Pub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125869
J. Martínková , A. Klimeš , J. Klimešová
•
Establishment growth is a critical period in a plant’s life with the highest mortality rate. While germination is the beginning of establishment growth, flowering is considered its end. However, sexual reproduction is often accompanied by vegetative reproduction employing clonal growth organs such as rhizomes. Yet, we know very little about the establishment growth of clonal species and their clonal organs.
•
In this opinion, using our long-term experimental data, we show that rhizomatous herbs need at least two years to establish and that the common definition of establishment growth as the time between germination and first flowering is not accurate. We suggest that clonal herbs compared to non-clonal ones may be handicapped by a longer establishment growth.
•
The length of establishment growth may have large implications for studying plant regeneration, ecosystem restoration, species vulnerability levels, demographical bottlenecks, and also for experimental ecology. Conclusions drawn from primarily short-term studies may be influenced by the incomplete establishment of experimental plants and the ongoing development of their clonal growth organs.
{"title":"The establishment growth and clonal growth organs","authors":"J. Martínková , A. Klimeš , J. Klimešová","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Establishment growth is a critical period in a plant’s life with the highest mortality rate. While germination is the beginning of establishment growth, flowering is considered its end. However, sexual reproduction is often accompanied by vegetative reproduction employing clonal growth organs such as rhizomes. Yet, we know very little about the establishment growth of clonal species and their clonal organs.</div></span></li></ul><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>In this opinion, using our long-term experimental data, we show that rhizomatous herbs need at least two years to establish and that the common definition of establishment growth as the time between germination and first flowering is not accurate. We suggest that clonal herbs compared to non-clonal ones may be handicapped by a longer establishment growth.</div></span></li></ul></div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>The length of establishment growth may have large implications for studying plant regeneration, ecosystem restoration, species vulnerability levels, demographical bottlenecks, and also for experimental ecology. Conclusions drawn from primarily short-term studies may be influenced by the incomplete establishment of experimental plants and the ongoing development of their clonal growth organs.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125869"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125868
Jakub Štenc , Lukáš Janošík , Martin Freudenfeld , Eva Matoušková , Jiří Hadrava , Michael Mikát , Klára Daňková , Tereza Hadravová , Tadeáš Ryšan , Jasna Simonová , Klára Koupilová , Alice Haveldová , Eliška Konečná , Jan Martinek , Barbora Jelínková , Stanislav Vosolsobě , Karolína Dobešová , Marie Smyčková , Jan Smyčka , Jitka Smyčková , Zdeněk Janovský
Pollen presentation and release strategies are believed to affect the timing of plant-pollinator interactions and therefore play a crucial role in pollen transfer. However, only limited evidence links pollen release and temporal changes in the pollen load carried by pollinators. In the present study, we aim to investigate how different pollen presentation strategies affect both the quantity and quality of pollen transferred by plant pollinators and discuss the potential for structuring plant-pollinator networks. We investigated pollen load on pollinators collected from three co-flowering species during the daytime with a known pollen presentation strategy: Succisa pratensis releasing pollen early in the morning, Centaurea jacea employs a gradual pollen presentation and Trifolium hybridum with explosive pollen release during pollinator visits. We compared the temporal patterns in the number of conspecific pollen grains (pollen of visited plant species) on the bodies of pollinators(pollen quantity) and in the proportions of the total pollen load (pollen quality) for different pollinators of the studied plant species. Then we linked pollen transfer to the pollinator visitation pattern during the day.The three plant species differed in the pattern of pollen transfer by their pollinators. Pollinators of Succisa pratensis carried the majority of the pollen in the morning after the pollen was released followed by a drop in both pollen quantity and quality. Pollinators of C. jacea and T. hybridum carried less variable pollen loads over time, which we explain by plant spatial density (C. jacea) and flower morphology combined with a pollen release strategy (T. hybridum). By linking the diurnal pattern of pollen transfer with the pollinator visitation pattern, our results demonstrate the diurnal structuring of pollen transfer and the plant’s ability to mitigate the negative effect of pollinator sharing.
{"title":"Pollen presentation mitigates competition for pollinators due to diurnal stratification of pollen transfer","authors":"Jakub Štenc , Lukáš Janošík , Martin Freudenfeld , Eva Matoušková , Jiří Hadrava , Michael Mikát , Klára Daňková , Tereza Hadravová , Tadeáš Ryšan , Jasna Simonová , Klára Koupilová , Alice Haveldová , Eliška Konečná , Jan Martinek , Barbora Jelínková , Stanislav Vosolsobě , Karolína Dobešová , Marie Smyčková , Jan Smyčka , Jitka Smyčková , Zdeněk Janovský","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pollen presentation and release strategies are believed to affect the timing of plant-pollinator interactions and therefore play a crucial role in pollen transfer. However, only limited evidence links pollen release and temporal changes in the pollen load carried by pollinators. In the present study, we aim to investigate how different pollen presentation strategies affect both the quantity and quality of pollen transferred by plant pollinators and discuss the potential for structuring plant-pollinator networks. We investigated pollen load on pollinators collected from three co-flowering species during the daytime with a known pollen presentation strategy: <em>Succisa pratensis</em> releasing pollen early in the morning, <em>Centaurea jacea</em> employs a gradual pollen presentation and <em>Trifolium hybridum</em> with explosive pollen release during pollinator visits. We compared the temporal patterns in the number of conspecific pollen grains (pollen of visited plant species) on the bodies of pollinators(pollen quantity) and in the proportions of the total pollen load (pollen quality) for different pollinators of the studied plant species. Then we linked pollen transfer to the pollinator visitation pattern during the day.The three plant species differed in the pattern of pollen transfer by their pollinators. Pollinators of <em>Succisa pratensis</em> carried the majority of the pollen in the morning after the pollen was released followed by a drop in both pollen quantity and quality. Pollinators of <em>C. jacea</em> and <em>T. hybridum</em> carried less variable pollen loads over time, which we explain by plant spatial density (<em>C. jacea</em>) and flower morphology combined with a pollen release strategy (<em>T. hybridum</em>). By linking the diurnal pattern of pollen transfer with the pollinator visitation pattern, our results demonstrate the diurnal structuring of pollen transfer and the plant’s ability to mitigate the negative effect of pollinator sharing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125867
José Maria Costa-Saura , Gabriele Midolo , Carlo Ricotta , Mara Baudena , Carlo Calfapietra , Mario Elia , Paolo Fiorucci , Simone Mereu , Costantino Sirca , Donatella Spano , Gianna Vivaldo , Gianluigi Ottaviani
Fire disturbance is a global eco-evolutionary force affecting plant species persistence and distribution. Pyrogeographic studies so far have identified pyroregions based on their similarity in climate and fire regime parameters. However, which fire-related traits tend to promote or hinder plant species persistence and distribution in different pyroregions remains underexplored. We implement a trait-based approach focusing on 38 tree species in the Mediterranean Basin (Italy), testing whether 1) species distribution across different pyroregions is associated with fire regime, 2) species in different pyroregions exhibit distinct fire-related trait values and, if so, 3) trait differences suggest better abilities to cope with fire and aridity in species distributed in more fire-prone and arid regions (e.g. thicker bark). We ran multivariate analyses (Correspondence Analysis) and linear models (Standardized Major Axis, Ordinary Least Squares) to address our goals. Findings tend to positively answer our questions, emphasizing the importance of including fire-related traits in pyroregionalization studies. Noticeably, the most fire-prone pyroregions collapse into one region from a functional perspective, with species characterized by trait values indicative of adaptations to fire and aridity. A trait-based approach may contribute to refine pyroregionalization exercises while proving useful for management purposes, such as identifying species or life histories whose traits may facilitate their persistence in the face of future, likely exacerbating, fire regimes.
{"title":"Are trait responses of tree species across pyroregions indicative of fire-modulated plant functional strategies?","authors":"José Maria Costa-Saura , Gabriele Midolo , Carlo Ricotta , Mara Baudena , Carlo Calfapietra , Mario Elia , Paolo Fiorucci , Simone Mereu , Costantino Sirca , Donatella Spano , Gianna Vivaldo , Gianluigi Ottaviani","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fire disturbance is a global eco-evolutionary force affecting plant species persistence and distribution. Pyrogeographic studies so far have identified pyroregions based on their similarity in climate and fire regime parameters. However, which fire-related traits tend to promote or hinder plant species persistence and distribution in different pyroregions remains underexplored. We implement a trait-based approach focusing on 38 tree species in the Mediterranean Basin (Italy), testing whether 1) species distribution across different pyroregions is associated with fire regime, 2) species in different pyroregions exhibit distinct fire-related trait values and, if so, 3) trait differences suggest better abilities to cope with fire and aridity in species distributed in more fire-prone and arid regions (e.g. thicker bark). We ran multivariate analyses (Correspondence Analysis) and linear models (Standardized Major Axis, Ordinary Least Squares) to address our goals. Findings tend to positively answer our questions, emphasizing the importance of including fire-related traits in pyroregionalization studies. Noticeably, the most fire-prone pyroregions collapse into one region from a functional perspective, with species characterized by trait values indicative of adaptations to fire and aridity. A trait-based approach may contribute to refine pyroregionalization exercises while proving useful for management purposes, such as identifying species or life histories whose traits may facilitate their persistence in the face of future, likely exacerbating, fire regimes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125867"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the reproductive biology of plants is particularly relevant for the conservation of rare, threatened or endemic plants. Musschia wollastonii Lowe is a rare, monocarpic, neoendemic species of the island of Madeira with a complex reproductive biology including outcrossing and selfing. However, nothing is known about the extent of the dependence of the species on pollinators for its reproduction, a possible incompatibility system, or the extent of selfing. We found that M. wollastonii is self-compatible and shows spontaneous but delayed selfing. Outcrossing is promoted by protandry, weak dichogamy, and a mechanism of secondary pollen presentation on the abaxial surface of the stigmatic lobes. The four-month flowering period and large inflorescence, traits that promote cross-pollination, suggest a mixed mating system. Observed flower visitors were insects from the Syrphidae and Drosophilae (both Diptera), Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) families. All insect flower visitors observed were pollen thieves and had thus potentially a negative impact on reproductive success, but a positive role as pollinators is suggested for syrphids and the butterfly Pararge xiphia (Nymphalidae). Although reported by other authors, no bird visitations were recorded in the studied habitat.
{"title":"Reproductive biology and pollinators of Musschia wollastonii Lowe (Campanulaceae)","authors":"Catarina Gomes , Sílvia Castro , Tiago Andrade , Manuela Gouveia , Elisa Teixeira , Célia Bairos , Miguel Menezes de Sequeira","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the reproductive biology of plants is particularly relevant for the conservation of rare, threatened or endemic plants. <em>Musschia wollastonii</em> Lowe is a rare, monocarpic, neoendemic species of the island of Madeira with a complex reproductive biology including outcrossing and selfing. However, nothing is known about the extent of the dependence of the species on pollinators for its reproduction, a possible incompatibility system, or the extent of selfing. We found that <em>M. wollastonii</em> is self-compatible and shows spontaneous but delayed selfing. Outcrossing is promoted by protandry, weak dichogamy, and a mechanism of secondary pollen presentation on the abaxial surface of the stigmatic lobes. The four-month flowering period and large inflorescence, traits that promote cross-pollination, suggest a mixed mating system. Observed flower visitors were insects from the Syrphidae and Drosophilae (both Diptera), Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) families. All insect flower visitors observed were pollen thieves and had thus potentially a negative impact on reproductive success, but a positive role as pollinators is suggested for syrphids and the butterfly <em>Pararge xiphia</em> (Nymphalidae). Although reported by other authors, no bird visitations were recorded in the studied habitat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125866"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125863
Leone Ermes Romano , Luca Braglia , Maria Adelaide Iannelli , Yuri Lee , Silvia Gianì , Floriana Gavazzi , Laura Morello
Interspecific hybridisation and polyploidization are two main driving forces in plant evolution, shaping genomes and favouring evolutionary novelty and ecological adaptation. Recent studies have demonstrated hybridisation within the genus Lemna (Lemnaceae Martinov) as well as triploid accessions. Lemna × mediterranea, a recently described hybrid between Lemna minor and Lemna gibba, was identified only among long-lasting germplasm collections of in vitro propagated plants, originally collected at different times in the Mediterranean area. We report the first distribution record of L. × mediterranea in the nature, in the Campania region of Southern Italy, the same area where Lemna symmeter was described as a new species about 50 years ago, confirming their synonymy. Eight specimens isolated from five different sampling sites over an area of about 4200 km2 showed identical genetic profiles by Tubulin-Based Polymorphism (TBP) analysis, suggesting their common origin from the same hybridisation event, followed by clonal dispersal. The L. × mediterranea population of Campania is genetically different from any of the previously analysed clones, suggesting that recurrent hybridisation between the parental species may occur. The natural hybrid clone is triploid, with L. gibba as the plastid donor, and remarkably similar to it by morphology, although the typical gibbosity of this species becomes evident only upon in vitro flower induction. Flowers are protogynous and self-sterile. Ecological factors including competition with parental and invasive species, niche and climate change adaptation, stability in time and space likely played a role in the successful establishment of L. × mediterranea.
{"title":"A survey of duckweed species in Southern Italy provided first distribution records of the hybrid Lemna × mediterranea in nature","authors":"Leone Ermes Romano , Luca Braglia , Maria Adelaide Iannelli , Yuri Lee , Silvia Gianì , Floriana Gavazzi , Laura Morello","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interspecific hybridisation and polyploidization are two main driving forces in plant evolution, shaping genomes and favouring evolutionary novelty and ecological adaptation. Recent studies have demonstrated hybridisation within the genus <em>Lemna</em> (Lemnaceae Martinov) as well as triploid accessions. <em>Lemna</em> × <em>mediterranea</em>, a recently described hybrid between <em>Lemna minor</em> and <em>Lemna gibba,</em> was identified only among long-lasting germplasm collections of <em>in vitro</em> propagated plants, originally collected at different times in the Mediterranean area. We report the first distribution record of <em>L. × mediterranea</em> in the nature, in the Campania region of Southern Italy, the same area where <em>Lemna symmeter</em> was described as a new species about 50 years ago, confirming their synonymy. Eight specimens isolated from five different sampling sites over an area of about 4200 km<sup>2</sup> showed identical genetic profiles by Tubulin-Based Polymorphism (TBP) analysis, suggesting their common origin from the same hybridisation event, followed by clonal dispersal. The <em>L. × mediterranea</em> population of Campania is genetically different from any of the previously analysed clones, suggesting that recurrent hybridisation between the parental species may occur. The natural hybrid clone is triploid, with <em>L</em>. <em>gibba</em> as the plastid donor, and remarkably similar to it by morphology, although the typical gibbosity of this species becomes evident only upon <em>in vitro</em> flower induction. Flowers are protogynous and self-sterile. Ecological factors including competition with parental and invasive species, niche and climate change adaptation, stability in time and space likely played a role in the successful establishment of <em>L. × mediterranea</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125861
Marija Kravanja , Jasna Dolenc Koce , Božo Frajman
Polyploidy is an important evolutionary mechanism in flowering plants that can strongly affect their morphological and distributional traits. In this study, we investigated the differences in these traits among di-, tri-, and tetraploid populations of sweet spurge (Euphorbia dulcis), a common understory species in deciduous and mixed forests across Europe. We inferred the ploidy of 188 populations of E. dulcis by estimating relative genome size and chromosome counting. The data indicate that tri- and tetraploids are more widespread compared to the ancestral diploid populations, which are restricted to Liguria (north-western Italy) and adjacent regions. We suggest that polyploidisation was crucial for range expansion and the colonisation of higher latitudes, but not for the colonisation of higher elevations, where diploids appear to be more successful. Similarly, morphological differentiation after polyploidisation is only partly consistent with the classical hypothesis that polyploids are larger and have larger organs. Using nuclear ITS and plastid ndhF–trnL sequences, we inferred the spatio-temporal diversification of E. dulcis. It diverged from its diploid sister species E. duvalii, an endemic of southwestern France and adjacent Spain, in the mid-Pliocene. This divergence was likely due to vicariant speciation accompanied by adaptation to forest and grassland environments in E. dulcis and E. duvallii, respectively. Whereas the diploid populations of both taxa have restricted ranges today, polyploidisation within E. dulcis likely triggered by the Pleistocene climatic oscillations contributed to its significant range expansion and diversification. The species exhibits the highest genetic diversity in the south-western Alps, where all three ploidies co-occur. Based on the ploidy differentiation and the less pronounced genetic and morphological differentiation, we propose treating di- and triploids as well as two geographically and genetically divergent groups of tetraploids (eastern and western) as four subspecies. This challenges various taxonomic treatments previously proposed for this species. Our study highlights the importance of polyploidisation for diversification and range expansion, and indicates the necessity of further research to test hypotheses related to the morphological and distributional characteristics of polyploid organisms.
{"title":"Out of Liguria: How polyploidy affected diversification of the sweet spurge (Euphorbia dulcis, Euphorbiaceae), European widespread forest species","authors":"Marija Kravanja , Jasna Dolenc Koce , Božo Frajman","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyploidy is an important evolutionary mechanism in flowering plants that can strongly affect their morphological and distributional traits. In this study, we investigated the differences in these traits among di-, tri-, and tetraploid populations of sweet spurge (<em>Euphorbia dulcis</em>), a common understory species in deciduous and mixed forests across Europe. We inferred the ploidy of 188 populations of <em>E. dulcis</em> by estimating relative genome size and chromosome counting. The data indicate that tri- and tetraploids are more widespread compared to the ancestral diploid populations, which are restricted to Liguria (north-western Italy) and adjacent regions. We suggest that polyploidisation was crucial for range expansion and the colonisation of higher latitudes, but not for the colonisation of higher elevations, where diploids appear to be more successful. Similarly, morphological differentiation after polyploidisation is only partly consistent with the classical hypothesis that polyploids are larger and have larger organs. Using nuclear ITS and plastid <em>ndhF–trnL</em> sequences, we inferred the spatio-temporal diversification of <em>E. dulcis</em>. It diverged from its diploid sister species <em>E. duvalii</em>, an endemic of southwestern France and adjacent Spain, in the mid-Pliocene. This divergence was likely due to vicariant speciation accompanied by adaptation to forest and grassland environments in <em>E. dulcis</em> and <em>E. duvallii</em>, respectively. Whereas the diploid populations of both taxa have restricted ranges today, polyploidisation within <em>E. dulcis</em> likely triggered by the Pleistocene climatic oscillations contributed to its significant range expansion and diversification. The species exhibits the highest genetic diversity in the south-western Alps, where all three ploidies co-occur. Based on the ploidy differentiation and the less pronounced genetic and morphological differentiation, we propose treating di- and triploids as well as two geographically and genetically divergent groups of tetraploids (eastern and western) as four subspecies. This challenges various taxonomic treatments previously proposed for this species. Our study highlights the importance of polyploidisation for diversification and range expansion, and indicates the necessity of further research to test hypotheses related to the morphological and distributional characteristics of polyploid organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125861"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125864
Calvince Rashid Kawawa Abonyo , Ayub M.O. Oduor
Human-driven global redistribution of flora for various economic purposes has contributed to the naturalization of several thousand species of plants outside their native ranges. A significant proportion of naturalized species have become invasive whereby they significantly alter biodiversity, disrupt ecosystems, and cause socioeconomic losses. Urban ornamental horticulture is a major pathway for the introduction of exotic plants, as these species are widely cultivated for their aesthetic appeal and adaptability. However, inventories of exotic plants grown in urban areas are lacking in many African countries. This study surveyed ornamental plants in 100 urban green spaces (parks, gardens, urban forests, cemeteries, playgrounds and squares) in Nairobi City, Kenya. The objective was to assess the prevalence of exotic species, their geographic origins, economic uses, and naturalization/invasion status. We identified 638 plant species, 11 of which are native to Kenya. Trees were the most common, followed by shrubs and perennial herbs. Most exotic species originated from Africa, South America, and tropical Asia, while fewer came from North America, Europe, and Oceania. Of the exotic species, 53 % were casual (not yet established in the wild), 30 % were invasive somewhere in the world and 17 % were naturalized. In addition to their ornamental use, all species served various purposes: medicinal (48.43 %), construction (29.31 %), environmental conservation (17.40 %), human food (2.98 %), multiple uses (0.94 %), fodder (0.63 %), and biofuels (0.31 %). The finding that 30 % of exotic ornamental plant species grown in Nairobi City had a history of being invasive in different parts of the world emphasizes the need for proactive measures to prevent their potential invasion in Kenya and other regions with similar climates.
{"title":"Urban green spaces as reservoirs of exotic plant species with invasion risk: A case study on the ornamental flora of Nairobi City, Kenya","authors":"Calvince Rashid Kawawa Abonyo , Ayub M.O. Oduor","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human-driven global redistribution of flora for various economic purposes has contributed to the naturalization of several thousand species of plants outside their native ranges. A significant proportion of naturalized species have become invasive whereby they significantly alter biodiversity, disrupt ecosystems, and cause socioeconomic losses. Urban ornamental horticulture is a major pathway for the introduction of exotic plants, as these species are widely cultivated for their aesthetic appeal and adaptability. However, inventories of exotic plants grown in urban areas are lacking in many African countries. This study surveyed ornamental plants in 100 urban green spaces (parks, gardens, urban forests, cemeteries, playgrounds and squares) in Nairobi City, Kenya. The objective was to assess the prevalence of exotic species, their geographic origins, economic uses, and naturalization/invasion status. We identified 638 plant species, 11 of which are native to Kenya. Trees were the most common, followed by shrubs and perennial herbs. Most exotic species originated from Africa, South America, and tropical Asia, while fewer came from North America, Europe, and Oceania. Of the exotic species, 53 % were casual (not yet established in the wild), 30 % were invasive somewhere in the world and 17 % were naturalized. In addition to their ornamental use, all species served various purposes: medicinal (48.43 %), construction (29.31 %), environmental conservation (17.40 %), human food (2.98 %), multiple uses (0.94 %), fodder (0.63 %), and biofuels (0.31 %). The finding that 30 % of exotic ornamental plant species grown in Nairobi City had a history of being invasive in different parts of the world emphasizes the need for proactive measures to prevent their potential invasion in Kenya and other regions with similar climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125864"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125862
Melissa Viveiros-Moniz , Ana García-Muñoz , Luis Matias , Mohamed Abdelaziz , A. Jesús Muñoz-Pajares
Climate change is having far-reaching consequences on all living beings, altering ecosystems, habitats, and biodiversity worldwide. Species distributions are shifting or decreasing, with alpine plant species being particularly threatened. Natural population monitoring allows the assessment of the impact of human-induced global changes. However, traditional monitoring strategies based on individual counts may produce delayed signals of biodiversity loss. These approaches overlook the fact that genetic diversity is the fundamental basis for evolutionary processes, as it enables populations to adapt to environmental changes, including those caused by climate change. Here, we draw attention to the use of genetic diversity in monitoring schemes to anticipate negative trends in biodiversity and propose two fundamental methodologies: genomics and the use of herbarium specimens. Firstly, in contrast to genetic markers conventionally used to quantify genetic diversity, such as microsatellite markers, genomic approaches provide a vast amount of data that does not require previous knowledge of the studied organism, making them suitable for the study of non-model species. Secondly, herbaria worldwide serve as excellent sources of plant material for comparative studies across time with their precise chronologically recorded collection data. The accuracy of genetic diversity estimates increases with sample size, therefore a large number of vouchers is ideally required. However, the availability of specimens from the same species and populations in public herbaria is limited. Different strategies to quantify genetic diversity are proposed depending on the number of specimens available and their geographic distribution. Finally, we illustrate the potential of this approach in the most restrictive scenario, where only a few individuals are available, and there is no conspecific reference genome. Even in this restrictive scenario, there are signs of genetic depauperation in an alpine species with a narrow distribution, but not in a widely distributed congeneric.
{"title":"Monitoring biodiversity in the global change era: The importance of herbaria and genetic diversity","authors":"Melissa Viveiros-Moniz , Ana García-Muñoz , Luis Matias , Mohamed Abdelaziz , A. Jesús Muñoz-Pajares","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is having far-reaching consequences on all living beings, altering ecosystems, habitats, and biodiversity worldwide. Species distributions are shifting or decreasing, with alpine plant species being particularly threatened. Natural population monitoring allows the assessment of the impact of human-induced global changes. However, traditional monitoring strategies based on individual counts may produce delayed signals of biodiversity loss. These approaches overlook the fact that genetic diversity is the fundamental basis for evolutionary processes, as it enables populations to adapt to environmental changes, including those caused by climate change. Here, we draw attention to the use of genetic diversity in monitoring schemes to anticipate negative trends in biodiversity and propose two fundamental methodologies: genomics and the use of herbarium specimens. Firstly, in contrast to genetic markers conventionally used to quantify genetic diversity, such as microsatellite markers, genomic approaches provide a vast amount of data that does not require previous knowledge of the studied organism, making them suitable for the study of non-model species. Secondly, herbaria worldwide serve as excellent sources of plant material for comparative studies across time with their precise chronologically recorded collection data. The accuracy of genetic diversity estimates increases with sample size, therefore a large number of vouchers is ideally required. However, the availability of specimens from the same species and populations in public herbaria is limited. Different strategies to quantify genetic diversity are proposed depending on the number of specimens available and their geographic distribution. Finally, we illustrate the potential of this approach in the most restrictive scenario, where only a few individuals are available, and there is no conspecific reference genome. Even in this restrictive scenario, there are signs of genetic depauperation in an alpine species with a narrow distribution, but not in a widely distributed congeneric.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125862"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125859
Michaela Konečná , Martin Duchoslav , Michal Sochor
Apomicts often show geographic distributions different from their sexual relatives, a phenomenon known as geographic parthenogenesis. Traits that have been suggested to influence the likelihood that apomicts and sexuals co-occur include those responsible for resource acquisition and reproductive traits. Here we test the contribution of these traits to geographic parthenogenesis, previously observed in a unique agamic system (Rubus ser. Glandulosi) free from the potential confounding effects of different ploidy. We conducted two competition experiments with different source materials (stem tips, root cuttings) of tetraploid apomicts and sexuals of Rubus ser. Glandulosi from their secondary contact zone to investigate their resource acquisition efficiency and reproductive characteristics. Both apomicts and sexuals were grown in monocultures and in mixtures of both reproductive groups, either with or without an additional competitor (grass Elymus repens). We found no consistent differences in survival, vegetative traits, biomass production or reproductive traits between sexuals and apomicts across treatments in either experiment. Thus, our data show similar competitiveness and fitness of apomicts and sexuals. Competitive exclusion, although potentially delayed by neutral dynamics, supports the strong parapatric distribution of sexuals and apomicts in the previously observed contact zone. However, the position of the contact zone and its shifts through time are largely determined by selection-independent factors like priority or stochastic effects and neutral population genetic processes.
{"title":"Geographical parthenogenesis in tetraploid brambles: Do competition and reproductive output in the secondary contact zone matter?","authors":"Michaela Konečná , Martin Duchoslav , Michal Sochor","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Apomicts often show geographic distributions different from their sexual relatives, a phenomenon known as geographic parthenogenesis. Traits that have been suggested to influence the likelihood that apomicts and sexuals co-occur include those responsible for resource acquisition and reproductive traits. Here we test the contribution of these traits to geographic parthenogenesis, previously observed in a unique agamic system (<em>Rubus</em> ser. <em>Glandulosi</em>) free from the potential confounding effects of different ploidy. We conducted two competition experiments with different source materials (stem tips, root cuttings) of tetraploid apomicts and sexuals of <em>Rubus</em> ser. <em>Glandulosi</em> from their secondary contact zone to investigate their resource acquisition efficiency and reproductive characteristics. Both apomicts and sexuals were grown in monocultures and in mixtures of both reproductive groups, either with or without an additional competitor (grass <em>Elymus repens</em>). We found no consistent differences in survival, vegetative traits, biomass production or reproductive traits between sexuals and apomicts across treatments in either experiment. Thus, our data show similar competitiveness and fitness of apomicts and sexuals. Competitive exclusion, although potentially delayed by neutral dynamics, supports the strong parapatric distribution of sexuals and apomicts in the previously observed contact zone. However, the position of the contact zone and its shifts through time are largely determined by selection-independent factors like priority or stochastic effects and neutral population genetic processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125859"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125860
Ana Laura Chiapero , María Cristina Acosta , Lorena Ashworth , Mauricio Quesada , Gabriel Bernardello , Ramiro Aguilar
Lithraea molleoides is a dominant dioecious tree native to the Chaco Serrano Forest, a highly fragmented and threatened ecoregion in central Argentina. The species has ambophily and is able to set seeds via apomixis, traits that may confer resilience to genetic erosion in fragmented forests. We analyzed the genetic diversity of adults and progeny from both continuous and fragmented forests of the Chaco Serrano ecoregion, and conducted paternity assignment and pollen flow analyses. Adult tree populations showed no differences in genetic diversity and structure between continuous and fragmented forests, suggesting they precede the events of habitat loss and fragmentation. In contrast, only the progeny from fragmented forests showed lower genetic diversity and increased inbreeding. Changes in pollinator assemblages in fragmented forests and a higher incidence of apomixis (i.e., only genotypes from female trees reflected in the progeny) may have contributed to reduced genetic diversity in the progeny. Contemporary pollen flow was more restricted in fragmented environments, probably due to changes in pollinator composition and limited wind pollination. While ambophily and apomixis provide reproductive assurance for L. molleoides, our study highlights they cannot prevent the genetic erosion observed in the progeny generated in fragmented forests. These findings have significant implications for conservation strategies aimed at preserving the genetic diversity and viability of L. molleoides populations in the last tracts of Chaco Serrano Forests.
{"title":"Mating patterns of an ambophilous dioecious dominant tree in fragmented Chaco Serrano forests","authors":"Ana Laura Chiapero , María Cristina Acosta , Lorena Ashworth , Mauricio Quesada , Gabriel Bernardello , Ramiro Aguilar","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2025.125860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Lithraea molleoides</em> is a dominant dioecious tree native to the Chaco Serrano Forest, a highly fragmented and threatened ecoregion in central Argentina. The species has ambophily and is able to set seeds via apomixis, traits that may confer resilience to genetic erosion in fragmented forests. We analyzed the genetic diversity of adults and progeny from both continuous and fragmented forests of the Chaco Serrano ecoregion, and conducted paternity assignment and pollen flow analyses. Adult tree populations showed no differences in genetic diversity and structure between continuous and fragmented forests, suggesting they precede the events of habitat loss and fragmentation. In contrast, only the progeny from fragmented forests showed lower genetic diversity and increased inbreeding. Changes in pollinator assemblages in fragmented forests and a higher incidence of apomixis (i.e., only genotypes from female trees reflected in the progeny) may have contributed to reduced genetic diversity in the progeny. Contemporary pollen flow was more restricted in fragmented environments, probably due to changes in pollinator composition and limited wind pollination. While ambophily and apomixis provide reproductive assurance for <em>L. molleoides</em>, our study highlights they cannot prevent the genetic erosion observed in the progeny generated in fragmented forests. These findings have significant implications for conservation strategies aimed at preserving the genetic diversity and viability of <em>L. molleoides</em> populations in the last tracts of Chaco Serrano Forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 125860"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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