-organized hierarchy. The SoNS approach enables robots to autonomously establish, maintain, and reconfigure dynamic multilevel system architectures. For example, a robot swarm consisting of n independent robots could transform into a single n–robot SoNS and then into several independent smaller SoNSs, where each SoNS uses a temporary and dynamic hierarchy. Leveraging the SoNS approach, we showed that sensing, actuation, and decision-making can be coordinated in a locally centralized way without sacrificing the benefits of scalability, flexibility, and fault tolerance, for which swarm robotics is usually studied. In several proof-of-concept robot missions—including binary decision-making and search and rescue—we demonstrated that the capabilities of the SoNS approach greatly advance the state of the art in swarm robotics. The missions were conducted with a real heterogeneous aerial-ground robot swarm, using a custom-developed quadrotor platform. We also demonstrated the scalability of the SoNS approach in swarms of up to 250 robots in a physics-based simulator and demonstrated several types of system fault tolerance in simulation and reality.
我们提出了自组织神经系统（SoNS），这是一种基于自组织层次结构的机器人群架构。SoNS 方法使机器人能够自主建立、维护和重新配置动态多级系统结构。例如，由 n 个独立机器人组成的机器人群可以转变为一个 n 个机器人的 SoNS，然后再转变为多个独立的小型 SoNS，其中每个 SoNS 都使用临时的动态层次结构。利用 SoNS 方法，我们证明了感知、执行和决策可以通过局部集中的方式进行协调，而不会牺牲可扩展性、灵活性和容错性等优点，而这些正是研究蜂群机器人技术的通常目的。在几个概念验证机器人任务（包括二进制决策和搜索救援）中，我们证明了 SoNS 方法的能力大大推进了蜂群机器人技术的发展。这些任务是利用一个定制开发的四旋翼平台，通过一个真实的异构空地机器人群来完成的。我们还在基于物理的模拟器中演示了 SoNS 方法在多达 250 个机器人群中的可扩展性，并在模拟和现实中演示了几种类型的系统容错。
{"title":"Self-organizing nervous systems for robot swarms","authors":"Weixu Zhu, Sinan Oğuz, Mary Katherine Heinrich, Michael Allwright, Mostafa Wahby, Anders Lyhne Christensen, Emanuele Garone, Marco Dorigo","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adl5161","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adl5161","url":null,"abstract":"<div >We present the self-organizing nervous system (SoNS), a robot swarm architecture based on self-organized hierarchy. The SoNS approach enables robots to autonomously establish, maintain, and reconfigure dynamic multilevel system architectures. For example, a robot swarm consisting of <i>n</i> independent robots could transform into a single <i>n</i>–robot SoNS and then into several independent smaller SoNSs, where each SoNS uses a temporary and dynamic hierarchy. Leveraging the SoNS approach, we showed that sensing, actuation, and decision-making can be coordinated in a locally centralized way without sacrificing the benefits of scalability, flexibility, and fault tolerance, for which swarm robotics is usually studied. In several proof-of-concept robot missions—including binary decision-making and search and rescue—we demonstrated that the capabilities of the SoNS approach greatly advance the state of the art in swarm robotics. The missions were conducted with a real heterogeneous aerial-ground robot swarm, using a custom-developed quadrotor platform. We also demonstrated the scalability of the SoNS approach in swarms of up to 250 robots in a physics-based simulator and demonstrated several types of system fault tolerance in simulation and reality.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 96","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/scirobotics.adl5161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adt3842
Amos Matsiko
Robots can be powerful tools to advance basic scientific discovery.
机器人可以成为推动基础科学发现的强大工具。
{"title":"Advancing scientific discovery with the aid of robotics.","authors":"Amos Matsiko","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adt3842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adt3842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Robots can be powerful tools to advance basic scientific discovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 95","pages":"eadt3842"},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adn7299
Ninad Jadhav, Sushmita Bhattacharya, Daniel Vogt, Yaniv Aluma, Pernille Tønnesen, Akarsh Prabhakara, Swarun Kumar, Shane Gero, Robert J Wood, Stephanie Gil
Rendezvous with sperm whales for biological observations is made challenging by their prolonged dive patterns. Here, we propose an algorithmic framework that codevelops multiagent reinforcement learning-based routing (autonomy module) and synthetic aperture radar-based very high frequency (VHF) signal-based bearing estimation (sensing module) for maximizing rendezvous opportunities of autonomous robots with sperm whales. The sensing module is compatible with low-energy VHF tags commonly used for tracking wildlife. The autonomy module leverages in situ noisy bearing measurements of whale vocalizations, VHF tags, and whale dive behaviors to enable time-critical rendezvous of a robot team with multiple whales in simulation. We conducted experiments at sea in the native habitat of sperm whales using an "engineered whale"-a speedboat equipped with a VHF-emitting tag, emulating five distinct whale tracks, with different whale motions. The sensing module shows a median bearing error of 10.55° to the tag. Using bearing measurements to the engineered whale from an acoustic sensor and our sensing module, our autonomy module gives an aggregate rendezvous success rate of 81.31% for a 500-meter rendezvous distance using three robots in postprocessing. A second class of fielded experiments that used acoustic-only bearing measurements to three untagged sperm whales showed an aggregate rendezvous success rate of 68.68% for a 1000-meter rendezvous distance using two robots in postprocessing. We further validated these algorithms with several ablation studies using a sperm whale visual encounter dataset collected by marine biologists.
{"title":"Reinforcement learning-based framework for whale rendezvous via autonomous sensing robots.","authors":"Ninad Jadhav, Sushmita Bhattacharya, Daniel Vogt, Yaniv Aluma, Pernille Tønnesen, Akarsh Prabhakara, Swarun Kumar, Shane Gero, Robert J Wood, Stephanie Gil","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adn7299","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adn7299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rendezvous with sperm whales for biological observations is made challenging by their prolonged dive patterns. Here, we propose an algorithmic framework that codevelops multiagent reinforcement learning-based routing (autonomy module) and synthetic aperture radar-based very high frequency (VHF) signal-based bearing estimation (sensing module) for maximizing rendezvous opportunities of autonomous robots with sperm whales. The sensing module is compatible with low-energy VHF tags commonly used for tracking wildlife. The autonomy module leverages in situ noisy bearing measurements of whale vocalizations, VHF tags, and whale dive behaviors to enable time-critical rendezvous of a robot team with multiple whales in simulation. We conducted experiments at sea in the native habitat of sperm whales using an \"engineered whale\"-a speedboat equipped with a VHF-emitting tag, emulating five distinct whale tracks, with different whale motions. The sensing module shows a median bearing error of 10.55° to the tag. Using bearing measurements to the engineered whale from an acoustic sensor and our sensing module, our autonomy module gives an aggregate rendezvous success rate of 81.31% for a 500-meter rendezvous distance using three robots in postprocessing. A second class of fielded experiments that used acoustic-only bearing measurements to three untagged sperm whales showed an aggregate rendezvous success rate of 68.68% for a 1000-meter rendezvous distance using two robots in postprocessing. We further validated these algorithms with several ablation studies using a sperm whale visual encounter dataset collected by marine biologists.</p>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 95","pages":"eadn7299"},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adn2733
Tony J Prescott, Kai Vogeley, Agnieszka Wykowska
Robotics can play a useful role in the scientific understanding of the sense of self, both through the construction of embodied models of the self and through the use of robots as experimental probes to explore the human self. In both cases, the embodiment of the robot allows us to devise and test hypotheses about the nature of the self, with regard to its development, its manifestation in behavior, and the diversity of selves in humans, animals, and, potentially, machines. This paper reviews robotics research that addresses the topic of the self-the minimal self, the extended self, and disorders of the self-and highlights future directions and open challenges in understanding the self through constructing its components in artificial systems. An emerging view is that key phenomena of the self can be generated in robots with suitably configured sensor and actuator systems and a layered cognitive architecture involving networks of predictive models.
{"title":"Understanding the sense of self through robotics.","authors":"Tony J Prescott, Kai Vogeley, Agnieszka Wykowska","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adn2733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adn2733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Robotics can play a useful role in the scientific understanding of the sense of self, both through the construction of embodied models of the self and through the use of robots as experimental probes to explore the human self. In both cases, the embodiment of the robot allows us to devise and test hypotheses about the nature of the self, with regard to its development, its manifestation in behavior, and the diversity of selves in humans, animals, and, potentially, machines. This paper reviews robotics research that addresses the topic of the self-the minimal self, the extended self, and disorders of the self-and highlights future directions and open challenges in understanding the self through constructing its components in artificial systems. An emerging view is that key phenomena of the self can be generated in robots with suitably configured sensor and actuator systems and a layered cognitive architecture involving networks of predictive models.</p>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 95","pages":"eadn2733"},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adr5247
Ken Goldberg, Gary Guthart
Advances in AI and robotics have the potential to enhance the dexterity of human surgeons.
人工智能和机器人技术的进步有可能提高人类外科医生的灵巧性。
{"title":"Augmented dexterity: How robots can enhance human surgical skills","authors":"Ken Goldberg, Gary Guthart","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adr5247","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adr5247","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Advances in AI and robotics have the potential to enhance the dexterity of human surgeons.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 95","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adm6991
Angelos Angelopoulos, James F. Cahoon, Ron Alterovitz
Laboratories in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science are at the leading edge of technology, discovering molecules and materials to unlock capabilities in energy, catalysis, biotechnology, sustainability, electronics, and more. Yet, most modern laboratories resemble factories from generations past, with a large reliance on humans manually performing synthesis and characterization tasks. Robotics and automation can enable scientific experiments to be conducted faster, more safely, more accurately, and with greater reproducibility, allowing scientists to tackle large societal problems in domains such as health and energy on a shorter timescale. We define five levels of laboratory automation, from laboratory assistance to full automation. We also introduce robotics research challenges that arise when increasing levels of automation and when increasing the generality of tasks within the laboratory. Robots are poised to transform science labs into automated factories of discovery that accelerate scientific progress.
{"title":"Transforming science labs into automated factories of discovery","authors":"Angelos Angelopoulos, James F. Cahoon, Ron Alterovitz","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adm6991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adm6991","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratories in chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science are at the leading edge of technology, discovering molecules and materials to unlock capabilities in energy, catalysis, biotechnology, sustainability, electronics, and more. Yet, most modern laboratories resemble factories from generations past, with a large reliance on humans manually performing synthesis and characterization tasks. Robotics and automation can enable scientific experiments to be conducted faster, more safely, more accurately, and with greater reproducibility, allowing scientists to tackle large societal problems in domains such as health and energy on a shorter timescale. We define five levels of laboratory automation, from laboratory assistance to full automation. We also introduce robotics research challenges that arise when increasing levels of automation and when increasing the generality of tasks within the laboratory. Robots are poised to transform science labs into automated factories of discovery that accelerate scientific progress.","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142487694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adt3828
Robin R. Murphy
Two short science fiction stories, “Exhalation” and “Seventy-Two Letters”, explore robots inside and out.
两篇科幻短篇小说《呼气》和《七十二封信》探讨了机器人的内在和外在。
{"title":"Ted Chiang imagines a computational theory of robots","authors":"Robin R. Murphy","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adt3828","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adt3828","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Two short science fiction stories, “Exhalation” and “Seventy-Two Letters”, explore robots inside and out.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 95","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142489575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adn1125
Michael Ishida, Fidji Berio, Valentina Di Santo, Neil H. Shubin, Fumiya Iida
Paleontologists must confront the challenge of studying the forms and functions of extinct species for which data from preserved fossils are extremely limited, yielding only a fragmented picture of life in deep time. In response to this hurdle, we describe the nascent field of paleoinspired robotics, an innovative method that builds upon established techniques in bioinspired robotics, enabling the exploration of the biology of ancient organisms and their evolutionary trajectories. This Review presents ways in which robotic platforms can fill gaps in existing research using the exemplars of notable transitions in vertebrate locomotion. We examine recent case studies in experimental paleontology, highlighting substantial contributions made by engineering and robotics techniques, and further assess how the efficient application of robotic technologies in close collaboration with paleontologists and biologists can offer additional insights into the study of evolution that were previously unattainable.
{"title":"Paleoinspired robotics as an experimental approach to the history of life","authors":"Michael Ishida, Fidji Berio, Valentina Di Santo, Neil H. Shubin, Fumiya Iida","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adn1125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adn1125","url":null,"abstract":"Paleontologists must confront the challenge of studying the forms and functions of extinct species for which data from preserved fossils are extremely limited, yielding only a fragmented picture of life in deep time. In response to this hurdle, we describe the nascent field of paleoinspired robotics, an innovative method that builds upon established techniques in bioinspired robotics, enabling the exploration of the biology of ancient organisms and their evolutionary trajectories. This Review presents ways in which robotic platforms can fill gaps in existing research using the exemplars of notable transitions in vertebrate locomotion. We examine recent case studies in experimental paleontology, highlighting substantial contributions made by engineering and robotics techniques, and further assess how the efficient application of robotic technologies in close collaboration with paleontologists and biologists can offer additional insights into the study of evolution that were previously unattainable.","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142487695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adm8233
Wenkun Dou, Guanqiao Shan, Qili Zhao, Manpreet Malhi, Aojun Jiang, Zhuoran Zhang, Andrés González-Guerra, Shaojie Fu, Junhui Law, Robert M. Hamilton, Juan A. Bernal, Xinyu Liu, Yu Sun, Jason T. Maynes
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death among young adults. Aberrant gap junction remodeling has been linked to disease-causative mutations in plakophilin-2 ( PKP2 ). Although gap junctions are a key therapeutic target, measurement of gap junction function in preclinical disease models is technically challenging. To quantify gap junction function with high precision and high consistency, we developed a robotic cell manipulation system with visual feedback from digital holographic microscopy for three-dimensional and label-free imaging of human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). The robotic system can accurately determine the dynamic height changes in the cells’ contraction and resting phases, microinject drug-treated healthy and diseased iPSC-CMs in their resting phase with constant injection depth across all cells, and deposit a membrane-impermeable dye that solely diffuses between cells through gap junctions for measuring the gap junction diffusion function. The robotic system was applied toward a targeted drug screen to identify gap junction modulators and potential therapeutics for ACM. Five compounds were found to dose-dependently enhance gap junction permeability in cardiomyocytes with PKP2 knockdown. In addition, PCO 400 (pinacidil) reduced beating irregularity in a mouse model of ACM expressing mutant PKP2 (R735X). These results highlight the utility of the robotic cell manipulation system to efficiently assess gap junction function in a relevant preclinical disease model, thus providing a technique to advance drug discovery for ACM and other gap junction–mediated diseases.
{"title":"Robotic manipulation of cardiomyocytes to identify gap junction modifiers for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy","authors":"Wenkun Dou, Guanqiao Shan, Qili Zhao, Manpreet Malhi, Aojun Jiang, Zhuoran Zhang, Andrés González-Guerra, Shaojie Fu, Junhui Law, Robert M. Hamilton, Juan A. Bernal, Xinyu Liu, Yu Sun, Jason T. Maynes","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adm8233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adm8233","url":null,"abstract":"Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death among young adults. Aberrant gap junction remodeling has been linked to disease-causative mutations in plakophilin-2 ( <jats:italic>PKP2</jats:italic> ). Although gap junctions are a key therapeutic target, measurement of gap junction function in preclinical disease models is technically challenging. To quantify gap junction function with high precision and high consistency, we developed a robotic cell manipulation system with visual feedback from digital holographic microscopy for three-dimensional and label-free imaging of human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). The robotic system can accurately determine the dynamic height changes in the cells’ contraction and resting phases, microinject drug-treated healthy and diseased iPSC-CMs in their resting phase with constant injection depth across all cells, and deposit a membrane-impermeable dye that solely diffuses between cells through gap junctions for measuring the gap junction diffusion function. The robotic system was applied toward a targeted drug screen to identify gap junction modulators and potential therapeutics for ACM. Five compounds were found to dose-dependently enhance gap junction permeability in cardiomyocytes with <jats:italic>PKP2</jats:italic> knockdown. In addition, PCO 400 (pinacidil) reduced beating irregularity in a mouse model of ACM expressing mutant PKP2 (R735X). These results highlight the utility of the robotic cell manipulation system to efficiently assess gap junction function in a relevant preclinical disease model, thus providing a technique to advance drug discovery for ACM and other gap junction–mediated diseases.","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142487696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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