Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adk0310
Tom van Dijk, Christophe De Wagter, Guido C. H. E. de Croon
Navigation is an essential capability for autonomous robots. In particular, visual navigation has been a major research topic in robotics because cameras are lightweight, power-efficient sensors that provide rich information on the environment. However, the main challenge of visual navigation is that it requires substantial computational power and memory for visual processing and storage of the results. As of yet, this has precluded its use on small, extremely resource-constrained robots such as lightweight drones. Inspired by the parsimony of natural intelligence, we propose an insect-inspired approach toward visual navigation that is specifically aimed at extremely resource-restricted robots. It is a route-following approach in which a robot’s outbound trajectory is stored as a collection of highly compressed panoramic images together with their spatial relationships as measured with odometry. During the inbound journey, the robot uses a combination of odometry and visual homing to return to the stored locations, with visual homing preventing the buildup of odometric drift. A main advancement of the proposed strategy is that the number of stored compressed images is minimized by spacing them apart as far as the accuracy of odometry allows. To demonstrate the suitability for small systems, we implemented the strategy on a tiny 56-gram drone. The drone could successfully follow routes up to 100 meters with a trajectory representation that consumed less than 20 bytes per meter. The presented method forms a substantial step toward the autonomous visual navigation of tiny robots, facilitating their more widespread application.
{"title":"Visual route following for tiny autonomous robots","authors":"Tom van Dijk, Christophe De Wagter, Guido C. H. E. de Croon","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adk0310","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adk0310","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Navigation is an essential capability for autonomous robots. In particular, visual navigation has been a major research topic in robotics because cameras are lightweight, power-efficient sensors that provide rich information on the environment. However, the main challenge of visual navigation is that it requires substantial computational power and memory for visual processing and storage of the results. As of yet, this has precluded its use on small, extremely resource-constrained robots such as lightweight drones. Inspired by the parsimony of natural intelligence, we propose an insect-inspired approach toward visual navigation that is specifically aimed at extremely resource-restricted robots. It is a route-following approach in which a robot’s outbound trajectory is stored as a collection of highly compressed panoramic images together with their spatial relationships as measured with odometry. During the inbound journey, the robot uses a combination of odometry and visual homing to return to the stored locations, with visual homing preventing the buildup of odometric drift. A main advancement of the proposed strategy is that the number of stored compressed images is minimized by spacing them apart as far as the accuracy of odometry allows. To demonstrate the suitability for small systems, we implemented the strategy on a tiny 56-gram drone. The drone could successfully follow routes up to 100 meters with a trajectory representation that consumed less than 20 bytes per meter. The presented method forms a substantial step toward the autonomous visual navigation of tiny robots, facilitating their more widespread application.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 92","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.science.org/doi/reader/10.1126/scirobotics.adk0310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141636007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adl0307
Tianyu Chen, Xudong Yang, Bojian Zhang, Junwei Li, Jie Pan, Yifan Wang
Biological organisms often have remarkable multifunctionality through intricate structures, such as concurrent shape morphing and stiffness variation in the octopus. Soft robots, which are inspired by natural creatures, usually require the integration of separate modules to achieve these various functions. As a result, the whole structure is cumbersome, and the control system is complex, often involving multiple control loops to finish a required task. Here, inspired by the scales that cover creatures like pangolins and fish, we developed a robotic structure that can vary its stiffness and change shape simultaneously in a highly integrated, compact body. The scale-inspired layered structure (SAILS) was enabled by the inversely designed programmable surface patterns of the scales. After fabrication, SAILS was inherently soft and flexible. When sealed in an elastic envelope and subjected to negative confining pressure, it transitioned to its designated shape and concurrently became stiff. SAILS could be actuated at frequencies as high as 5 hertz and achieved an apparent bending modulus change of up to 53 times between its soft and stiff states. We further demonstrated both the versatility of SAILS by developing a soft robot that is amphibious and adaptive and tunable landing systems for drones with the capacity to accommodate different loads.
{"title":"Scale-inspired programmable robotic structures with concurrent shape morphing and stiffness variation","authors":"Tianyu Chen, Xudong Yang, Bojian Zhang, Junwei Li, Jie Pan, Yifan Wang","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adl0307","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adl0307","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Biological organisms often have remarkable multifunctionality through intricate structures, such as concurrent shape morphing and stiffness variation in the octopus. Soft robots, which are inspired by natural creatures, usually require the integration of separate modules to achieve these various functions. As a result, the whole structure is cumbersome, and the control system is complex, often involving multiple control loops to finish a required task. Here, inspired by the scales that cover creatures like pangolins and fish, we developed a robotic structure that can vary its stiffness and change shape simultaneously in a highly integrated, compact body. The scale-inspired layered structure (SAILS) was enabled by the inversely designed programmable surface patterns of the scales. After fabrication, SAILS was inherently soft and flexible. When sealed in an elastic envelope and subjected to negative confining pressure, it transitioned to its designated shape and concurrently became stiff. SAILS could be actuated at frequencies as high as 5 hertz and achieved an apparent bending modulus change of up to 53 times between its soft and stiff states. We further demonstrated both the versatility of SAILS by developing a soft robot that is amphibious and adaptive and tunable landing systems for drones with the capacity to accommodate different loads.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 92","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141636006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adj3665
Uma Prashant Navare, Francesca Ciardo, Kyveli Kompatsiari, Davide De Tommaso, Agnieszka Wykowska
Sense of joint agency (SoJA) is the sense of control experienced by humans when acting with others to bring about changes in the shared environment. SoJA is proposed to arise from the sensorimotor predictive processes underlying action control and monitoring. Because SoJA is a ubiquitous phenomenon occurring when we perform actions with other humans, it is of great interest and importance to understand whether—and under what conditions—SoJA occurs in collaborative tasks with humanoid robots. In this study, using behavioral measures and neural responses measured by electroencephalography (EEG), we aimed to evaluate whether SoJA occurs in joint action with the humanoid robot iCub and whether its emergence is influenced by the perceived intentionality of the robot. Behavioral results show that participants experienced SoJA with the robot partner when it was presented as an intentional agent but not when it was presented as a mechanical artifact. EEG results show that the mechanism that influences the emergence of SoJA in the condition when the robot is presented as an intentional agent is the ability to form similarly accurate predictions about the sensory consequences of our own and others’ actions, leading to similar modulatory activity over sensory processing. Together, our results shed light on the joint sensorimotor processing mechanisms underlying the emergence of SoJA in human-robot interaction and underscore the importance of attribution of intentionality to the robot in human-robot collaboration.
联合代理感（SoJA）是指人类在与他人共同行动以改变共同环境时所体验到的控制感。SoJA 的产生源于作为行动控制和监测基础的感觉运动预测过程。由于 SoJA 是我们与其他人一起行动时普遍存在的现象，因此了解在与仿人机器人协作任务中是否会出现 SoJA 以及在什么条件下会出现 SoJA 是非常有意义和重要的。在这项研究中，我们利用行为测量和脑电图（EEG）测量神经反应，旨在评估在与仿人机器人 iCub 共同行动时是否会出现 SoJA，以及 SoJA 的出现是否会受到机器人感知到的意向性的影响。行为结果表明，当机器人伙伴作为一个有意图的代理出现时，参与者会体验到 SoJA，而当机器人伙伴作为一个机械人工制品出现时，参与者则不会体验到 SoJA。脑电图结果表明，在机器人作为有意行为主体出现的情况下，影响 SoJA 出现的机制是，人们能够对自己和他人行为的感官后果形成类似的准确预测，从而对感官处理产生类似的调节活动。总之，我们的研究结果揭示了人机交互中出现 SoJA 所依据的联合感觉运动处理机制，并强调了在人机协作中将意向性归因于机器人的重要性。
{"title":"When performing actions with robots, attribution of intentionality affects the sense of joint agency","authors":"Uma Prashant Navare, Francesca Ciardo, Kyveli Kompatsiari, Davide De Tommaso, Agnieszka Wykowska","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adj3665","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adj3665","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Sense of joint agency (SoJA) is the sense of control experienced by humans when acting with others to bring about changes in the shared environment. SoJA is proposed to arise from the sensorimotor predictive processes underlying action control and monitoring. Because SoJA is a ubiquitous phenomenon occurring when we perform actions with other humans, it is of great interest and importance to understand whether—and under what conditions—SoJA occurs in collaborative tasks with humanoid robots. In this study, using behavioral measures and neural responses measured by electroencephalography (EEG), we aimed to evaluate whether SoJA occurs in joint action with the humanoid robot iCub and whether its emergence is influenced by the perceived intentionality of the robot. Behavioral results show that participants experienced SoJA with the robot partner when it was presented as an intentional agent but not when it was presented as a mechanical artifact. EEG results show that the mechanism that influences the emergence of SoJA in the condition when the robot is presented as an intentional agent is the ability to form similarly accurate predictions about the sensory consequences of our own and others’ actions, leading to similar modulatory activity over sensory processing. Together, our results shed light on the joint sensorimotor processing mechanisms underlying the emergence of SoJA in human-robot interaction and underscore the importance of attribution of intentionality to the robot in human-robot collaboration.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 91","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adq6361
Robin R. Murphy
Project Hail Mary reflects real-world technical readiness assessment processes for robotics.
万福玛丽项目反映了现实世界中的机器人技术就绪评估过程。
{"title":"Would you risk humanity’s survival on a robot built in two years?","authors":"Robin R. Murphy","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adq6361","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adq6361","url":null,"abstract":"<div ><i>Project Hail Mary</i> reflects real-world technical readiness assessment processes for robotics.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 91","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adi8808
Maria Bauza, Antonia Bronars, Yifan Hou, Ian Taylor, Nikhil Chavan-Dafle, Alberto Rodriguez
Existing robotic systems have a tension between generality and precision. Deployed solutions for robotic manipulation tend to fall into the paradigm of one robot solving a single task, lacking “precise generalization,” or the ability to solve many tasks without compromising on precision. This paper explores solutions for precise and general pick and place. In precise pick and place, or kitting, the robot transforms an unstructured arrangement of objects into an organized arrangement, which can facilitate further manipulation. We propose SimPLE (Simulation to Pick Localize and placE) as a solution to precise pick and place. SimPLE learns to pick, regrasp, and place objects given the object’s computer-aided design model and no prior experience. We developed three main components: task-aware grasping, visuotactile perception, and regrasp planning. Task-aware grasping computes affordances of grasps that are stable, observable, and favorable to placing. The visuotactile perception model relies on matching real observations against a set of simulated ones through supervised learning to estimate a distribution of likely object poses. Last, we computed a multistep pick-and-place plan by solving a shortest-path problem on a graph of hand-to-hand regrasps. On a dual-arm robot equipped with visuotactile sensing, SimPLE demonstrated pick and place of 15 diverse objects. The objects spanned a wide range of shapes, and SimPLE achieved successful placements into structured arrangements with 1-mm clearance more than 90% of the time for six objects and more than 80% of the time for 11 objects.
{"title":"SimPLE, a visuotactile method learned in simulation to precisely pick, localize, regrasp, and place objects","authors":"Maria Bauza, Antonia Bronars, Yifan Hou, Ian Taylor, Nikhil Chavan-Dafle, Alberto Rodriguez","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adi8808","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adi8808","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Existing robotic systems have a tension between generality and precision. Deployed solutions for robotic manipulation tend to fall into the paradigm of one robot solving a single task, lacking “precise generalization,” or the ability to solve many tasks without compromising on precision. This paper explores solutions for precise and general pick and place. In precise pick and place, or kitting, the robot transforms an unstructured arrangement of objects into an organized arrangement, which can facilitate further manipulation. We propose SimPLE (Simulation to Pick Localize and placE) as a solution to precise pick and place. SimPLE learns to pick, regrasp, and place objects given the object’s computer-aided design model and no prior experience. We developed three main components: task-aware grasping, visuotactile perception, and regrasp planning. Task-aware grasping computes affordances of grasps that are stable, observable, and favorable to placing. The visuotactile perception model relies on matching real observations against a set of simulated ones through supervised learning to estimate a distribution of likely object poses. Last, we computed a multistep pick-and-place plan by solving a shortest-path problem on a graph of hand-to-hand regrasps. On a dual-arm robot equipped with visuotactile sensing, SimPLE demonstrated pick and place of 15 diverse objects. The objects spanned a wide range of shapes, and SimPLE achieved successful placements into structured arrangements with 1-mm clearance more than 90% of the time for six objects and more than 80% of the time for 11 objects.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 91","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adl2007
Zhengxing Li, Yaou Duan, Fangyu Zhang, Hao Luan, Wei-Ting Shen, Yiyan Yu, Nianfei Xian, Zhongyuan Guo, Edward Zhang, Lu Yin, Ronnie H. Fang, Weiwei Gao, Liangfang Zhang, Joseph Wang
Cytokines have been identified as key contributors to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet conventional treatments often prove inadequate and carry substantial side effects. Here, we present an innovative biohybrid robotic system, termed “algae-MΦNP-robot,” for addressing IBD by actively neutralizing colonic cytokine levels. Our approach combines moving green microalgae with macrophage membrane–coated nanoparticles (MΦNPs) to efficiently capture proinflammatory cytokines “on the fly.” The dynamic algae-MΦNP-robots outperformed static counterparts by enhancing cytokine removal through continuous movement, better distribution, and extended retention in the colon. This system is encapsulated in an oral capsule, which shields it from gastric acidity and ensures functionality upon reaching the targeted disease site. The resulting algae-MΦNP-robot capsule effectively regulated cytokine levels, facilitating the healing of damaged epithelial barriers. It showed markedly improved prevention and treatment efficacy in a mouse model of IBD and demonstrated an excellent biosafety profile. Overall, our biohybrid algae-MΦNP-robot system offers a promising and efficient solution for IBD, addressing cytokine-related inflammation effectively.
{"title":"Biohybrid microrobots regulate colonic cytokines and the epithelium barrier in inflammatory bowel disease","authors":"Zhengxing Li, Yaou Duan, Fangyu Zhang, Hao Luan, Wei-Ting Shen, Yiyan Yu, Nianfei Xian, Zhongyuan Guo, Edward Zhang, Lu Yin, Ronnie H. Fang, Weiwei Gao, Liangfang Zhang, Joseph Wang","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adl2007","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adl2007","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Cytokines have been identified as key contributors to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet conventional treatments often prove inadequate and carry substantial side effects. Here, we present an innovative biohybrid robotic system, termed “algae-MΦNP-robot,” for addressing IBD by actively neutralizing colonic cytokine levels. Our approach combines moving green microalgae with macrophage membrane–coated nanoparticles (MΦNPs) to efficiently capture proinflammatory cytokines “on the fly.” The dynamic algae-MΦNP-robots outperformed static counterparts by enhancing cytokine removal through continuous movement, better distribution, and extended retention in the colon. This system is encapsulated in an oral capsule, which shields it from gastric acidity and ensures functionality upon reaching the targeted disease site. The resulting algae-MΦNP-robot capsule effectively regulated cytokine levels, facilitating the healing of damaged epithelial barriers. It showed markedly improved prevention and treatment efficacy in a mouse model of IBD and demonstrated an excellent biosafety profile. Overall, our biohybrid algae-MΦNP-robot system offers a promising and efficient solution for IBD, addressing cytokine-related inflammation effectively.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 91","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adr0223
{"title":"Erratum for the Research Article “Fully neuromorphic vision and control for autonomous drone flight” by F. Paredes-Vallés et al.","authors":"","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adr0223","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adr0223","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 91","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adq6387
Tom Ziemke
Aiming for “humanlike” or “natural” interactions can make social robots and their limitations more difficult to understand.
以 "类人 "或 "自然 "互动为目标，会让人更难理解社交机器人及其局限性。
{"title":"Ironies of social robotics","authors":"Tom Ziemke","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adq6387","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adq6387","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Aiming for “humanlike” or “natural” interactions can make social robots and their limitations more difficult to understand.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 91","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adq1501
Nathan F. Lepora
Advancing robot hand dexterity with optical tactile sensing raises questions about humanoid robotics.
利用光学触觉传感技术提高机器人手部灵巧性提出了仿人机器人技术方面的问题。
{"title":"The future lies in a pair of tactile hands","authors":"Nathan F. Lepora","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adq1501","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adq1501","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Advancing robot hand dexterity with optical tactile sensing raises questions about humanoid robotics.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 91","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adl1995
Paul E. Glick, J. Bob Balaram, Michael R. Davidson, Elizabeth Lyons, Michael T. Tolley
Lessons from the CubeSat and Mars Exploration programs may guide the infusion of robotics for planetary science and exploration.
从立方体卫星和火星探测计划中汲取的经验教训可以为行星科学和探测注入机器人技术提供指导。
{"title":"The role of low-cost robots in the future of spaceflight","authors":"Paul E. Glick, J. Bob Balaram, Michael R. Davidson, Elizabeth Lyons, Michael T. Tolley","doi":"10.1126/scirobotics.adl1995","DOIUrl":"10.1126/scirobotics.adl1995","url":null,"abstract":"<div >Lessons from the CubeSat and Mars Exploration programs may guide the infusion of robotics for planetary science and exploration.</div>","PeriodicalId":56029,"journal":{"name":"Science Robotics","volume":"9 91","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141428407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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