Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/OJSS.2021.111002
Kenneth Ray Olson, S. Indorante, G. A. Miller
The Upper Mississippi River flows approximately 2000 km from Lake Itasca, Minnesota to Cairo, Illinois where it is confluences with the Ohio River to form the Lower Mississippi River. North of the confluence, numerous snags, sand bars, rapids, and other obstructions made the Upper Mississippi River travel difficult. This paper highlights how the geological and landscape resources of the Upper Mississippi River and tributary watershed were responsible for the successful economic development of this historically rich region of North America. Environmental challenges include an attempt to keep invasive species such as the Asian carp out of the rivers and lakes north of the Twin Cities. In an attempt to protect the Mississippi River resource, Environmental and Conservation groups have opposed continued navigation through Minneapolis and St. Paul and the planned Upper Mississippi River navigation infrastructure restoration by the United States Corps of Engineers including the upper and lower St. Anthony locks and dams. These Environmental, Conservation and Save the River groups are attempting to mitigate the historic highest and best use of the Mississippi River and adjacent watershed, navigation, and economic development, by having the urban river restored to the natural state.
{"title":"Water Resources, Infrastructure Restoration, and Protection of the Upper Mississippi River Basin","authors":"Kenneth Ray Olson, S. Indorante, G. A. Miller","doi":"10.4236/OJSS.2021.111002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJSS.2021.111002","url":null,"abstract":"The Upper Mississippi River flows approximately 2000 km from Lake Itasca, Minnesota to Cairo, Illinois where it is confluences with the Ohio River to form the Lower Mississippi River. North of the confluence, numerous snags, sand bars, rapids, and other obstructions made the Upper Mississippi River travel difficult. This paper highlights how the geological and landscape resources of the Upper Mississippi River and tributary watershed were responsible for the successful economic development of this historically rich region of North America. Environmental challenges include an attempt to keep invasive species such as the Asian carp out of the rivers and lakes north of the Twin Cities. In an attempt to protect the Mississippi River resource, Environmental and Conservation groups have opposed continued navigation through Minneapolis and St. Paul and the planned Upper Mississippi River navigation infrastructure restoration by the United States Corps of Engineers including the upper and lower St. Anthony locks and dams. These Environmental, Conservation and Save the River groups are attempting to mitigate the historic highest and best use of the Mississippi River and adjacent watershed, navigation, and economic development, by having the urban river restored to the natural state.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70633198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.119023
Johnny Kofi Awoonor, Bright Fafali Dogbey
{"title":"An Assessment of Soil Variability along a Toposequence in the Tropical Moist Semi-Deciduous Forest of Ghana","authors":"Johnny Kofi Awoonor, Bright Fafali Dogbey","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.119023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.119023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70633606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.1110025
R. Bandara, P. Yapa, Ranmuthumali de Silva, K. Lakmini, Niluka Ranasinghe, M. Senevirathne
{"title":"Mitigating Cadmium (Cd) Toxicity in Montane Forest Soils Using Biochar: Laboratory Trial for Soils from Horton Plains, Sri Lanka","authors":"R. Bandara, P. Yapa, Ranmuthumali de Silva, K. Lakmini, Niluka Ranasinghe, M. Senevirathne","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.1110025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.1110025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70632931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.1111026
Anna Nowembabazi, G. Taulya, W. Tinzaara
Bananas demand high amounts of potassium for optimal growth and productivity, yet deficiencies are widespread amid the low input production strategy of smallholder farmers in Uganda. Of the potassium pool in the soil, 90% -98% is unavailable for plant uptake. Judicious application of fertilisers is required to alleviate soil fertility problems complemented with manures and biofertilisers in an integrated nutrient management (INM) package. Biofertilisers such as potassium solubilising bacteria (KSB) have potential to solubilise unavailable forms of K in soil to forms that are readily absorbed by the plants. However, the added value of each component in this integrated K management package in apple bananas is not known. Therefore, an experiment was set up to quantify the relative contribution of mineral K, manure and KSB on the growth of apple bananas. Potted tissue culture plantlets of apple banana (cv. Sukali ndiizi) were used. The treatments comprised of a full factorial combination of mineral fertiliser (Muriate of potash, 60% K 2 O), animal manure and KSB (Frateuria auranta). The manure and muriate of potash were applied to supply a total of 150 kg∙K∙ha − . Soil microbiological assays were run to evaluate the contribution of indigenous microbial K solubilising activity in the soil to the experimental INM package. Data on pseudostem height, girth at collar and 30-cm height, constrained smallholder farmers.
{"title":"Contribution of Biofertiliser (Frateuria auranta) in an Integrated Potassium Management Package on Growth of Apple Banana","authors":"Anna Nowembabazi, G. Taulya, W. Tinzaara","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.1111026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.1111026","url":null,"abstract":"Bananas demand high amounts of potassium for optimal growth and productivity, yet deficiencies are widespread amid the low input production strategy of smallholder farmers in Uganda. Of the potassium pool in the soil, 90% -98% is unavailable for plant uptake. Judicious application of fertilisers is required to alleviate soil fertility problems complemented with manures and biofertilisers in an integrated nutrient management (INM) package. Biofertilisers such as potassium solubilising bacteria (KSB) have potential to solubilise unavailable forms of K in soil to forms that are readily absorbed by the plants. However, the added value of each component in this integrated K management package in apple bananas is not known. Therefore, an experiment was set up to quantify the relative contribution of mineral K, manure and KSB on the growth of apple bananas. Potted tissue culture plantlets of apple banana (cv. Sukali ndiizi) were used. The treatments comprised of a full factorial combination of mineral fertiliser (Muriate of potash, 60% K 2 O), animal manure and KSB (Frateuria auranta). The manure and muriate of potash were applied to supply a total of 150 kg∙K∙ha − . Soil microbiological assays were run to evaluate the contribution of indigenous microbial K solubilising activity in the soil to the experimental INM package. Data on pseudostem height, girth at collar and 30-cm height, constrained smallholder farmers.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70633325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/OJSS.2021.114014
N. Ouandaogo, Mathias Bouinzemwendé Pouya, D. M. Soma, Z. Gnankambary, D. I. Kiba, B. Ouattara, F. Lompo, H. B. Nacro, P. M. Sedogo
We used an ongoing long-term field trial established since 1960 in Burkina Faso, to study the microbial properties of a Ferric Lixisol under various crop management and fertilization regimes. Microbial respiration rate, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil bacteria’s number were assessed in soil samples taken at 0 - 20 cm depth. The crop management were continuous cropping of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) (S/S) and rotation between sorghum and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) (S/C), while the fertilization regimes were: 1) Control (te); 2) Low rate of mineral fertilizer (fm); 3) Low rate of mineral fertilizer + sorghum straw restitution (fmr); 4) Low rate of mineral fertilizer + low rate of manure (fmo); 5) High rate of mineral fertilizer (FM); and vii) High rate of mineral fertilizer + high rate of manure (FMO). The manure is applied every second year. The results indicate that sorghum/cowpea rotation significantly increase MBC and bacteria number as compared to continuous sorghum cropping. MBC ranged from 335.5 to 54.85 μg C g−1 soil with S/S and from 457.5 to 86.6 μg C g−1 soil with S/C. Application of high level of manure and mineral fertilizer increase microbial respiration rate and MBC. The highest MBC was observed with FMO and the lowest with the control. In general, the metabolic quotient (qCO2) was negatively impacted by the fertilization and cowpea rotation. For S/S rotation, qCO2 of the control was 1.5 to 2 times that of the treatments with low mineral fertilizer (fmr, fmo and fm) and 3 times that of the high rate of fertilization (FM and FMO). With S/C rotation, qCO2 of the control was 2 times of that fmr, FM and FMO and 0.8 times that of fmo and fm. Soil bacteria in the fmr were 63.6 and 12.4 times the control in the S/S and S/C rotations, respectively. In sum, combined application of manure and mineral fertilizer with crop rotation is the best management practices to improve in sustainable way microbial activities in tropical soil.
我们使用了自1960年以来在布基纳法索建立的长期田间试验，研究了不同作物管理和施肥制度下铁立索的微生物特性。测定了0 ~ 20 cm深度土壤样品的微生物呼吸速率、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和土壤细菌数量。作物管理为高粱(sorghum bicolor L.)连作(S/S)和高粱与豇豆(Vigna unguiculata L.)轮作(S/C)，施肥制度为:1)控制(te);2)矿物肥(fm)用量低;3)矿肥+高粱秸秆还原率(fmr)低;4)低矿肥率+低粪肥率(fmo);5)矿物肥(FM)利用率高;高矿物肥率+高粪肥率(FMO)。每隔一年施一次肥料。结果表明，与连作高粱相比，高粱/豇豆轮作显著提高了土壤的MBC和细菌数量。S/S土壤的MBC为335.5 ~ 54.85 μ C g−1,S/C土壤的MBC为457.5 ~ 86.6 μ C g−1。施用高水平的粪肥和矿肥可提高微生物呼吸速率和MBC。FMO处理的MBC最高，对照组最低。总体而言，施肥和豇豆轮作对代谢商(qCO2)有负向影响。S/S轮作时，对照的qCO2是低矿质肥(fmr、fmo和fm)处理的1.5 ~ 2倍，是高矿质肥(fm和fmo)处理的3倍。S/C旋转时，对照的qCO2是fmr、FM和FMO的2倍，是FMO和FM的0.8倍。在S/S和S/C轮作下，fmr土壤细菌数量分别是对照的63.6倍和12.4倍。综上所述，有机肥和矿肥配合轮作是可持续改善热带土壤微生物活性的最佳管理措施。
{"title":"Microbial Properties of a Ferric Lixisol as Affected by Long Term Crop Management and Fertilization Regimes in Burkina Faso, West Africa","authors":"N. Ouandaogo, Mathias Bouinzemwendé Pouya, D. M. Soma, Z. Gnankambary, D. I. Kiba, B. Ouattara, F. Lompo, H. B. Nacro, P. M. Sedogo","doi":"10.4236/OJSS.2021.114014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJSS.2021.114014","url":null,"abstract":"We used an ongoing long-term field trial established since 1960 in Burkina Faso, to study the microbial properties of a Ferric Lixisol under various crop management and fertilization regimes. Microbial respiration rate, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil bacteria’s number were assessed in soil samples taken at 0 - 20 cm depth. The crop management were continuous cropping of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) (S/S) and rotation between sorghum and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) (S/C), while the fertilization regimes were: 1) Control (te); 2) Low rate of mineral fertilizer (fm); 3) Low rate of mineral fertilizer + sorghum straw restitution (fmr); 4) Low rate of mineral fertilizer + low rate of manure (fmo); 5) High rate of mineral fertilizer (FM); and vii) High rate of mineral fertilizer + high rate of manure (FMO). The manure is applied every second year. The results indicate that sorghum/cowpea rotation significantly increase MBC and bacteria number as compared to continuous sorghum cropping. MBC ranged from 335.5 to 54.85 μg C g−1 soil with S/S and from 457.5 to 86.6 μg C g−1 soil with S/C. Application of high level of manure and mineral fertilizer increase microbial respiration rate and MBC. The highest MBC was observed with FMO and the lowest with the control. In general, the metabolic quotient (qCO2) was negatively impacted by the fertilization and cowpea rotation. For S/S rotation, qCO2 of the control was 1.5 to 2 times that of the treatments with low mineral fertilizer (fmr, fmo and fm) and 3 times that of the high rate of fertilization (FM and FMO). With S/C rotation, qCO2 of the control was 2 times of that fmr, FM and FMO and 0.8 times that of fmo and fm. Soil bacteria in the fmr were 63.6 and 12.4 times the control in the S/S and S/C rotations, respectively. In sum, combined application of manure and mineral fertilizer with crop rotation is the best management practices to improve in sustainable way microbial activities in tropical soil.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70633682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.117019
Kenneth Ray Olson, C. Suski
The 2000 km Columbia River is the longest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It starts in British Columbia, Canada and flows through the states of Oregon and Washington before discharging into Pacific Ocean near Cape Disappointment. The mouth of the Columbia River is a deep water harbor and 180 km of the river can be accessed by navigation. Based on flow volume, the river is the 4th largest river in the United States. The headwaters and approximately 800 km of the Columbia River lie in Canada. Columbia Lake and the Columbia Wetlands are located in British Columbia and are the headwaters of the Columbia River. The lake has an elevation of 820 m above sea level and drains to the Pacific Ocean near Astoria, Oregon. The Ocean tides flow up river to Portland, Oregon. This paper highlights how the geological and landscape resources of the Columbia River and tributaries watershed contributed to the economic development of this historically rich region of North America. The Columbia River is one of the most biologically diverse freshwater systems in the United States. The Columbia River system with trails and cruise ships was designed to increase use of the Columbia River, to promote recreational tourism, and to create a generation of people who are willing to protect and provide environmental stewardship of the river basin resources.
{"title":"Food Security: Impact of European Settlement and Infrastructure on Columbia River Salmon Migration","authors":"Kenneth Ray Olson, C. Suski","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.117019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.117019","url":null,"abstract":"The 2000 km Columbia River is the longest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It starts in British Columbia, Canada and flows through the states of Oregon and Washington before discharging into Pacific Ocean near Cape Disappointment. The mouth of the Columbia River is a deep water harbor and 180 km of the river can be accessed by navigation. Based on flow volume, the river is the 4th largest river in the United States. The headwaters and approximately 800 km of the Columbia River lie in Canada. Columbia Lake and the Columbia Wetlands are located in British Columbia and are the headwaters of the Columbia River. The lake has an elevation of 820 m above sea level and drains to the Pacific Ocean near Astoria, Oregon. The Ocean tides flow up river to Portland, Oregon. This paper highlights how the geological and landscape resources of the Columbia River and tributaries watershed contributed to the economic development of this historically rich region of North America. The Columbia River is one of the most biologically diverse freshwater systems in the United States. The Columbia River system with trails and cruise ships was designed to increase use of the Columbia River, to promote recreational tourism, and to create a generation of people who are willing to protect and provide environmental stewardship of the river basin resources.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70633446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.1112030
Ishrat Jahan Sanchary, Tania Akter
A comprehensive in vitro study on single and sequential extraction methods for Cu exraction by different extractants of distinct chemical nature from some peat soils of Bangladesh was conducted to assess the pattern of metal-extractability in drying and wetting sequences. Samples were collected from peat basins of two different districts of Bangladesh (Gopalgonj and Bagerhat) and an incubation study was designed and conducted in which soils were incubated to three alternate drying and wetting cycles for 21 days. Single and sequentially extracted Cu ions in all three cycles and by all three selective extractants were compared. Maximum amount of Cu was extracted in drying days and 1M HCl extracted the largest proportion of Cu from all the soils in each incubation time. Conversely, 1M NH4Cl was the least effective extractant for extracting Cu by both single and sequential process in either day of incubation. Considerable amount of Cu was extracted by 0.005 M DTPA in dry periods. In general, single extraction was found to be more effective in extracting Cu in the alternate drying and wetting cycles from the peat soil samples except for 1M HCl in initial drying days.
本文对不同化学性质的萃取剂从孟加拉国泥炭土中提取铜的单次和顺序萃取方法进行了全面的体外研究，以评估干燥和湿润顺序中金属可萃取性的模式。从孟加拉国两个不同地区(Gopalgonj和Bagerhat)的泥炭盆地收集了样本，并设计和开展了一项培养研究，在该研究中，将土壤培养为三个干湿交替循环，持续21天。比较了三种萃取剂对铜离子的单次萃取和顺序萃取效果。在各培养时间内，各土壤中铜的提取量以1M HCl的提取量最大。相反，在孵育的任何一天，1M NH4Cl在单次和连续过程中都是最不有效的萃取剂。在干燥期，0.005 M DTPA萃取了相当数量的铜。总的来说，在干湿交替循环中，除了在干燥初期使用1M HCl外，单次提取对泥炭土样品中的铜更有效。
{"title":"Single and Sequential Extraction of Copper by Different Extractants from Different Peat Soil Samples of Bangladesh","authors":"Ishrat Jahan Sanchary, Tania Akter","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.1112030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.1112030","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive in vitro study on single and sequential extraction methods for Cu exraction by different extractants of distinct chemical nature from some peat soils of Bangladesh was conducted to assess the pattern of metal-extractability in drying and wetting sequences. Samples were collected from peat basins of two different districts of Bangladesh (Gopalgonj and Bagerhat) and an incubation study was designed and conducted in which soils were incubated to three alternate drying and wetting cycles for 21 days. Single and sequentially extracted Cu ions in all three cycles and by all three selective extractants were compared. Maximum amount of Cu was extracted in drying days and 1M HCl extracted the largest proportion of Cu from all the soils in each incubation time. Conversely, 1M NH4Cl was the least effective extractant for extracting Cu by both single and sequential process in either day of incubation. Considerable amount of Cu was extracted by 0.005 M DTPA in dry periods. In general, single extraction was found to be more effective in extracting Cu in the alternate drying and wetting cycles from the peat soil samples except for 1M HCl in initial drying days.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70633616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.1111027
Kenneth Ray Olson, James M. Lang
Historic Native American and modern civilizations have been forcing the unstable use of the Colorado River and adjacent land resources for centuries. Much can be learned from past Native American cultures that created irrigation systems to offset low rainfall. These lessons learned can be applied to our modern civilization. We can learn a lot from their previous behavior and experiences and could apply the lessons learned to our current disappearing Colorado River situation. Little of the Colorado River water flow reaches the international border with Mexico near Yuma, Arizona. Intensive consump-tion, mostly in the United States, has dried up the lower 160 km of the river. Since the 1960s, the Colorado River has rarely flowed into the Gulf of California and when it does it becomes is a major international news event. The Colorado River Delta is drought prone and its headwater tributaries are a vital source of water for 40 million people. The Colorado River has whitewater rapids, canyons, and many United States National Parks. The tributary and river flow is managed by an extensive system of dams, aqueducts, and reservoirs. Most years the entire Colorado River flow is used for United States agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply purposes. The agricultural and urban needs in the United States are continuing to grow and it appears the days of Colorado River flowing into Mexico and the Gulf of California are numbered and declining every decade. The Colorado River is disappearing and restoration efforts appear to be too little too late. If the Colorado River valley is ever going to recover management lessons and failures learned from the Native Americans, including the Hohokam,
{"title":"The Disappearing Colorado River: Historic and Modern Attempts to Manage the Lifeline of the United States Southwest","authors":"Kenneth Ray Olson, James M. Lang","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.1111027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.1111027","url":null,"abstract":"Historic Native American and modern civilizations have been forcing the unstable use of the Colorado River and adjacent land resources for centuries. Much can be learned from past Native American cultures that created irrigation systems to offset low rainfall. These lessons learned can be applied to our modern civilization. We can learn a lot from their previous behavior and experiences and could apply the lessons learned to our current disappearing Colorado River situation. Little of the Colorado River water flow reaches the international border with Mexico near Yuma, Arizona. Intensive consump-tion, mostly in the United States, has dried up the lower 160 km of the river. Since the 1960s, the Colorado River has rarely flowed into the Gulf of California and when it does it becomes is a major international news event. The Colorado River Delta is drought prone and its headwater tributaries are a vital source of water for 40 million people. The Colorado River has whitewater rapids, canyons, and many United States National Parks. The tributary and river flow is managed by an extensive system of dams, aqueducts, and reservoirs. Most years the entire Colorado River flow is used for United States agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply purposes. The agricultural and urban needs in the United States are continuing to grow and it appears the days of Colorado River flowing into Mexico and the Gulf of California are numbered and declining every decade. The Colorado River is disappearing and restoration efforts appear to be too little too late. If the Colorado River valley is ever going to recover management lessons and failures learned from the Native Americans, including the Hohokam,","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70633207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2021.1112029
Kenneth Ray Olson, James M. Lang
The headwater source of the Rio Grande is in the Colorado San Juan Mountains as it flows southeast and south. The river crosses deserts and steppes, watering rich irrigated agricultural regions as it drains into the Gulf of Mexico near Brownsville, Texas. The river flow pattern is disrupted by hundreds of dams and irrigation diversions, which has left sections of the Rio Grande River dry. The lower Rio Grande Valley including the Rio Grande Delta is heavily irrigated and has become an important agricultural region. Since the mid-1990s, the flow has been reduced to 20% because of many large diver-sions, dams and consumption of water by cities and irrigated farmland. Even with a series of 2001 and 2002, Mexico-United States agreements adminis-tered by the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) the Rio Grande River had continued to failed to reach the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico and United States share the river. Historically, the Rio Grande has provided limited navigation and border security. There is a need to restore navigation and shipping by creating a lock and dam system from El Paso, Texas and Matamoros, Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico, In addition there is also a need to restore border security for the Lower Rio Grande, an international border river. If the Rio Grande is ever going to recover, it will require a lock and dam system and an increased river flow. The increased flow needs to be achieved by adding additional water from feeder lakes, a water pipeline, and a balanced approach to water management must include efficiency measures and aggressive conservation in urban areas and on irrigated agricultural lands.
{"title":"Rio Grande an International Boundary River Is Drying up and in Need of Restoration","authors":"Kenneth Ray Olson, James M. Lang","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2021.1112029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2021.1112029","url":null,"abstract":"The headwater source of the Rio Grande is in the Colorado San Juan Mountains as it flows southeast and south. The river crosses deserts and steppes, watering rich irrigated agricultural regions as it drains into the Gulf of Mexico near Brownsville, Texas. The river flow pattern is disrupted by hundreds of dams and irrigation diversions, which has left sections of the Rio Grande River dry. The lower Rio Grande Valley including the Rio Grande Delta is heavily irrigated and has become an important agricultural region. Since the mid-1990s, the flow has been reduced to 20% because of many large diver-sions, dams and consumption of water by cities and irrigated farmland. Even with a series of 2001 and 2002, Mexico-United States agreements adminis-tered by the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) the Rio Grande River had continued to failed to reach the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico and United States share the river. Historically, the Rio Grande has provided limited navigation and border security. There is a need to restore navigation and shipping by creating a lock and dam system from El Paso, Texas and Matamoros, Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico, In addition there is also a need to restore border security for the Lower Rio Grande, an international border river. If the Rio Grande is ever going to recover, it will require a lock and dam system and an increased river flow. The increased flow needs to be achieved by adding additional water from feeder lakes, a water pipeline, and a balanced approach to water management must include efficiency measures and aggressive conservation in urban areas and on irrigated agricultural lands.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70633498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2020.1012029
Le Hou, Niu Beibei, Li Xinju, Hongxin Shen, Li Fuqiang, W. Ying
Understanding the soil fertility status and heavy metal pollution is of great significance for targeted environmental management and governance in a basin. The Dawen River Basin (DRB), a sub-basin in the lower Yellow River area in China, was taken as the study area. A total of 107 surface soil samples were collected in the DRB in October 2019, and the sampling points were mainly located within 10 km of the mainstream of the Dawen River. Based on the measured soil nutrient indicators (organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium) and heavy metal contents (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, and Pb), the status and spatial distribution of soil fertility and heavy metal pollution in the DRB were evaluated by combining the use of the Nemerow index method, the land accumulation index method, and the general Kriging interpolation method. The results showed that the soil fertility in the DRB was generally at a normal level or below, while some areas of Taian City, Xintai City, and Ningyang County had relatively high soil nutrient content. The content of heavy metals in the soil of the DRB was mainly at a safe level, but the single pollution index and geo-accumulation index implied that there was light to moderate pollution of heavy metals in individual samples, and the content of heavy metals in urban and industrial agglomerations is relatively high.
{"title":"Analysis of Soil Fertility Quality and Heavy Metal Pollution in the Dawen River Basin, China","authors":"Le Hou, Niu Beibei, Li Xinju, Hongxin Shen, Li Fuqiang, W. Ying","doi":"10.4236/ojss.2020.1012029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2020.1012029","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the soil fertility status and heavy metal pollution is of great significance for targeted environmental management and governance in a basin. The Dawen River Basin (DRB), a sub-basin in the lower Yellow River area in China, was taken as the study area. A total of 107 surface soil samples were collected in the DRB in October 2019, and the sampling points were mainly located within 10 km of the mainstream of the Dawen River. Based on the measured soil nutrient indicators (organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium) and heavy metal contents (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, and Pb), the status and spatial distribution of soil fertility and heavy metal pollution in the DRB were evaluated by combining the use of the Nemerow index method, the land accumulation index method, and the general Kriging interpolation method. The results showed that the soil fertility in the DRB was generally at a normal level or below, while some areas of Taian City, Xintai City, and Ningyang County had relatively high soil nutrient content. The content of heavy metals in the soil of the DRB was mainly at a safe level, but the single pollution index and geo-accumulation index implied that there was light to moderate pollution of heavy metals in individual samples, and the content of heavy metals in urban and industrial agglomerations is relatively high.","PeriodicalId":57369,"journal":{"name":"土壤科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42017758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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