Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.4236/OJSS.2021.113009
A. Salifu, F. K. Abagale, G. Kranjac-Berisavljevic
The quantification of soil infiltration is necessary for the estimation of water accessibility in soils for plant growth and development. Field infiltration tests runs were conducted on agricultural soils in three irrigation sites of Northern Ghana. The field data were fitted into Green and Ampt, Kostiakov, Philip, Holtan, Soil Conservation Service and Horton infiltration models for the determination of the unknown model parameters. Regression analysis at 95% confidence level using GraphPad Prism 8. Laboratory and field data on infiltration were used for the model fitting and the unknown parameters were determined using the calibrated models. The k and n parameters of Kostiakov model at Bontanga study site were found to be k = 28.0027 and n = 0.5902, k = 17.0294 and n = 0.4504 for Golinga and k = 23.0356 and n = 0.6339 for Libga. For all the models, the coefficient of determination ranged from 0.7612 to 0.9876 indicating strong relationships. Only Holtan model gave different values at all the three study sites. The parameter GIa and ic of the Holtan model drawn from hydrologic soil group were the same at all the study sites because of the same vegetative cover and surface conditions. The study observed the values of the parameters to have influenced the models’ performance.
{"title":"Estimation of Infiltration Models’ Parameters Using Regression Analysis in Irrigation Fields of Northern Ghana","authors":"A. Salifu, F. K. Abagale, G. Kranjac-Berisavljevic","doi":"10.4236/OJSS.2021.113009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJSS.2021.113009","url":null,"abstract":"The quantification of soil \u0000infiltration is necessary for the estimation of water accessibility in soils \u0000for plant growth and development. Field infiltration tests runs were conducted on \u0000agricultural soils in three irrigation sites of Northern Ghana. The field data \u0000were fitted into Green and Ampt, Kostiakov, Philip, Holtan, Soil Conservation \u0000Service and Horton infiltration models for the determination of the unknown model \u0000parameters. Regression analysis at 95% confidence level using GraphPad Prism 8. \u0000Laboratory and field data on infiltration were used for the model fitting and \u0000the unknown parameters were determined using the calibrated models. The k and n parameters of Kostiakov model at \u0000Bontanga study site were found to be k = 28.0027 and n = 0.5902, k = 17.0294 and n = 0.4504 for Golinga and k = 23.0356 and n = 0.6339 for Libga. For all the models, the coefficient of determination ranged \u0000from 0.7612 to 0.9876 indicating strong relationships. Only Holtan model gave \u0000different values at all the three study sites. The parameter GIa and ic of the Holtan model drawn \u0000from hydrologic soil group were the same at all the study sites because of the \u0000same vegetative cover and surface conditions. The study observed the values of \u0000the parameters to have influenced the models’ performance.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46280709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.4236/OJSS.2021.112005
F. Chabi, G. Dagbénonbakin, E. C. Agbangba, Issa Mouftaou, Augustin O. Bankolé, Brice T. C. Oussou, L. Ahoton, G. Amadji, A. Saidou
Abstract This study aims to determine the optimal N, P, K, Mg and Zn rates for groundnut production on Ferric and Plintic Luvisol in the Sudano-Guinean and Sudanian zones of Benin Republic. Two years (2018 and 2019) experiment was carried out in the municipality of Ouesse in the Sudano-Guinean zone and Bembereke in the Sudanian zone. The tested nutrient doses were N (0, 20 and 40 kg⋅ha−1), P (0, 25 and 50 kg⋅ha−1), K (0, 20 and 40 kg⋅ha−1), Mg (0, 15 and 30 kg⋅ha−1) and Zn (0, 4 and 8 kg⋅ha−1). The Box and Behnken rotating design is used to define the N, P, K, Mg and Zn rate combinations leading to 46 combinations. A completely randomized bloc design was setting up considering farmers as replication. In total, four farmers’ fields were selected. A one-way analysis of variance is carried out on yield data, using the linear mixed-effect model. Response surface analyses were used to determine the optimal doses for each N, P, K, Mg and Zn. Nodule production (6.5 times higher than the control), number of gynophores (2.8 times higher than the control) and root length (19.2 ± 0.2 cm) of groundnut plants were significantly (p = 0.0001) improved with nutrient application. The response surface analysis shows that treatments N-P-K-Mg-Zn of 16.01-20.18-6.70-5.65-2.47 (in the Sudano-Guinean zone) and 13.1-25.07-11.47-0-1.82 (in the Sudanian zone) are the optimal rates that have induced optimal yield of 2.1 t⋅ha−1 (i.e. 2.5 times the yield in the farmers’ field) pod yield and the best return on investment per hectare. Nevertheless, for a sustainable groundnut producproduction, treatment 13.1-25.07-11.47-20-1.82 is suggested as regular K input is required for the respect of the fertilization laws.
摘要本研究旨在确定贝宁共和国苏丹-几内亚和苏丹地区铁和陆visol上花生生产的最佳N、P、K、Mg和Zn浓度。在苏丹-几内亚地区的乌塞市和苏丹地区的本贝雷克市进行了为期两年(2018年和2019年)的实验。试验的营养剂量分别为N(0、20和40 kg·ha−1)、P(0、25和50 kg·ha−1)、K(0、20和40 kg·ha−1)、Mg(0、15和30 kg·ha−1)和Zn(0、4和8 kg·ha−1)。采用Box和Behnken旋转设计来定义N, P, K, Mg和Zn速率组合，共46种组合。采用完全随机分组设计，考虑农民作为复制组。总共有四个农民的田地被选中。采用线性混合效应模型对产量数据进行了单向方差分析。采用响应面分析法确定氮、磷、钾、镁和锌的最佳剂量。施肥显著提高了花生根瘤产量(比对照高6.5倍)、雌蕊数(比对照高2.8倍)和根长(19.2±0.2 cm) (p = 0.0001)。响应面分析结果表明，n - p - k - k - mg - zn水平为16.01-20.18-6.70-5.65-2.47(苏丹-几内亚区)和13.1-25.07-11.47-0-1.82(苏丹区)的最优施氮量可使豆荚产量达到2.1 t⋅ha−1(即农民田间产量的2.5倍)，每公顷投资回报率最高。为了保证花生的可持续生产，考虑到施肥规律，建议采用13.1-25.07-11.47-20-1.82处理。
{"title":"Mineral Fertilizer Use for Optimal Groundnut Production in the Sudano-Guinean and Sudanian Zones of Benin","authors":"F. Chabi, G. Dagbénonbakin, E. C. Agbangba, Issa Mouftaou, Augustin O. Bankolé, Brice T. C. Oussou, L. Ahoton, G. Amadji, A. Saidou","doi":"10.4236/OJSS.2021.112005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJSS.2021.112005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000This study aims to determine the optimal N, P, K, Mg and Zn rates for groundnut production on Ferric and Plintic Luvisol in the Sudano-Guinean and Sudanian zones of Benin Republic. Two years (2018 and 2019) experiment was carried out in the municipality of Ouesse in the Sudano-Guinean zone and Bembereke in the Sudanian zone. The tested nutrient doses were N (0, 20 and 40 kg⋅ha−1), P (0, 25 and 50 kg⋅ha−1), K (0, 20 and 40 kg⋅ha−1), Mg (0, 15 and 30 kg⋅ha−1) and Zn (0, 4 and 8 kg⋅ha−1). The Box and Behnken rotating design is used to define the N, P, K, Mg and Zn rate combinations leading to 46 combinations. A completely randomized bloc design was setting up considering farmers as replication. In total, four farmers’ fields were selected. A one-way analysis of variance is carried out on yield data, using the linear mixed-effect model. Response surface analyses were used to determine the optimal doses for each N, P, K, Mg and Zn. Nodule production (6.5 times higher than the control), number of gynophores (2.8 times higher than the control) and root length (19.2 ± 0.2 cm) of groundnut plants were significantly (p = 0.0001) improved with nutrient application. The response surface analysis shows that treatments N-P-K-Mg-Zn of 16.01-20.18-6.70-5.65-2.47 (in the Sudano-Guinean zone) and 13.1-25.07-11.47-0-1.82 (in the Sudanian zone) are the optimal rates that have induced optimal yield of 2.1 t⋅ha−1 (i.e. 2.5 times the yield in the farmers’ field) pod yield and the best return on investment per hectare. Nevertheless, for a sustainable groundnut producproduction, treatment 13.1-25.07-11.47-20-1.82 is suggested as regular K input is required for the respect of the fertilization laws.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48557313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.4236/OJSS.2021.112007
R. Jarboui, Bilel Dhouib, E. Ammar
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the food wastes compost (FWC) and its non-aerated fermented extract (NFCE) on seed germination and growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), watercress (Nasturtium officinale), chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), peas (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and beans (Vicia faba) under greenhouse conditions. The FWC and NFCE were physico-chemically and microbiologically characterized. The NFCE effect was evaluated on tomato, watercress, and chili pepper seeds germination and seedling growth. However, for leguminous, pea, chickpea and bean seedlings, the FWC amended soils and irrigated with NFCE were tested for plants growth. The results of FWC analyses revealed that FWC has neutral pH, low EC and C/N ratio, with fertilizing elements (N, P, K and Mg) and lack of phytotoxic effect. The NFCE was characterized by low EC and relatively high carbon content (COD = 9700 mg/l), and intense microbial activity, notably mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, in fermented compost extract, mesophilic bacteria were increased by 225, yeasts by 25 and molds by 10 times compared to those of the investigated compost. In greenhouse, the diluted NFCE increased significantly (p< 0.05) germination and growth of the tested seedlings. Used alone, the FWC amended soil or the NFCE irrigated soil, improved the growth of tested seedlings. The use of soil amended with compost and irrigated by fermented compost extract decreased significantly the growth of the same experimented seedlings. Therefore, the FWC and its fermented extract were a suitable substrate for germination and growth of the studied seeds.
{"title":"Effect of Food Waste Compost (FWC) and its Non-Aerated Fermented Extract (NFCE) on Seeds Germination and Plant Growth","authors":"R. Jarboui, Bilel Dhouib, E. Ammar","doi":"10.4236/OJSS.2021.112007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJSS.2021.112007","url":null,"abstract":"The aim \u0000of this study was to investigate the effect of the food wastes compost (FWC) \u0000and its non-aerated fermented extract (NFCE) on seed germination and growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), watercress \u0000(Nasturtium officinale), \u0000chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), \u0000peas (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and beans (Vicia faba) under greenhouse \u0000conditions. The FWC and NFCE were physico-chemically and microbiologically \u0000characterized. The NFCE effect was evaluated on tomato, watercress, and chili \u0000pepper seeds germination and seedling growth. However, for leguminous, pea, \u0000chickpea and bean seedlings, the FWC amended soils and irrigated with NFCE were \u0000tested for plants growth. The results of FWC analyses revealed that FWC has neutral pH, low EC and C/N ratio, with fertilizing \u0000elements (N, P, K and Mg) and lack of phytotoxic effect. The NFCE was \u0000characterized by low EC and relatively high carbon content (COD = 9700 mg/l), \u0000and intense microbial activity, notably mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, in fermented \u0000compost extract, mesophilic bacteria were increased by 225, yeasts by 25 and \u0000molds by 10 times compared to those of the investigated compost. In greenhouse, \u0000the diluted NFCE increased significantly (p< 0.05) germination and growth of the tested seedlings. Used \u0000alone, the FWC amended soil or the NFCE irrigated soil, improved the growth of \u0000tested seedlings. The use of soil amended with compost and irrigated by \u0000fermented compost extract decreased significantly the growth of the same \u0000experimented seedlings. Therefore, the FWC and its fermented extract were a \u0000suitable substrate for germination and growth of the studied seeds.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"122-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48138394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.4236/OJSS.2021.112004
Fidèle Kabore, Gounwendmanaghré Hubert Zongo, Bright Fafali Dogbey, K. Ouattara, Y. Millogo, Limata Kaboré, E. Hien, P. Zombré
Uncertainties remain as to the ability of certain carbonate rocks to form the red soils covering them. These doubts, which have been the subject of debate for several decades, become real when carbonate rocks are pure and low in insoluble residues. In the carbonate rocks of the Taoudeni basin in Burkina Faso, brown-red to red soils develop, at the top of hillsides and in karstic cavities. No study in the region has yet shown the existence in these carbonate rocks of sufficient insolubles to form soils after decalcification. The objective of this study was therefore to identify and quantify the minerals of carbonate rocks in order to identify the origin of red soils. Petrographic, chemical (XRF) and mineralogical (XRD) investigations on dominant carbonate rocks features in the study area show that the rocks studied are mainly magnesian dolomites (Dolomite > 50% of carbonate minerals and Ca/Mg ratio 12%) in other dolomitic features. These insoluble silicates formed of quartz, potassium feldspar (orthoclase), clays (talc, phlogopite and kaolinite) and iron oxides constitute the main original material of reddened soils in karstic cavities.
{"title":"Implications of Non-Carbonate Dolomite Minerals in the Formation of Red Soils in a Paleokarstic Context in the Taoudeni Basin in Burkina Faso","authors":"Fidèle Kabore, Gounwendmanaghré Hubert Zongo, Bright Fafali Dogbey, K. Ouattara, Y. Millogo, Limata Kaboré, E. Hien, P. Zombré","doi":"10.4236/OJSS.2021.112004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJSS.2021.112004","url":null,"abstract":"Uncertainties remain as to the ability of certain carbonate rocks to form the red soils covering them. These doubts, which have been the subject of debate for several decades, become real when carbonate rocks are pure and low in insoluble residues. In the carbonate rocks of the Taoudeni basin in Burkina Faso, brown-red to red soils develop, at the top of hillsides and in karstic cavities. No study in the region has yet shown the existence in these carbonate rocks of sufficient insolubles to form soils after decalcification. The objective of this study was therefore to identify and quantify the minerals of carbonate rocks in order to identify the origin of red soils. Petrographic, chemical (XRF) and mineralogical (XRD) investigations on dominant carbonate rocks features in the study area show that the rocks studied are mainly magnesian dolomites (Dolomite > 50% of carbonate minerals and Ca/Mg ratio 12%) in other dolomitic features. These insoluble silicates formed of quartz, potassium feldspar (orthoclase), clays (talc, phlogopite and kaolinite) and iron oxides constitute the main original material of reddened soils in karstic cavities.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"59-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43904821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.4236/OJSS.2021.112006
Jacob V. Spertus
The world needs around 150 Pg of negative carbon emissions to mitigate climate change. Global soils may provide a stable, sizeable reservoir to help achieve this goal by sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide as soil organic carbon (SOC). In turn, SOC can support healthy soils and provide a multitude of ecosystem benefits. To support SOC sequestration, researchers and policy makers must be able to precisely measure the amount of SOC in a given plot of land. SOC measurement is typically accomplished by taking soil cores selected at random from the plot under study, mixing (compositing) some of them together, and analyzing (assaying) the composited samples in a laboratory. Compositing reduces assay costs, which can be substantial. Taking samples is also costly. Given uncertainties and costs in both sampling and assay along with a desired estimation precision, there is an optimal composite size that will minimize the budget required to achieve that precision. Conversely, given a fixed budget, there is a composite size that minimizes uncertainty. In this paper, we describe and formalize sampling and assay for SOC and derive the optima for three commonly used assay methods: dry combustion in an elemental analyzer, loss-on-ignition, and mid-infrared spectroscopy. We demonstrate the utility of this approach using data from a soil survey conducted in California. We give recommendations for practice and provide software to implement our framework.
{"title":"Optimal Sampling and Assay for Estimating Soil Organic Carbon","authors":"Jacob V. Spertus","doi":"10.4236/OJSS.2021.112006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJSS.2021.112006","url":null,"abstract":"The world needs around 150 Pg of negative carbon emissions to mitigate climate change. Global soils may provide a stable, sizeable reservoir to help achieve this goal by sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide as soil organic carbon (SOC). In turn, SOC can support healthy soils and provide a multitude of ecosystem benefits. To support SOC sequestration, researchers and policy makers must be able to precisely measure the amount of SOC in a given plot of land. SOC measurement is typically accomplished by taking soil cores selected at random from the plot under study, mixing (compositing) some of them together, and analyzing (assaying) the composited samples in a laboratory. Compositing reduces assay costs, which can be substantial. Taking samples is also costly. Given uncertainties and costs in both sampling and assay along with a desired estimation precision, there is an optimal composite size that will minimize the budget required to achieve that precision. Conversely, given a fixed budget, there is a composite size that minimizes uncertainty. In this paper, we describe and formalize sampling and assay for SOC and derive the optima for three commonly used assay methods: dry combustion in an elemental analyzer, loss-on-ignition, and mid-infrared spectroscopy. We demonstrate the utility of this approach using data from a soil survey conducted in California. We give recommendations for practice and provide software to implement our framework.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"93-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48804659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-27DOI: 10.4236/OJSS.2021.111003
S. Oduor, N. Mungai, S. Owido
Erratic rainfall and temperature regimes, strongly affect agricultural productivity. To address the reduction in production, this study assessed the effect of Zai pit depths on selected soil properties and cowpea growth and grain yield. Zai pit technology was tested in two locations falling under Agroecological Zone IV (relatively dry areas) i.e. Machakos in Machakos County and Naivasha in Nakuru County, Kenya, aiming to determine the combined effect of four Zai pit depths and two levels of manure (plots with manure and plots without manure) on selected soil properties, growth and yield of cowpea. Experiment was laid out in split plot arrangement, with manure levels as the main plot factor and Zai pit depths (Flat: Z0, 30 cm: Z30, 45 cm: Z45 and 60 cm: Z60) as subplot factor, replicated four times. Cowpea (M66 variety) was used as the test crop. Inorganic nitrogen (Nin) and extractable phosphorus (Pex) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, at 1.37 mg·kg−1 for Nin and 80.4 mg·kg−1 for Pex in Zai pits compared to flat plots which were at 0.91 mg·kg−1 for Nin and 47.1 mg·kg−1 for Pex. The values of Nin and Pex also varied depending on depths, with Z45 having highest Nin at 1.17 against the least, at 0.89 in the Z0, while Pex was highest in Z30 at 102.3 mg·kg−1 while Z0 having the least Pex of 89.7 mg·kg−1. Generally, crops in Zai pitted plots were larger in diameter (0.46 cm) and height (34.20 cm) than crops in flat plots at (0.42 cm) and (18.11 cm) diameter and height respectively. Better performance was observed in yield, with Z45 yielding 853.33 kg·Ha−1 against 685.0 kg·Ha−1 in Flat plots in Machakos while 931.66 kg·Ha−1 in Z45 against 563.33 kg·Ha−1 from Flat plots in Naivasha. This study demonstrated great potential of Zai pit technology on crop production, as reflected on improved growth and yield of cowpeas. Combining Zai pits with manure increases soil Nin, Pex and is a guarantee of great crop performance in terms of high final yields.
{"title":"Zai Pit Effects on Selected Soil Properties and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Growth and Grain Yield in Two Selected Dryland Regions of Kenya","authors":"S. Oduor, N. Mungai, S. Owido","doi":"10.4236/OJSS.2021.111003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJSS.2021.111003","url":null,"abstract":"Erratic rainfall and temperature regimes, strongly affect agricultural productivity. To address the reduction in production, this study assessed the effect of Zai pit depths on selected soil properties and cowpea growth and grain yield. Zai pit technology was tested in two locations falling under Agroecological Zone IV (relatively dry areas) i.e. Machakos in Machakos County and Naivasha in Nakuru County, Kenya, aiming to determine the combined effect of four Zai pit depths and two levels of manure (plots with manure and plots without manure) on selected soil properties, growth and yield of cowpea. Experiment was laid out in split plot arrangement, with manure levels as the main plot factor and Zai pit depths (Flat: Z0, 30 cm: Z30, 45 cm: Z45 and 60 cm: Z60) as subplot factor, replicated four times. Cowpea (M66 variety) was used as the test crop. Inorganic nitrogen (Nin) and extractable phosphorus (Pex) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, at 1.37 mg·kg−1 for Nin and 80.4 mg·kg−1 for Pex in Zai pits compared to flat plots which were at 0.91 mg·kg−1 for Nin and 47.1 mg·kg−1 for Pex. The values of Nin and Pex also varied depending on depths, with Z45 having highest Nin at 1.17 against the least, at 0.89 in the Z0, while Pex was highest in Z30 at 102.3 mg·kg−1 while Z0 having the least Pex of 89.7 mg·kg−1. Generally, crops in Zai pitted plots were larger in diameter (0.46 cm) and height (34.20 cm) than crops in flat plots at (0.42 cm) and (18.11 cm) diameter and height respectively. Better performance was observed in yield, with Z45 yielding 853.33 kg·Ha−1 against 685.0 kg·Ha−1 in Flat plots in Machakos while 931.66 kg·Ha−1 in Z45 against 563.33 kg·Ha−1 from Flat plots in Naivasha. This study demonstrated great potential of Zai pit technology on crop production, as reflected on improved growth and yield of cowpeas. Combining Zai pits with manure increases soil Nin, Pex and is a guarantee of great crop performance in terms of high final yields.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"39-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46291436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-07DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.111001
S. Coulibaly, M. Touré, Amoin E. Kouamé, Ini C. Kambou, S. Soro, Kadokan I. Yéo, Sita Koné, B. Zoro
Okra is one of the most popular vegetables in Cote d’Ivoire which is produced by heavy use of inorganic fertilizers. Vermicompost can be an alternative to inorganic fertilizers. This field study investigated the effect of vermicompost on growth and productivity of okra as compared to inorganic fertilizers. The respective treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design, each at three replications, during three-season cycles on a ferralitic soil. Results showed that the highest rate of germination was obtained with the vermicompost. The tallest plants of Abelmoschus esculentus (1.88 m) and Abelmoschus caillei (1.78 m) were observed with inorganic fertilizer. The number of leaves per plant registered when using vermicompost was 34.5 and 30.74 with Abelmoschus esculentus and Abelmoschus cailli, respectively. With inorganic fertilizer, the number of leaves per plant was 34.21 (Abelmoschus esculentus) and 32.32 (Abelmoschus cailli). Plants took about 60 days to flower in the control plots and about 46 days in the plots fertilized with the vermicompost and the inorganic fertilizer. The highest pod yields of Abelmoschus esculentus and Abelmoschus cailli were 8.7 t⋅ha−1 and 10.58 t⋅ha−1 with vermicompost and 8.85 t⋅ha−1 and 10.7 t⋅ha−1 with inorganic fertilizer, respectively. Vermicompost could be recommended as an alternative to inorganic fertilizer to produce okra on ferralitic soil in Cote d’Ivoire.
{"title":"Vermicompost as an Alternative to Inorganic Fertilizer to Improve Okra Productivity in Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"S. Coulibaly, M. Touré, Amoin E. Kouamé, Ini C. Kambou, S. Soro, Kadokan I. Yéo, Sita Koné, B. Zoro","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.111001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.111001","url":null,"abstract":"Okra is one of the most popular vegetables in Cote d’Ivoire which is produced by heavy use of inorganic fertilizers. Vermicompost can be an alternative to inorganic fertilizers. This field study investigated the effect of vermicompost on growth and productivity of okra as compared to inorganic fertilizers. The respective treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design, each at three replications, during three-season cycles on a ferralitic soil. Results showed that the highest rate of germination was obtained with the vermicompost. The tallest plants of Abelmoschus esculentus (1.88 m) and Abelmoschus caillei (1.78 m) were observed with inorganic fertilizer. The number of leaves per plant registered when using vermicompost was 34.5 and 30.74 with Abelmoschus esculentus and Abelmoschus cailli, respectively. With inorganic fertilizer, the number of leaves per plant was 34.21 (Abelmoschus esculentus) and 32.32 (Abelmoschus cailli). Plants took about 60 days to flower in the control plots and about 46 days in the plots fertilized with the vermicompost and the inorganic fertilizer. The highest pod yields of Abelmoschus esculentus and Abelmoschus cailli were 8.7 t⋅ha−1 and 10.58 t⋅ha−1 with vermicompost and 8.85 t⋅ha−1 and 10.7 t⋅ha−1 with inorganic fertilizer, respectively. Vermicompost could be recommended as an alternative to inorganic fertilizer to produce okra on ferralitic soil in Cote d’Ivoire.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44839176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.1111028
J. Essehi, E. F. Soumahin, G. F. Yao, S. Obouayeba, A. Yao-Kouamé
The decrease of fertility soils, the rarity of quality potting soil used to fill nursery bags, the high cost of chemical fertilisers and the problems associated with their use are leading planters and rubber nurserymen in developing and/or ex-panding areas to look for alternative and sustainable fertilization. In this per-spective, a trial was carried out at Research Station of CNRA-Bimbresso and in a farmer’s environment in order to evaluate the agronomic quality of compost made from chicken droppings and dry Panicum maximum straw to improve the growth of rubber plants in bagged nurseries. Mixtures based on potting soil and/or compost in different proportions were prepared. The fol-low-up of the trial focused on determination of the physico-chemical characteristics of the soils, measurement of the parameters of vegetative growth and the grafting success rate evaluation of rubber plants in nursery. The results obtained show that compost-based crop substrates plication of urea (at Kimoukro, in the centre), which under the conditions of the present study may be the recommended doses on rubber plants in bagged nurseries at Côte d’Ivoire.
{"title":"Improving the Quality of Rubber Plants in Bagged Nurseries by the Use of Compost-Based Culture Substrates","authors":"J. Essehi, E. F. Soumahin, G. F. Yao, S. Obouayeba, A. Yao-Kouamé","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.1111028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.1111028","url":null,"abstract":"The decrease of fertility soils, the rarity of quality potting soil used to fill nursery bags, the high cost of chemical fertilisers and the problems associated with their use are leading planters and rubber nurserymen in developing and/or ex-panding areas to look for alternative and sustainable fertilization. In this per-spective, a trial was carried out at Research Station of CNRA-Bimbresso and in a farmer’s environment in order to evaluate the agronomic quality of compost made from chicken droppings and dry Panicum maximum straw to improve the growth of rubber plants in bagged nurseries. Mixtures based on potting soil and/or compost in different proportions were prepared. The fol-low-up of the trial focused on determination of the physico-chemical characteristics of the soils, measurement of the parameters of vegetative growth and the grafting success rate evaluation of rubber plants in nursery. The results obtained show that compost-based crop substrates plication of urea (at Kimoukro, in the centre), which under the conditions of the present study may be the recommended doses on rubber plants in bagged nurseries at Côte d’Ivoire.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70632965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.1110024
Kenneth Ray Olson, C. Suski
The Snake River in northwestern United States is 1735 km long, the largest tributary of the Columbia River and is the 13 th longest river in the United States. The Snake River drainage basin includes parts of six U.S. states. The Snake River Plain was created by a volcanic hotspot that lies beneath Yellow-stone National Park. The previous Ice Age carved out canyons, cliffs and wa-terfalls along the middle and lower Snake River. The Missoula Flood was to the north and Bonneville Flood to the south altered the Snake River and surrounding landscape. The Snake River has a drainage basin of 282,000 km 2 in the states of Oregon, Washington, Utah, Nevada and Idaho. The Snake River drops from mountain elevations of 3000 m to its confluence with the Columbia River. The river is one of the most biologically diverse freshwater systems in the United States with trails designed to promote recreational tourism, increase use of the Snake River and create generations of people who care about the river and are willing to protect and provide environmental stewardship of the river watershed resources.
{"title":"Snake River: A Navigation and Spawning Dilemma","authors":"Kenneth Ray Olson, C. Suski","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.1110024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.1110024","url":null,"abstract":"The Snake River in northwestern United States is 1735 km long, the largest tributary of the Columbia River and is the 13 th longest river in the United States. The Snake River drainage basin includes parts of six U.S. states. The Snake River Plain was created by a volcanic hotspot that lies beneath Yellow-stone National Park. The previous Ice Age carved out canyons, cliffs and wa-terfalls along the middle and lower Snake River. The Missoula Flood was to the north and Bonneville Flood to the south altered the Snake River and surrounding landscape. The Snake River has a drainage basin of 282,000 km 2 in the states of Oregon, Washington, Utah, Nevada and Idaho. The Snake River drops from mountain elevations of 3000 m to its confluence with the Columbia River. The river is one of the most biologically diverse freshwater systems in the United States with trails designed to promote recreational tourism, increase use of the Snake River and create generations of people who care about the river and are willing to protect and provide environmental stewardship of the river watershed resources.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70633270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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