{"title":"Habsburg Elçisi Walter Leslie’nin Osmanlı Ziyareti: Bir Tarihsel Anlatı İnşası (1665-1666)","authors":"Özgür Kolçak","doi":"10.26650/iutd.2023001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.2023001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78035136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Slave Artisans of Istanbul in the 18th Century: An Evaluation through the Surety System","authors":"Esen Salarcı Baydar","doi":"10.26650/iutd.1151789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1151789","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86256527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Devletçe İslam”: Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Dürziler ve Hukuki Statüleri","authors":"T. Yildiz","doi":"10.26650/iutd.1145879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1145879","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72530654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Orta Çağın Yitik Şehri: Müslümanlar Tarafından Fethinden XII. Yüzyıl Başlarına Kadar Errecân","authors":"İsmet Burak Batır","doi":"10.26650/iutd.1093940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1093940","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85795996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hindistan’da Kurulan Haydarabad Nizamlığı’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Verdiği Destek","authors":"Cemil Kutlutürk","doi":"10.26650/iutd.1140788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1140788","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78575398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Psychosocial Statuses of British Soldiers at the Gallipoli Front as per Guy Warneford Nightingale’s Letters","authors":"Yahya Yeşilyurt","doi":"10.26650/iutd.1144088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1144088","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"597 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76792530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Osmanlı Madenciliğini Darphane Defterleri Üzerinden Okumak: XVIII. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti’nde Gümüş Üretimi","authors":"Ö. Bölükbaşı","doi":"10.26650/iutd.1139633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1139633","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75886210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ancient literary sources, inscriptions, and numismatic evidence, although few, attest to the existence and activities of an oracular center of Apollo in Kalkhedon, starting from the Hellenistic period until the beginning of the 3 rd century AD. This oracle, exhibiting characteristics pertaining to a supraregional domain, was the subject of discussion instigated by the asylia decrees written on two different occasions. Kalkhedon was declared “sacred and inviolable” on behalf of Apollo, who was named with different epithets on each occasion, namely Pythaios and Khresterios. The possibility of there having been two separate Apollo sanctuaries and proposals about the location of the oracle are examined in this article by evaluating the related material, in addition to the supraregional characteristics of the oracle of Apollo in Kalkhedon.
{"title":"Oracle of Apollo in Kalkhedon","authors":"Selin Önder","doi":"10.26650/iutd.202213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.202213","url":null,"abstract":"Ancient literary sources, inscriptions, and numismatic evidence, although few, attest to the existence and activities of an oracular center of Apollo in Kalkhedon, starting from the Hellenistic period until the beginning of the 3 rd century AD. This oracle, exhibiting characteristics pertaining to a supraregional domain, was the subject of discussion instigated by the asylia decrees written on two different occasions. Kalkhedon was declared “sacred and inviolable” on behalf of Apollo, who was named with different epithets on each occasion, namely Pythaios and Khresterios. The possibility of there having been two separate Apollo sanctuaries and proposals about the location of the oracle are examined in this article by evaluating the related material, in addition to the supraregional characteristics of the oracle of Apollo in Kalkhedon.","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83116426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ortaçağ Hindistanı’nda Bir Türk Hükümdar: Mâlva Sultanı I. Mahmudşah Halacî (1436-1469)","authors":"S. Kortel","doi":"10.26650/iutd.1088733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1088733","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88175183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The non-Muslim merchants of the Ottoman State had requested protection from the consuls throughout the 18 th century for their legal and economic freedom. In this sense, the institution of tercümanlık [dragoman] was open to abuse and exploited, and the issue of beratlı-fermanlı tüccarı s [certified merchants] arose. Selim III in particular fought against this issue in order to preserve the state's reputation and revenues. Salonica was one of the significant cities where the attempt was made to control this issue and the patronage of consuls. The practices of Selim III regarding the establishment of nizâm-ı raiyyet [statute regarding non-Muslim subjects] had significant success in Salonica. In 1806, the issue of beratlı [certified] merchants was resolved in Salonica, and the institution of Avrupa tüccarı [merchants of Europe], which was offered to the dhimmi [non-Muslim subjects] as an alternative, gained popularity. Compared to the Greeks, the Jewish merchants of the city gained an active position in socio-economic life thanks to this establishment. Abstract The economic and legal capitulations the Ottoman State gave to foreign states resulted in negative impacts on socioeconomic life in the 18 th century and the abuse of certain institutions. One of these was the institution of tercumanlık [dragoman], which was responsible for conducting the consuls’ work and communicating with the Ottoman state authorities in particular. Consul dragomans, regardless of whether they were actually Ottoman dhimmi [non-Muslim subjects] or not, were subject to the law of müstemen [foreign nationals permitted to reside on Ottoman lands]. In this way, dhimmi merchants, who had the opportunity to be exempt from the tax burden and other obligations of the dhimmi law, started racing to become dragoman. The fact that each dragoman was appointed two hizmetkar [servants] to his entourage who were also able to benefit from the same exemptions caused the problem to grow and deepen over a short time. This problem became famous over time as the beratlı-fermanlı tüccarı s [certified merchants]. The city of Salonica was a commercial center where the issue of beratlı-fermanlı tüccarı s was on the agenda throughout the 18 th century due to the diversity of its demographic structure and the abundance of consulates there. At the beginning of the 18th century, France, and England first established consulates there, after which consulates from other European states increased in number. This situation made getting permission to work as a dragoman or servant easier for the dhimmi of Salonica, as it also increased the need for these types of workers. According the 1797 that is the subject of this study, the number of people who were allowed to work as dragoman and servants in Salonica until that date had been 70. The consuls from France, England, Spain, Sweden, Austria, the Netherlands, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Venice, Denmark, Prussia, and Dubrovnik claimed patronage over the mer
在整个18世纪，奥斯曼帝国的非穆斯林商人一直要求执政官保护他们的法律和经济自由。从这个意义上说，tercümanlık [dragoman]制度被滥用和剥削，并且出现了beratlı-fermanlı t ccaryi[认证商家]的问题。塞利姆三世特别反对这个问题，以维护国家的声誉和收入。萨洛尼卡是一个重要的城市，在那里人们试图控制这个问题和执政官的赞助。在萨洛尼卡，塞利姆三世关于制定niz m- raiyyet(关于非穆斯林主体的法令)的做法取得了重大成功。1806年，在萨洛尼卡(Salonica)解决了beratlir[认证]商人的问题，Avrupa t ccarir[欧洲商人]的制度，作为一种选择，提供给dhimmi[非穆斯林国民]，得到了普及。与希腊人相比，这个城市的犹太商人在社会经济生活中获得了积极的地位，这要归功于这个机构。奥斯曼帝国在经济和法律上对外国的投降给18世纪的社会经济生活和某些制度的滥用带来了负面影响。其中之一是tercumanlık (dragoman)机构，它负责指导执政官的工作，特别是与奥斯曼国家当局沟通。执政官dragomans，不管他们是否真的是奥斯曼的dhimmi(非穆斯林臣民)，都要服从m stemen(允许居住在奥斯曼土地上的外国人)的法律。就这样，有机会免除税收负担和其他齐米法义务的齐米商人开始竞相成为德拉曼。事实上，每个dragoman都为他的随从指定了两个hizmetkar[仆人]，他们也能够从同样的豁免中受益，这导致问题在短时间内增长和深化。随着时间的推移，这个问题变得越来越有名，成为beratlı-fermanlı t ccarys(认证商家)。萨洛尼卡市是一个商业中心，由于其人口结构的多样性和那里大量的领事馆，在整个18世纪，beratlı-fermanlı tcaryas问题一直被提上日程。18世纪初，法国和英国首先在这里设立了领事馆，此后其他欧洲国家的领事馆数量不断增加。这种情况使得萨洛尼卡的dhimmi更容易获得作为dragman或仆人的许可，因为它也增加了对这些类型工人的需求。根据这项研究的主题——1797年，在此之前，获准在萨洛尼卡从事dragoman和仆人工作的人数为70人。来自法国、英国、西班牙、瑞典、奥地利、荷兰、两西西里王国、威尼斯、丹麦、普鲁士和杜布罗夫尼克的执政官们用这种方法宣称对萨洛尼卡商人的赞助。
{"title":"Beratlı Tüccar’dan Avrupa Tüccarı’na Selanik’te “Nizâm-ı Raiyyet” Arayışı","authors":"Diren Çakılcı","doi":"10.26650/iutd.2022165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.2022165","url":null,"abstract":"The non-Muslim merchants of the Ottoman State had requested protection from the consuls throughout the 18 th century for their legal and economic freedom. In this sense, the institution of tercümanlık [dragoman] was open to abuse and exploited, and the issue of beratlı-fermanlı tüccarı s [certified merchants] arose. Selim III in particular fought against this issue in order to preserve the state's reputation and revenues. Salonica was one of the significant cities where the attempt was made to control this issue and the patronage of consuls. The practices of Selim III regarding the establishment of nizâm-ı raiyyet [statute regarding non-Muslim subjects] had significant success in Salonica. In 1806, the issue of beratlı [certified] merchants was resolved in Salonica, and the institution of Avrupa tüccarı [merchants of Europe], which was offered to the dhimmi [non-Muslim subjects] as an alternative, gained popularity. Compared to the Greeks, the Jewish merchants of the city gained an active position in socio-economic life thanks to this establishment. Abstract The economic and legal capitulations the Ottoman State gave to foreign states resulted in negative impacts on socioeconomic life in the 18 th century and the abuse of certain institutions. One of these was the institution of tercumanlık [dragoman], which was responsible for conducting the consuls’ work and communicating with the Ottoman state authorities in particular. Consul dragomans, regardless of whether they were actually Ottoman dhimmi [non-Muslim subjects] or not, were subject to the law of müstemen [foreign nationals permitted to reside on Ottoman lands]. In this way, dhimmi merchants, who had the opportunity to be exempt from the tax burden and other obligations of the dhimmi law, started racing to become dragoman. The fact that each dragoman was appointed two hizmetkar [servants] to his entourage who were also able to benefit from the same exemptions caused the problem to grow and deepen over a short time. This problem became famous over time as the beratlı-fermanlı tüccarı s [certified merchants]. The city of Salonica was a commercial center where the issue of beratlı-fermanlı tüccarı s was on the agenda throughout the 18 th century due to the diversity of its demographic structure and the abundance of consulates there. At the beginning of the 18th century, France, and England first established consulates there, after which consulates from other European states increased in number. This situation made getting permission to work as a dragoman or servant easier for the dhimmi of Salonica, as it also increased the need for these types of workers. According the 1797 that is the subject of this study, the number of people who were allowed to work as dragoman and servants in Salonica until that date had been 70. The consuls from France, England, Spain, Sweden, Austria, the Netherlands, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Venice, Denmark, Prussia, and Dubrovnik claimed patronage over the mer","PeriodicalId":56176,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of History-Tarih Dergisi","volume":"73 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72444952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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