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A New Immunosuppressive Protein in Pig Spleen 一种新的猪脾脏免疫抑制蛋白
Pub Date : 2014-08-05 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.43013
H. Fu, Juan Feng, S. Fan
Chronic stress has been the popular phenomenon in the modern society. But we have not yet resolved the problem effectively. A novel protein in pig spleen, which possesses immunosuppressive activity, has been purified in this study. Its molecular weight about 200 kDa and three subunits composition were fractionated by SDS-PAGE. The protein inhibited mouse T-lymphocyte proliferation by the induced concanavalin A (ConA) and regulatory volume decrease (RVD), which may be due to the decreased Kv1.3 expression and activity. In addition, we have raised successfully its polyclonal antibody, which could reverse the inhibited lymphocyte proliferation by the immuno-suppressive protein. And the antibody could be used to coat plate for ELISA assay. Therefore, the antibody will have the potential to provide a basis for applying to clinical stress diseases in the future.
慢性压力已经成为现代社会的普遍现象。但是我们还没有有效地解决这个问题。本研究纯化了猪脾脏中一种具有免疫抑制活性的新蛋白。SDS-PAGE对其分子量约200 kDa和3个亚基组成进行了分离。该蛋白通过诱导豆蛋白A (ConA)和调节体积减少(RVD)抑制小鼠t淋巴细胞增殖,这可能是由于Kv1.3的表达和活性降低所致。此外,我们成功地制备了其多克隆抗体,该抗体可以逆转免疫抑制蛋白对淋巴细胞增殖的抑制。该抗体可用包被板进行酶联免疫吸附试验。因此,该抗体将来有可能为临床应激性疾病的应用提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Retrospective Evaluation of Intussusception in Under-Five Children in Nigeria 尼日利亚五岁以下儿童肠套叠的回顾性评估
Pub Date : 2014-08-05 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.43015
B. Tagbo, J. Mwenda, C. Eke, T. Oguonu, Sebastin Ekemze, U. Ezomike, Bo Edelu, O. Amadi, I. Okeke, Okechukwu S. Ani, R. Nnani, Vina Okafor, H. Okafor, E. Obidike, E. Abanida, C. Elemuwa, T. Odetunde
Background: Assessment of the safety profile of the new rotavirus vaccines in Africa requires base-line epidemiological data on intussusception. Hence, this study was aimed at describing the prevalence and associated factors of intussusception in under-five children in Enugu, Southeast, Nigeria. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study involving the sixty reported cases of intussusception in under-five children admitted in a hospital in Enugu between 2007 and 2012. Cases of intussusception were selected using the Brighton collaboration intussusception working group level I diagnostic criteria. Information sought from the patients’ folders included demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations including history of previous rotavirus vaccination, duration of illness prior to presentation, diarrhoea, vomiting, passage of red currant jelly-like stool, abdominal mass and distension, method of diagnosis, treatment option(s) employed and their outcomes. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: The majority of the cases were aged less than one year (53; 88.3%) while the average incidence of intussusception was 0.1 per 1000. None of the cases had received rotavirus vaccinations. The common clinical presentations were vomiting, 55 (17.2%), passage of red currant stool 50 (15.6%), fever 50 (15.6%) and abnormal/absent bowel sound 43 (15.9%). Diagnosis was essentially with the aid of abdominal ultrasonography, 38 (63.3%) while surgery (laparotomy) was the treatment of choice in most cases 48 (80.0%). The case fatality rate was 3 (5.0%). Conclusion: None of the cases studied could be directly linked to rotavirus vaccinations. But seasonal peak incidence coincided with rotavirus diarrhea peak incidence. Efforts should be made to institute post-rotavirus vaccine licensure prospective surveillance study in order to fully determine any relationship between rotavirus vaccination and intussusception in Enugu, South east, Nigeria.
背景:评估非洲新型轮状病毒疫苗的安全性需要有关肠套叠的基线流行病学数据。因此,本研究旨在描述尼日利亚东南部埃努古地区五岁以下儿童肠套叠的患病率及其相关因素。方法:这是一项回顾性描述性研究,涉及2007年至2012年在埃努古一家医院收治的60例5岁以下儿童肠套叠病例。采用布莱顿合作肠套叠工作组I级诊断标准选择肠套叠病例。从患者文件夹中获取的信息包括人口统计学特征和临床表现,包括以前的轮状病毒疫苗接种史、发病前的病程、腹泻、呕吐、红醋栗果冻样粪便排出、腹部肿块和腹胀、诊断方法、采用的治疗方案及其结果。数据分析采用SPSS 17.0版本。结果:年龄小于1岁者居多(53例;88.3%),而肠套叠的平均发病率为0.1 / 1000。所有病例均未接种轮状病毒疫苗。常见临床表现为呕吐55例(17.2%),红加仑便50例(15.6%),发热50例(15.6%),肠音异常/缺失43例(15.9%)。诊断主要依靠腹部超声检查,38例(63.3%),手术(开腹)是大多数病例的治疗选择,48例(80.0%)。病死率3例(5.0%)。结论:所研究的病例中没有一例与轮状病毒疫苗接种直接相关。但季节性发病高峰与轮状病毒腹泻发病高峰重合。应努力开展轮状病毒疫苗许可后的前瞻性监测研究,以充分确定尼日利亚东南部埃努古地区轮状病毒疫苗接种与肠套叠之间的任何关系。
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引用次数: 8
Proportionate Target Population Estimates Used by National Immunization Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa and Comparison with Values from an External Source 撒哈拉以南非洲国家免疫规划使用的目标人口比例估计值以及与外部来源的值的比较
Pub Date : 2014-08-05 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.43017
David W Brown, A. Burton, M. Dobó, R. Mihigo
Background: In order to effectively plan the delivery of immunization services, manage stock and supply levels and target interventions, national immunization programmes (NIP) must have an estimate of the target population they serve. To overcome challenges with target population estimation, some NIPs apply “rule-of-thumb” conversion factors to total population estimates. We compare these proportionate target population values with those from an external source. Methods: Using data reported by national immunization programmes in sub-Saharan Africa, we computed the proportionate target population as the number of births, surviving infants and children under 5 years of age, respectively, as a proportion of the total population size. We compared these values with those estimates computed from United Nations Population Division (UNPD) data. We then recomputed NIP target population sizes using the proportionate target population values from the UNPD applied to the total population size reported by NIP. Results: Data were available from 47 sub-Saharan Africa countries. Births as a proportion of the total population were greater within reports from NIP (median, 0.0400; IQR: 0.350 - 0.0437) compared to values from UNPD estimates (median, 0.0364; IQR: 0.0332 - 0.0406). Similar patterns were observed for surviving infants (median: NIP, 0.0360; UNPD, 0.0337) and children under 5 years of age (median: NIP, 0.1735; UNPD, 0.1594). The percent difference in proportionate target population ratios between reports from NIPs and the UNPD was >10% in 23 countries for births, in 18 countries for surviving infants, in 15 countries for children under 5 years of age. After re-computing target populations using UNPD proportionate target population values applied to NIP reported total population, recomputed administrative coverage levels for the third dose of DTP containing vaccine were higher in 32 of the 47 countries compared to reported administrative coverage levels. Conclusion: Because childhood immunization-related target populations are among the more difficult ones to accurately estimate and project, immunization programmes in sub-Saharan Africa are encouraged to include a critical assessment of the target population values, in conjunction with their national statistics system, as part of the on-going programme monitoring process.
背景:为了有效规划免疫服务的提供,管理库存和供应水平以及目标干预措施,国家免疫规划(NIP)必须对其服务的目标人群进行估计。为了克服目标人口估计的挑战,一些NIPs将“经验法则”转换因子应用于总人口估计。我们将这些比例目标人口值与外部来源的值进行比较。方法:使用撒哈拉以南非洲国家免疫规划报告的数据,我们分别计算了目标人口的比例,即出生人数、存活婴儿人数和5岁以下儿童人数占总人口的比例。我们将这些值与联合国人口司(UNPD)数据计算的估计值进行了比较。然后,我们使用应用于NIP报告的总人口规模的UNPD的比例目标人口值重新计算NIP的目标人口规模。结果:来自47个撒哈拉以南非洲国家的数据。在NIP的报告中,出生人口占总人口的比例更高(中位数,0.0400;IQR: 0.350 - 0.0437),与UNPD估计值(中位数,0.0364;Iqr: 0.0332 - 0.0406)。在存活婴儿中也观察到类似的模式(中位数:NIP, 0.0360;UNPD, 0.0337)和5岁以下儿童(中位数:NIP, 0.1735;所言,0.1594)。NIPs和联合国开发计划署报告中目标人口比例的百分比差异为:23个国家的出生人口,18个国家的存活婴儿,15个国家的5岁以下儿童。在使用应用于NIP报告总人口的联合国开发计划署比例目标人口值重新计算目标人口后,重新计算的含百白破疫苗第三剂的行政覆盖水平在47个国家中有32个高于报告的行政覆盖水平。结论:由于与儿童免疫相关的目标人群是较难以准确估计和预测的人群之一,因此鼓励撒哈拉以南非洲的免疫规划结合其国家统计系统,将对目标人群价值的关键评估纳入其中,作为正在进行的规划监测进程的一部分。
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引用次数: 9
Distinct Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis after in Vitro Blockade of Interleukin (IL)-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α 白细胞介素(IL)-1和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α体外阻断后少关节幼年特发性关节炎患者的不同细胞因子谱
Pub Date : 2014-08-05 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.43014
M. Kirchner, L. Strothmann, A. Sonnenschein, W. Mannhardt-Laakmann
Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (oJIA) is an antigen-driven and lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune disorder with irregularity in the adaptive immune system. Auto reactive T cells, activated by cartilage-derived auto antigens, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines as IFN-γ and IL-17. Failure of regulatory T cells leads to decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production and results in the loss of immune tolerance. This activation of innate and adaptive immunity stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. Thus, inhibition of these cytokines is considered as an appropriate therapeutic strategy for oJIA. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the blockade of a single cytokine pathway in the present cytokine setting causes an unfavourable imbalance in the cytokine system or whether the blockade is sufficient to suppress the inflammatory condition. We examined the cytokine secretion after in vitro inhibition of IL-1 and TNF-α of patients with oJIA and healthy subjects. This single center cohort study consisted of oJIA affected children and control subjects. Cytokine profiles from cell culture supernatants were examined with multiplex fluorescent bead immunoassay by flow cytometry. Adalimumab prevents highly effective and very selective effect of the cytokine TNF-α. Due to its structure, the mode of action of etanercept is difficult to display. In addition, adalimumab and etanercept appear in vitro suppressive to IFN-γ. The efficiency of both substances is particularly supported by the increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. In contrast, anakinra unselectively inhibits the pro-inflammatory macrophage cytokines. To conclude, our observations suggest that inhibition of IL-1 or TNF-α may contribute to the unselective decline of other pro-inflammatory cytokines in oJIA patients. The selective anti-inflammatory effect of cytokine inhibitors is most likely supported by an increase of IL-4 or IL-10. It still remains to be elucidated whether the reduced IFN-γ secretion is maybe causative for the increased susceptibility to infections with opportunistic pathogens.
少关节幼年特发性关节炎(oJIA)是一种抗原驱动和淋巴细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病,具有适应性免疫系统的不规则性。自身反应性T细胞被软骨源性自身抗原激活,产生促炎细胞因子如IFN-γ和IL-17。调节性T细胞的失败导致抗炎细胞因子IL-10的产生减少,导致免疫耐受的丧失。先天免疫和适应性免疫的激活刺激促炎细胞因子IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α的释放。因此,抑制这些细胞因子被认为是治疗oJIA的合适策略。本研究的目的是研究在当前的细胞因子设置中,单个细胞因子通路的阻断是否会导致细胞因子系统的不利失衡,或者阻断是否足以抑制炎症状况。我们检测了oJIA患者和健康人体外抑制IL-1和TNF-α后细胞因子的分泌情况。本单中心队列研究由oJIA患儿和对照组组成。用流式细胞术检测细胞培养上清的细胞因子谱。阿达木单抗阻止细胞因子TNF-α的高效和选择性作用。依那西普的结构决定了其作用方式难以展示。此外,阿达木单抗和依那西普在体外对IFN-γ有抑制作用。这两种物质的效率都特别支持抗炎细胞因子IL-4的分泌增加。相反,阿那金无选择性地抑制促炎巨噬细胞细胞因子。总之,我们的观察结果表明,抑制IL-1或TNF-α可能导致oJIA患者其他促炎细胞因子的非选择性下降。细胞因子抑制剂的选择性抗炎作用很可能是由IL-4或IL-10的增加所支持的。IFN-γ分泌减少是否可能是导致机会致病菌感染易感性增加的原因仍有待阐明。
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引用次数: 0
Distinct Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis after in Vitro Blockade of T Cells by Cyclosporine and Abatacept 环孢素和阿巴肽体外阻断T细胞后少关节幼年特发性关节炎患者的不同细胞因子谱
Pub Date : 2014-08-05 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.43016
L. Strothmann, M. Kirchner, A. Sonnenschein, W. Mannhardt-Laakmann
Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (oJIA) is an antigen-driven and lymphocyte-mediated disorder affecting the adaptive immune system. Auto reactive T cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines as IFN-γ and IL-17. Failure of regulatory T cells leads to decreased production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and results in the loss of immune tolerance. Therapeutic strategies suppress T cell dependent immune responses and consequently inhibit the process of inflammation. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of T cell suppression on the cytokine network in oJIA patients. Therefore we examined the cytokine concentration after in vitro inhibition of T cells by cyclosporine and abatacept in patients with persistent oJIA and healthy control subjects. This single center cohort study consisted of oJIA affected children and control subjects. Cytokine profiles from cell culture supernatants were examined with multiplex fluorescent bead immunoassay by flow cytometry. High amounts of IL-17 were only observed in the collective of oJIA patients after T cell stimulation. Cyclosporine suppresses its concentration effectively. IL-2 and IFN-γ are present in both groups. We found IL-6 and TNF-α in high concentrations after T cell activation. While TNF-α concentration is suppressed by both drugs, IL-6 concentration remains high in oJIA patients. Concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 were not found to be influenced in status of activation or suppression. In conclusion, the results of the present study imply that IL-17 is the crucial T cell cytokine in oligoarticular JIA. Only cyclosporine could inhibit the secretion of IL-17 effectively. IL-2 and IFN-γ are not specific for oligoarticular JIA. Both cytokines are found as well in healthy control subjects after T cell stimulation. Relevant pro-inflammatory macrophage cytokines in oligoarticular JIA are TNF-α and IL-6. T cell suppression by cyclosporine and abatacept inhibits TNF-α but not IL-6 effectively. Production of anti-inflammatory cytokines is not influenced by T cell suppression.
少关节幼年特发性关节炎(oJIA)是一种抗原驱动和淋巴细胞介导的疾病,影响适应性免疫系统。自身反应性T细胞产生促炎细胞因子如IFN-γ和IL-17。调节性T细胞的失败导致抗炎IL-10的产生减少,并导致免疫耐受的丧失。治疗策略抑制T细胞依赖性免疫反应,从而抑制炎症过程。本研究旨在探讨T细胞抑制对oJIA患者细胞因子网络的影响。因此,我们检测了环孢素和阿巴接受体外抑制持续性oJIA患者和健康对照者T细胞后的细胞因子浓度。本单中心队列研究由oJIA患儿和对照组组成。用流式细胞术检测细胞培养上清的细胞因子谱。高IL-17仅在T细胞刺激后的oJIA患者集体中观察到。环孢素能有效抑制其浓度。两组均存在IL-2和IFN-γ。我们发现在T细胞活化后IL-6和TNF-α浓度较高。两种药物均可抑制TNF-α浓度,但oJIA患者的IL-6浓度仍然较高。IL-4和IL-10的浓度在激活或抑制状态下未受影响。总之,本研究结果提示IL-17是寡关节JIA的关键T细胞因子。只有环孢素能有效抑制IL-17的分泌。IL-2和IFN-γ对寡关节JIA没有特异性。这两种细胞因子在T细胞刺激后的健康对照者中也被发现。寡关节JIA相关的促炎巨噬细胞因子为TNF-α和IL-6。环孢素和阿巴接受对T细胞的抑制作用可抑制TNF-α,但不能抑制IL-6。抗炎细胞因子的产生不受T细胞抑制的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Oral Administration Following Subcutaneous Administration of FCV Vaccines Enhances Vaccine Efficacy against Challenge of a Highly Virulent Vs Feline Calicivirus 皮下注射FCV疫苗后口服可增强疫苗对抗高毒力猫杯状病毒的效力
Pub Date : 2014-04-15 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.42010
Sing Rong, K. Floyd-Hawkins, V. King
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common cause of upper respiratory and oral disease in cats. Highly virulent systemic strains of FCV (vs FCV) have been described. These vs FCV isolates cause characteristic edema, cutaneous ulcers and other clinical signs typically associated with FCV infection. Vs FCV isolates also cause high mortality even in previously vaccinated cats. We reported previously that the FCV serum cross-neutralization profile of cat serum generated using the oralnasal route of administration is broader than with subcutaneous administration (SC), as measured with a 26-FCV viral panel (Rong et al., Virus Research 122:95-108, 2006). In this report, we tested the in vivo ef- ficacy of the FCV vaccine, in a 4-way (FCV-FHV-FPV-FCp) format, by using a highly virulent vs FCV- 33585 as the challenge virus. Vaccines were administered as 2-dose subcutaneouly (SC/SC), or subcutaneously followed by orally (SC/Oral). The mortality induced by vs FCV-33585 in unvaccinated control cats was 78% (7 out of 9 cats). The mortality decreased to 44% (4 out of 9 cats) with cats vaccinated with the 4-way vaccine given SC/SC. However, when this vaccine was given SC/Oral, the mortality decreased to 10% (1 out of 10 cats). The clinical scores, calculated based on frequency and severity of various clinical signs, correlated with mortality data. These results demonstrated that oral administration of FCV vaccines, as the second dose following the first dose of subcutaneious administration, ehances FCV efficacy against challenge of a highly virulent vs FCV. We propose that not only oral vaccination offers convenience and needle-free inoculation, it also enhances FCV vaccine efficacy.
猫杯状病毒(FCV)是猫上呼吸道和口腔疾病的常见病因。高毒力的系统菌株FCV (vs FCV)已被描述。这些与FCV分离株引起特征性水肿、皮肤溃疡和其他与FCV感染典型相关的临床症状。vsfcv分离株即使在以前接种过疫苗的猫中也会造成高死亡率。我们之前报道过,使用26-FCV病毒小组测量,使用口服鼻给药途径产生的猫血清的FCV血清交叉中和谱比皮下给药(SC)更宽(Rong等人,病毒研究122:95- 108,2006)。在本报告中,我们采用高毒力vsfcv - 33585作为攻毒病毒,以4-way (FCV- fhv - fpv - fcp)格式测试了FCV疫苗的体内有效性。疫苗以2剂皮下注射(SC/SC),或皮下注射后再口服(SC/Oral)。在未接种疫苗的对照猫中,FCV-33585致死亡率为78%(9只猫中有7只)。接种SC/SC四路疫苗的猫的死亡率降至44%(9只猫中有4只)。然而,当给予SC/口服这种疫苗时,死亡率下降到10%(10只猫中有1只)。根据各种临床症状的发生频率和严重程度计算的临床评分与死亡率数据相关。这些结果表明,口服FCV疫苗,作为皮下注射第一剂后的第二剂,可增强FCV抵抗高毒力FCV攻击的效力。我们认为口服疫苗接种不仅方便、无针接种,而且可以提高FCV疫苗的效力。
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引用次数: 0
Profile of Maternally Derived Antibody in Broiler Chicks and In-Ovo Vaccination of Chick Embryo against Newcastle Disease 肉仔鸡母源性抗体谱及鸡胚抗新城疫的蛋内接种
Pub Date : 2014-04-15 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.42009
G. O. Okwor, A. El-Yuguda, S. S. Baba
In this study, we determined the suitability of lentogenic LaSota and naturally occurring avirulent I2 vaccine strains of Newcastle disease (ND) virus for efficacious in-ovo vaccination of broiler chickens. A total of 114 embyonated eggs divided into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) consisting of 25 eggs in each of groups A and B, 20 eggs in each of groups C and D and 24 eggs in group E were used in the study. Eighteen-day-old embryonated eggs in group A were vaccinated in-ovo with ND-I2 vaccine while the same age of embryos in group B were vaccinated with ND-LaSota. Thirteen-day-old embryonated eggs in groups C and D were vaccinated with ND-I2 and ND-LaSota respectively. Group E served as unvaccinated control. There was significant difference (p 2) used for the in-ovo vaccination were pathogenic for chick embryos, however, ND-I2 vaccine was better tolerated when administered to 18-day-old chick embryo.
在本研究中,我们确定了新城疫(ND)病毒lisoa和自然产生的无毒I2疫苗株在肉鸡蛋内有效接种的适用性。试验共取胚胎卵114枚,分为A、B、C、D、E 5组,A、B组各25枚,C、D组各20枚,E组24枚。A组18日龄胚卵接种ND-I2疫苗,B组18日龄胚卵接种ND-LaSota疫苗。C组和D组13日龄胚卵分别接种ND-I2和ND-LaSota。E组作为未接种疫苗的对照组。两种疫苗对鸡胚的致病性差异有统计学意义(p < 2),但对18日龄鸡胚的耐受性较好。
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引用次数: 7
Increased Susceptibility to Pneumococcal Disease in Sjögren Syndrome Patients Sjögren综合征患者对肺炎球菌疾病的易感性增加
Pub Date : 2014-04-15 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.42007
M. Ercibengoa, M. Alonso, J. Marimón, J. R. Saenz-Dominguez, E. Perez-trallero
Susceptibility to pneumococcal infections in Sj?gren syndrome (SS)―an autoimmune inflammatory disease―patients is not well known, although these patients frequently develop respiratory diseases. The relative risk of developing pneumococcal disease in SS patients versus diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) patients, matched by age, gender, and length of enrolment was studied. From January 1998 to September 2013 the records of Donostia University Hospital were analyzed, which among other patient’s data includes: number and type of hospital admissions and number and type of laboratory determinations. Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates of the same serotype causing recurrent infections were characterized by PFGE. The study comprised 127 patients in the SS group (69 primary and 58 secondary) and 127 in the DM-2 group as control. In 12 SS patients, (9.4%) 22 pneumococcal disease episodes were detected. Two patients (1.6%) with a single episode each one were observed among DM-2 patients, p = 0.01, RR for SS patients 6 (95% CI 1.4 to 26.3). No differences could be demonstrated between the two groups of patients in infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus agalactiae. Most pneumococcal serotypes in SS patients belonged to the 13-valent (50%) and 23-valent (75%) anti-pneumococcal vaccine. SS patients are associated with and increased risk of suffering from pneumococcal disease. Vaccination should be considered in this group of patients.
香港人对肺炎球菌感染的易感性格林综合征(SS) -一种自身免疫性炎症疾病-患者并不为人所知,尽管这些患者经常发展为呼吸系统疾病。研究SS患者与糖尿病2型(DM-2)患者发生肺炎球菌疾病的相对风险,与年龄、性别和入组时间相匹配。分析了1998年1月至2013年9月多诺斯蒂亚大学医院的记录,其中除其他患者数据外,包括:住院人数和类型以及实验室检测人数和类型。同一血清型肺炎链球菌分离株可引起复发性感染。该研究包括127例SS组患者(69例原发性和58例继发性)和127例DM-2组作为对照。在12例SS患者中,检测到22次肺炎球菌疾病发作(9.4%)。DM-2患者中各有2例(1.6%)出现单次发作,p = 0.01, SS患者的RR为6 (95% CI 1.4 ~ 26.3)。两组患者由金黄色葡萄球菌或无乳链球菌引起的感染没有差异。大多数SS患者的肺炎球菌血清型属于13价(50%)和23价(75%)抗肺炎球菌疫苗。SS患者与肺炎球菌疾病相关并增加患肺炎球菌疾病的风险。这组患者应考虑接种疫苗。
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引用次数: 0
DNA Vaccines Approach: From Concepts to Applications DNA疫苗方法:从概念到应用
Pub Date : 2014-04-15 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.42008
V. B. Pereira, Meritxell Zurita-Turk, T. Saraiva, C. P. Castro, B. M. Souza, P. M. Agresti, F. A. Lima, Vanessa Nathalie Pfeiffer, M. Azevedo, C. S. Rocha, D. Pontes, V. Azevedo, A. Miyoshi
DNA vaccines are the third generation vaccines based on purified plasmid preparations containing transgenes that encode antigenic/therapeutic proteins or peptides capable of triggering an immune response against a wide range of diseases. This vaccine platform presents several attributes that confer distinct advantages over other vaccine technologies in terms of safety, ease of fabrication and stability. Many aspects, such as antigen expression and especially vector design, are under study because of their great influence on immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccines. In this regard, with the attempt of improving the efficiency of DNA vaccines, co-expression of stimulatory sequences and diverse vector delivery systems are being optimized. With this in mind, this review aims to giving a conceptual approach of DNA vaccines, explaining their mechanisms of action and listing the already licensed veterinary DNA vaccines presented in the market.
DNA疫苗是基于含有转基因的纯化质粒制剂的第三代疫苗,这些转基因编码抗原/治疗性蛋白质或肽,能够引发针对多种疾病的免疫反应。该疫苗平台在安全性、易于制造和稳定性方面具有与其他疫苗技术相比的明显优势。由于抗原表达,特别是载体设计对DNA疫苗的免疫原性和效力有很大的影响,因此许多方面都在研究中。在这方面,随着DNA疫苗效率的提高,刺激序列的共表达和多种载体传递系统正在被优化。考虑到这一点,本综述旨在给出DNA疫苗的概念方法,解释其作用机制并列出市场上已经获得许可的兽医DNA疫苗。
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引用次数: 46
Immunostimulatory Effect of Levamisole on the Immune Response of Goats to Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) Vaccination 左旋咪唑对山羊小反刍兽疫免疫应答的免疫刺激作用
Pub Date : 2014-04-15 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2014.42011
Undiandeye Jude Undiandeye, B. Oderinde, A. El-Yuguda, S. S. Baba
The use of Levamisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulant has been successful in the control of certain diseases such as Derzsy’s disease in chicken as well as in increasing lymphocytes and weight gain in pigs. However, its use as immunostimulant in the prevention of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats has not been investigated. In this study, the use of Levamisole in enhancing immune response to PPR vaccination including its effects on weight gain was investigated among groups of goats (groups A, B, C and D). Virus neutralization test was used to determine the antibody profile in vaccinated goats while the total and differential leucocyte counts and body mass index (BMI) were determined using standard procedures. Goats in group A (Levamisole primed and PPR vaccinated) seroconverted to more than 3-folds of the initial pre-vaccination geometric mean titre (GMT) of neutralizing antibody beginning from second week post-vaccination and remained high throughout the period of the experiment. Similarly, there was significant increase (p 0.05) in BMI of animals in other groups throughout the period of the experiment. The results of this study further confirm the immunostimulatory effect of Levamisole when used in combination with a vaccine.
盐酸左旋咪唑作为免疫刺激剂已成功地用于控制某些疾病,如鸡的Derzsy病,以及猪的淋巴细胞增加和体重增加。然而,其作为免疫刺激剂在预防山羊小反刍兽疫(PPR)中的应用尚未进行研究。在本研究中,利用左旋咪唑增强山羊对小反虫病疫苗的免疫反应,包括其对体重增加的影响,在山羊组(A组、B组、C组和D组)中进行了研究。采用病毒中和试验测定了接种山羊的抗体谱,同时采用标准程序测定了总白细胞计数和差异白细胞计数以及体重指数(BMI)。A组山羊(左旋咪唑和小反刍兽疫疫苗组)的血清中和抗体的几何平均滴度(GMT)从接种后第二周开始转化为初始接种前的3倍以上,并在整个实验期间保持较高水平。在整个实验期间,其他各组动物的BMI均显著升高(p 0.05)。本研究结果进一步证实左旋咪唑与疫苗联合使用时具有免疫刺激作用。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
疫苗(英文)
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