Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s0020168523150025
L. R. Botvina, M. R. Tyutin, A. P. Alexandrov
Abstract
The goal of the study is to elucidate the reasons for early fracture of the gear wheel teeth of a Cameron TA9000 turbocharger (1820 kW) after an operational load up to 1.3 × 109 cycles. The chemical composition and the microstructure of the tooth metal were studied using the methods of metallography, microhardness and optical microscopy. The microrelief of fracture surfaces of operational fractures was studied using electron scanning microscopy. Analysis of the chemical composition proved the steel grade of the tooth metal (DIN 31CrMoV9) declared by the manufacturer. Visual analysis of the fragments under study revealed numerous cracks present on the tooth contact surfaces. The origins of fatigue fracture detected on the fracture surfaces are typical of high cycle and gigacycle fatigue fracture. In the latter case, the detected fracture looks like a “fisheye” exhibiting an area of structural heterogeneity with inclusions and pores in the center. The fracture probably developed from the first tooth fragment to the fifth one, being accompanied by an increase in the number of origins of fatigue fracture known to be attributed to an increase in the stress amplitude. Metallographic study showed the presence of a subsurface hardened layer with a thickness of 120–200 μm with a defect-containing structure associated with grain-boundary precipitates (presumably, carbides (Fe, Cr)3C), which could have resulted from violation of the modes of heat treatment of the gear wheel. Formation of brittle intergranular cracks on the contact surface and their subsequent development in the entire depth of the subsurface hardened layer appeared to be the reason for a decrease in the strength and bearing capacity of the gear teeth. The interaction of the resulting cracks with longitudinal microcracks that originated from defects due to poor-quality mechanical processing of the gear led to the formation of centers of fatigue cracks, the development of which caused the final destruction of several teeth.
{"title":"Gigacycle Fatigue of the Turbocharger Gear Wheel","authors":"L. R. Botvina, M. R. Tyutin, A. P. Alexandrov","doi":"10.1134/s0020168523150025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168523150025","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The goal of the study is to elucidate the reasons for early fracture of the gear wheel teeth of a Cameron TA9000 turbocharger (1820 kW) after an operational load up to 1.3 × 10<sup>9</sup> cycles. The chemical composition and the microstructure of the tooth metal were studied using the methods of metallography, microhardness and optical microscopy. The microrelief of fracture surfaces of operational fractures was studied using electron scanning microscopy. Analysis of the chemical composition proved the steel grade of the tooth metal (DIN 31CrMoV9) declared by the manufacturer. Visual analysis of the fragments under study revealed numerous cracks present on the tooth contact surfaces. The origins of fatigue fracture detected on the fracture surfaces are typical of high cycle and gigacycle fatigue fracture. In the latter case, the detected fracture looks like a “fisheye” exhibiting an area of structural heterogeneity with inclusions and pores in the center. The fracture probably developed from the first tooth fragment to the fifth one, being accompanied by an increase in the number of origins of fatigue fracture known to be attributed to an increase in the stress amplitude. Metallographic study showed the presence of a subsurface hardened layer with a thickness of 120–200 μm with a defect-containing structure associated with grain-boundary precipitates (presumably, carbides (Fe, Cr)<sub>3</sub>C), which could have resulted from violation of the modes of heat treatment of the gear wheel. Formation of brittle intergranular cracks on the contact surface and their subsequent development in the entire depth of the subsurface hardened layer appeared to be the reason for a decrease in the strength and bearing capacity of the gear teeth. The interaction of the resulting cracks with longitudinal microcracks that originated from defects due to poor-quality mechanical processing of the gear led to the formation of centers of fatigue cracks, the development of which caused the final destruction of several teeth.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s0020168523140091
Ya. V. Kuminova, V. A. Filichkina, M. N. Filippov, A. S. Kozlov
Abstract
Gaining current information about the chemical composition of samples from different areas of the deposit during geological exploration necessitates the use of methods of rapid analysis, most often X-ray fluorescence analysis in combination with a method of external standard and its modifications. The existing certified methods assume the construction of calibration characteristics using reference standards. We propose to use a rapid method of X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) in a version of the method of fundamental parameters to determine nonferrous metals in the samples of titanium–zirconium sands of the Beshpagirskoe deposit and specified conditions of analysis. It is shown that, when using the method of fundamental parameters, the accuracy indicators are highly competitive with the indicators obtained by the certified method.
摘要 在地质勘探过程中，要获得矿床不同区域样品化学成分的最新信息，就必须使用快速分析方法，其中最常见的是结合外部标准及其修改方法的 X 射线荧光分析法。现有的认证方法需要使用参考标准构建校准特征。我们建议在基本参数方法版本中使用 X 射线荧光分析快速方法（XRF），以确定 Beshpagirskoe 矿床钛锆砂样品中的有色金属和特定的分析条件。结果表明，在使用基本参数法时，精确度指标与通过认证方法获得的指标具有很强的竞争力。
{"title":"X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of Titanium, Zirconium, and Chromium in Titanium–Zirconium Sands of the Beshpagirskoe Deposit","authors":"Ya. V. Kuminova, V. A. Filichkina, M. N. Filippov, A. S. Kozlov","doi":"10.1134/s0020168523140091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168523140091","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Gaining current information about the chemical composition of samples from different areas of the deposit during geological exploration necessitates the use of methods of rapid analysis, most often X-ray fluorescence analysis in combination with a method of external standard and its modifications. The existing certified methods assume the construction of calibration characteristics using reference standards. We propose to use a rapid method of X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) in a version of the method of fundamental parameters to determine nonferrous metals in the samples of titanium–zirconium sands of the Beshpagirskoe deposit and specified conditions of analysis. It is shown that, when using the method of fundamental parameters, the accuracy indicators are highly competitive with the indicators obtained by the certified method.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140169441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s0020168523150128
N. A. Tatus, A. N. Polilov, D. D. Vlasov
Abstract
The methods of fastening structural elements made of fiber-reinforced composites to other structural elements are almost the same as those used for metals. With the most common bolting, a hole is drilled in the element, i.e., a part of the material is removed, thus resulting in a stress concentration near the hole. Certain difficulties can thus arise in designing and calculating the bolted joints of metal elements in critical structures. The use of composites is associated with more serious problems. In this case, both the structural element and the material for this element are manufactured simultaneously. Subsequent machining is quite undesirable, since it violates the integrity of the element and, consequently, the bearing capacity of the entire structure. The efficiency of using composites depends on the technology of manufacturing the material of the element by 90%. We present the results of experimental and theoretical study of the effect of holes made by different technologies on the strength and bearing capacity of fiberglass specimens with different fiber laying patterns. The stress concentration factor is compared with the strength reduction factors for the holes made by drilling and by expanding the fibers without their damage. The results of tensile tests of specially made composite specimens with different reinforcement structures ([0], [0/90], [0/±45/90]) and with central holes are presented. The strength reduction factors calculated from the results of the experiment turned out to be significantly lower than the stress concentration factors. The reasons for this effect are considered and an estimation of the characteristic radius of curvature after “blunting” of a hole in a composite specimen is given. The obtained results of the study made it possible to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the technology for production of holes in composite specimens without breaking fibers, as well as about the effect of the number of fiber families on the strength reduction factor near the holes.
{"title":"Impact of Holes on the Reduction of the Strength of Composite Specimens with Different Laying of Fibers","authors":"N. A. Tatus, A. N. Polilov, D. D. Vlasov","doi":"10.1134/s0020168523150128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168523150128","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The methods of fastening structural elements made of fiber-reinforced composites to other structural elements are almost the same as those used for metals. With the most common bolting, a hole is drilled in the element, i.e., a part of the material is removed, thus resulting in a stress concentration near the hole. Certain difficulties can thus arise in designing and calculating the bolted joints of metal elements in critical structures. The use of composites is associated with more serious problems. In this case, both the structural element and the material for this element are manufactured simultaneously. Subsequent machining is quite undesirable, since it violates the integrity of the element and, consequently, the bearing capacity of the entire structure. The efficiency of using composites depends on the technology of manufacturing the material of the element by 90%. We present the results of experimental and theoretical study of the effect of holes made by different technologies on the strength and bearing capacity of fiberglass specimens with different fiber laying patterns. The stress concentration factor is compared with the strength reduction factors for the holes made by drilling and by expanding the fibers without their damage. The results of tensile tests of specially made composite specimens with different reinforcement structures ([0], [0/90], [0/±45/90]) and with central holes are presented. The strength reduction factors calculated from the results of the experiment turned out to be significantly lower than the stress concentration factors. The reasons for this effect are considered and an estimation of the characteristic radius of curvature after “blunting” of a hole in a composite specimen is given. The obtained results of the study made it possible to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the technology for production of holes in composite specimens without breaking fibers, as well as about the effect of the number of fiber families on the strength reduction factor near the holes.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140204984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s002016852314011x
K. B. Ossipov, T. V. Mokochunina, D. I. Panyukova, M. V. Trukhina, T. A. Maryutina
Abstract
This article describes a comparative evaluation of effectiveness of certain commercial dispersants (Finasol OSR 52 (France) and Slickgone NS and Slickgone EW (Great Britain)) for spill response of three crude oils produced in Russia and characterized by different physicochemical properties (extra light, heavy, and bituminous) in waters of various salinity. The evaluation has been based on an adapted version of ASTM F2059-17 “Standard Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Swirling Flask” (the so called SFT test). The conventional lower limits of dispersant effectiveness have been determined using a low energy procedure. Comparative tests of dispersant effectiveness have been performed at the highest dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1 : 10 allowed in the Russian Federation (according to STO 318.4.02-2005 “Rules of Dispersant Application for Oil Spill Response”), water temperature 20°C, and water salinity of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 35‰. It has been revealed that the considered dispersants have low effectiveness for dispersion of the tested oil samples at water salinity of 35‰. A general trend of increase in dispersant effectiveness with decrease in water salinity is demonstrated. It has been established that all considered dispersants are not suitable for application throughout the analyzed salinity range in the case of spill of bituminous oil with high content of asphaltenes and polar compounds. The limits of dispersant application have been determined for all dispersants as a function of water salinity. The effectiveness of 45%, legally validated in the United States and Mexico, has been selected as the threshold value. It has been proved that, as a consequence of nonuniversality of dispersant action, it is recommended to carry out preliminary experimental examination of their effectiveness using a sample of spilled oil under climatic and hydrochemical conditions corresponding to the potential region of application.
{"title":"Influence of Water Salinity on Effectiveness of Oil Dispersants","authors":"K. B. Ossipov, T. V. Mokochunina, D. I. Panyukova, M. V. Trukhina, T. A. Maryutina","doi":"10.1134/s002016852314011x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s002016852314011x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This article describes a comparative evaluation of effectiveness of certain commercial dispersants (Finasol OSR 52 (France) and Slickgone NS and Slickgone EW (Great Britain)) for spill response of three crude oils produced in Russia and characterized by different physicochemical properties (extra light, heavy, and bituminous) in waters of various salinity. The evaluation has been based on an adapted version of ASTM F2059-17 “Standard Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Swirling Flask” (the so called SFT test). The conventional lower limits of dispersant effectiveness have been determined using a low energy procedure. Comparative tests of dispersant effectiveness have been performed at the highest dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1 : 10 allowed in the Russian Federation (according to STO 318.4.02-2005 “Rules of Dispersant Application for Oil Spill Response”), water temperature 20°C, and water salinity of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 35‰. It has been revealed that the considered dispersants have low effectiveness for dispersion of the tested oil samples at water salinity of 35‰. A general trend of increase in dispersant effectiveness with decrease in water salinity is demonstrated. It has been established that all considered dispersants are not suitable for application throughout the analyzed salinity range in the case of spill of bituminous oil with high content of asphaltenes and polar compounds. The limits of dispersant application have been determined for all dispersants as a function of water salinity. The effectiveness of 45%, legally validated in the United States and Mexico, has been selected as the threshold value. It has been proved that, as a consequence of nonuniversality of dispersant action, it is recommended to carry out preliminary experimental examination of their effectiveness using a sample of spilled oil under climatic and hydrochemical conditions corresponding to the potential region of application.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s0020168523140029
R. M. Beilinson, A. A. Yavisheva, N. Yu. Lopatko, E. P. Medyantseva
Abstract
Amperometric biosensors based on an immobilized tyrosinase enzyme and planar graphite electrodes modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in chitosan, reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in chitosan and nanocomposites based on them are developed for rapid and accurate determination of tetracycline. It is found that tetracycline is a tyrosinase inhibitor, which makes it possible to determine it using a tyrosinase biosensor in a range of concentrations of 1 nmol/L to 1 μmol/L. It is found on the basis of the results of kinetic studies of the reaction of enzymatic conversion of phenol that uncompetitive inhibition is observed on the tyrosinase biosensor in the presence of tetracycline. A combination of carbon nanomaterials with metal nanoparticles can form a nanocomposite with a synergistic effect. The use of carbon nanomaterials and metal nanoparticles as modifiers of the electrode surface makes it possible to improve the analytical characteristics of the developed sensors: to expand the range of determined concentrations and to decrease the limit of quantification (50 pmol/L for a biosensor with MWCNTs/Au NPs, 0.7 nmol/L for a biosensor with RGO/Au NPs). The relative standard deviation of the obtained using biosensors results does not exceed 0.08. Procedures for the determination of tetracycline using the proposed biosensors in milk and a cosmetic product are tested. The compounds present in these samples which are structurally unrelated to tetracycline do not interfere with its determination.
{"title":"Amperometric Biosensors for the Determination of Tetracycline","authors":"R. M. Beilinson, A. A. Yavisheva, N. Yu. Lopatko, E. P. Medyantseva","doi":"10.1134/s0020168523140029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168523140029","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Amperometric biosensors based on an immobilized tyrosinase enzyme and planar graphite electrodes modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in chitosan, reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in chitosan and nanocomposites based on them are developed for rapid and accurate determination of tetracycline. It is found that tetracycline is a tyrosinase inhibitor, which makes it possible to determine it using a tyrosinase biosensor in a range of concentrations of 1 nmol/L to 1 μmol/L. It is found on the basis of the results of kinetic studies of the reaction of enzymatic conversion of phenol that uncompetitive inhibition is observed on the tyrosinase biosensor in the presence of tetracycline. A combination of carbon nanomaterials with metal nanoparticles can form a nanocomposite with a synergistic effect. The use of carbon nanomaterials and metal nanoparticles as modifiers of the electrode surface makes it possible to improve the analytical characteristics of the developed sensors: to expand the range of determined concentrations and to decrease the limit of quantification (50 pmol/L for a biosensor with MWCNTs/Au NPs, 0.7 nmol/L for a biosensor with RGO/Au NPs). The relative standard deviation of the obtained using biosensors results does not exceed 0.08. Procedures for the determination of tetracycline using the proposed biosensors in milk and a cosmetic product are tested. The compounds present in these samples which are structurally unrelated to tetracycline do not interfere with its determination.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s0020168523140066
D. G. Filatova, A. P. Bogdanova, V. V. Krivetskiy, T. N. Penkina, M. N. Rumyantseva
Abstract
The development of chemical sensors is relevant for solving environmental problems of monitoring the atmosphere of cities and industrial zones. Semiconductor sensors based on metal oxides are promising chemical gas sensors owing to their high sensitivity, low cost, small size, and low energy consumption. The first attempts at pilot operation of atmospheric air monitoring systems based on such sensors revealed insufficient response stability. Doping of the basic material with silicon can solve the problem. At the same time, data on the amount and distribution of the dopant in the material are necessary to determine the relationship “synthesis conditions–composition–properties.” We propose an approach to the determination of the composition of novel semiconductor materials based on β-Ga2O3 with a silicon dopant content from 0.5 to 2 at %. The approach included grinding of samples using a planetary mill and preparation of suspensions in ethylene glycol, followed by TXRF determination of the analytes on sapphire substrates using the method of absolute contents (Si) with Sr of 0.08 and the method of external standard (Ga) with Sr of 0.04. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the samples was performed using an S2 PICOFOX spectrometer (Bruker Nano GmbH, Germany). MoKα radiation was used to excite X-ray fluorescence. The spectrum acquisition time was 250 s. It is shown that the homogeneity of the dopant distribution in the material can be estimated using the analysis of the suspensions. The studied materials demonstrate an irreproducible sensory response which we associate with the revealed inhomogeneity of the silicon distribution over the surface of β-Ga2O3.
{"title":"Quantification of Si Dopant in β-Ga2O3-Based Semiconductor Gas Sensors by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TXRF)","authors":"D. G. Filatova, A. P. Bogdanova, V. V. Krivetskiy, T. N. Penkina, M. N. Rumyantseva","doi":"10.1134/s0020168523140066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168523140066","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The development of chemical sensors is relevant for solving environmental problems of monitoring the atmosphere of cities and industrial zones. Semiconductor sensors based on metal oxides are promising chemical gas sensors owing to their high sensitivity, low cost, small size, and low energy consumption. The first attempts at pilot operation of atmospheric air monitoring systems based on such sensors revealed insufficient response stability. Doping of the basic material with silicon can solve the problem. At the same time, data on the amount and distribution of the dopant in the material are necessary to determine the relationship “synthesis conditions–composition–properties.” We propose an approach to the determination of the composition of novel semiconductor materials based on β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with a silicon dopant content from 0.5 to 2 at %. The approach included grinding of samples using a planetary mill and preparation of suspensions in ethylene glycol, followed by TXRF determination of the analytes on sapphire substrates using the method of absolute contents (Si) with <i>S</i><sub><i>r</i></sub> of 0.08 and the method of external standard (Ga) with <i>S</i><sub><i>r</i></sub> of 0.04. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the samples was performed using an S2 PICOFOX spectrometer (Bruker Nano GmbH, Germany). Mo<i>K</i><sub>α</sub> radiation was used to excite X-ray fluorescence. The spectrum acquisition time was 250 s. It is shown that the homogeneity of the dopant distribution in the material can be estimated using the analysis of the suspensions. The studied materials demonstrate an irreproducible sensory response which we associate with the revealed inhomogeneity of the silicon distribution over the surface of β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s0020168523140030
U. A. Bliznyuk, P. Yu. Borshchegovskaya, T. A. Bolotnik, V. S. Ipatova, A. D. Nikitchenko, A. P. Chernyaev, O. Yu. Khmelevsky, D. S. Yurov, I. A. Rodin
Abstract
Radiation treatment of food makes it possible to solve some issues of the food industry, including suppression of pathogenic microbial contamination, retention of the nutritional value of the product, and increase in its shelf life. This treatment method in combination with highly sensitive methods of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry makes it possible to reveal biochemical markers of irradiation treatment in meat products with moderate fat content, such as chicken and turkey. This work describes the experimental results of the dependences of the content of volatile organic compounds in chilled chicken meat treated with 1 MeV accelerated electrons with the doses from 250 Gy to 20 kGy in two weeks of storage. The content of volatile organic compounds in irradiated and reference food samples has been determined on days 0, 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, and 13 after irradiation treatment. Similar behavior pattern of aldehydes identified in treated poultry meat, namely, hexanal, heptanal, and pentanal, has been determined in two weeks of product storage. An increase in the aldehyde concentration has been detected in samples treated with doses from 500 Gy to 10 kGy on days 1–4 after irradiation. It has been revealed that, with an increase in the irradiation dose the period of aldehyde accumulation in irradiated meat is displaced toward a shorter period of product storage. Thus, aldehydes can be considered as potential markers of irradiation treatment of chicken meat in the first four days after irradiation.
{"title":"Monitoring of Aldehyde Concentration in Chicken Meat during the Storage Period after Radiation Treatment with Accelerated Electrons","authors":"U. A. Bliznyuk, P. Yu. Borshchegovskaya, T. A. Bolotnik, V. S. Ipatova, A. D. Nikitchenko, A. P. Chernyaev, O. Yu. Khmelevsky, D. S. Yurov, I. A. Rodin","doi":"10.1134/s0020168523140030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168523140030","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Radiation treatment of food makes it possible to solve some issues of the food industry, including suppression of pathogenic microbial contamination, retention of the nutritional value of the product, and increase in its shelf life. This treatment method in combination with highly sensitive methods of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry makes it possible to reveal biochemical markers of irradiation treatment in meat products with moderate fat content, such as chicken and turkey. This work describes the experimental results of the dependences of the content of volatile organic compounds in chilled chicken meat treated with 1 MeV accelerated electrons with the doses from 250 Gy to 20 kGy in two weeks of storage. The content of volatile organic compounds in irradiated and reference food samples has been determined on days 0, 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, and 13 after irradiation treatment. Similar behavior pattern of aldehydes identified in treated poultry meat, namely, hexanal, heptanal, and pentanal, has been determined in two weeks of product storage. An increase in the aldehyde concentration has been detected in samples treated with doses from 500 Gy to 10 kGy on days 1–4 after irradiation. It has been revealed that, with an increase in the irradiation dose the period of aldehyde accumulation in irradiated meat is displaced toward a shorter period of product storage. Thus, aldehydes can be considered as potential markers of irradiation treatment of chicken meat in the first four days after irradiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140169467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s0020168523150104
Yu. G. Matvienko
Abstract
The basic aspects of the J-A concept of elastoplastic two-parameter fracture mechanics based on a three-term asymptotic description of the stress field at the crack tip are presented. It is noted that the field of elastoplastic stresses at the crack tip is controlled by two parameters of fracture mechanics, namely, J-integral and parameter A. Parameter A is a measure of the deviation of the stress field from the HRR stress field and can be considered a parameter of elastoplastic constraint at the crack tip under conditions of both small- and large-scale yielding. The results of studying the influence of the exponent of the strain hardening of the material, crack aspect ratio, and the thickness of standard specimens with a crack on the elastoplastic stress intensity factor and parameter A are presented. A two-parameter elastoplastic J-A fracture criterion based on the relationship between J-integral and strain (stress) on the surface of the crack-notch and the principle of linear summation of damage is formulated. To reflect the crack-tip constraint, the parameter A is introduced into the criterion equation as a function of applied failure stresses. The elastoplastic fracture toughness as a function of the crack-tip constraint in the fracture criterion is interpreted as the corrected elastoplastic fracture toughness of a specimen with the corresponding constraint parameters A. The results of studying the normalized corrected fracture toughness as a function of failure stresses, crack aspect ratio, and strain hardening exponent of the material are presented.
摘要 介绍了基于裂纹尖端应力场三期渐近描述的弹塑性双参数断裂力学 J-A 概念的基本方面。参数 A 是应力场与 HRR 应力场偏差的度量，可视为小屈服和大屈服条件下裂纹尖端弹塑性约束的参数。本文介绍了研究材料应变硬化指数、裂纹长宽比以及带有裂纹的标准试样厚度对弹塑性应力强度因子和参数 A 的影响的结果。根据 J 积分与裂纹缺口表面应变（应力）之间的关系以及损伤线性求和原理，制定了双参数弹塑性 J-A 断裂准则。为反映裂纹尖端约束，在准则方程中引入了参数 A，作为施加破坏应力的函数。断裂准则中作为裂纹尖端约束函数的弹塑性断裂韧性被解释为具有相应约束参数 A 的试样的修正弹塑性断裂韧性。
{"title":"Two-Parameter Elastoplastic Fracture Criterion and Corrected Fracture Toughness","authors":"Yu. G. Matvienko","doi":"10.1134/s0020168523150104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168523150104","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The basic aspects of the <i>J</i>-<i>A</i> concept of elastoplastic two-parameter fracture mechanics based on a three-term asymptotic description of the stress field at the crack tip are presented. It is noted that the field of elastoplastic stresses at the crack tip is controlled by two parameters of fracture mechanics, namely, <i>J</i>-integral and parameter <i>A</i>. Parameter <i>A</i> is a measure of the deviation of the stress field from the <i>HRR</i> stress field and can be considered a parameter of elastoplastic constraint at the crack tip under conditions of both small- and large-scale yielding. The results of studying the influence of the exponent of the strain hardening of the material, crack aspect ratio, and the thickness of standard specimens with a crack on the elastoplastic stress intensity factor and parameter <i>A</i> are presented. A two-parameter elastoplastic <i>J</i>-<i>A</i> fracture criterion based on the relationship between <i>J</i>-integral and strain (stress) on the surface of the crack-notch and the principle of linear summation of damage is formulated. To reflect the crack-tip constraint, the parameter <i>A</i> is introduced into the criterion equation as a function of applied failure stresses. The elastoplastic fracture toughness as a function of the crack-tip constraint in the fracture criterion is interpreted as the corrected elastoplastic fracture toughness of a specimen with the corresponding constraint parameters <i>A</i>. The results of studying the normalized corrected fracture toughness as a function of failure stresses, crack aspect ratio, and strain hardening exponent of the material are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s0020168523150098
Yu. G. Matvienko, N. A. Makhutov, I. E. Vasil’ev, D. V. Chernov, V. I. Ivanov, S. V. Elizarov
Abstract
A structural-phenomenological concept of monitoring the residual strength of composite materials is proposed. The structural-phenomenological concept was developed taking into account the kinetics of damage and destruction of polymer composite material (PCM) at the micro-, meso-, and macroscale levels, which generate acoustic emission pulses (AE) recorded by the receiving transducers of the antenna array. A correspondence between the ongoing destruction of the composite material structure at the micro-, meso-, and macroscale level and the AE pulses recorded at the same time and their weight content provides the possibility of monitoring of the damage kinetics in the loading mode at all structural levels and, consequently, the possibility of control of the residual strength of the product. An algorithm and software have been developed that made it possible to divide the recorded AE signals into clusters of lower, middle, and upper energy levels corresponding to micro-, meso-, and macroscale disruptions of the structure of a composite material and calculate the AE activity and the weight content of location pulses in energy clusters, thus displaying the dynamics of their changes every second. Comparison of the current values of the most informative parameters of the weight content of location pulses in energy clusters with the threshold values recorded during the destruction of the material provides monitoring of the residual strength of the product in the loading mode. The validity of the developed concept, algorithm and software was proved during tests of elementary and structurally similar samples of PCM under different loading conditions. An example of using the developed technique for revealing the areas of the most intense damage accumulation in a MS-21 fuselage panel at a stepwise increase in the compressive load is presented. In addition to the possibility of identification of the area of intense accumulation of damage and failure of the structure of the composite material, the structural-phenomenological concept of the AE diagnostics provides also the possibility of tracing the damage kinetics at different scale-structural levels, controlling the level of the residual strength of the panel upon the stepwise compression.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Residual Strength of Composite Products Based on the Structural-Phenomenological Concept of Damage and Acoustic Emission Diagnostics","authors":"Yu. G. Matvienko, N. A. Makhutov, I. E. Vasil’ev, D. V. Chernov, V. I. Ivanov, S. V. Elizarov","doi":"10.1134/s0020168523150098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168523150098","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>A structural-phenomenological concept of monitoring the residual strength of composite materials is proposed. The structural-phenomenological concept was developed taking into account the kinetics of damage and destruction of polymer composite material (PCM) at the micro-, meso-, and macroscale levels, which generate acoustic emission pulses (AE) recorded by the receiving transducers of the antenna array. A correspondence between the ongoing destruction of the composite material structure at the micro-, meso-, and macroscale level and the AE pulses recorded at the same time and their weight content provides the possibility of monitoring of the damage kinetics in the loading mode at all structural levels and, consequently, the possibility of control of the residual strength of the product. An algorithm and software have been developed that made it possible to divide the recorded AE signals into clusters of lower, middle, and upper energy levels corresponding to micro-, meso-, and macroscale disruptions of the structure of a composite material and calculate the AE activity and the weight content of location pulses in energy clusters, thus displaying the dynamics of their changes every second. Comparison of the current values of the most informative parameters of the weight content of location pulses in energy clusters with the threshold values recorded during the destruction of the material provides monitoring of the residual strength of the product in the loading mode. The validity of the developed concept, algorithm and software was proved during tests of elementary and structurally similar samples of PCM under different loading conditions. An example of using the developed technique for revealing the areas of the most intense damage accumulation in a MS-21 fuselage panel at a stepwise increase in the compressive load is presented. In addition to the possibility of identification of the area of intense accumulation of damage and failure of the structure of the composite material, the structural-phenomenological concept of the AE diagnostics provides also the possibility of tracing the damage kinetics at different scale-structural levels, controlling the level of the residual strength of the panel upon the stepwise compression.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140204822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1134/s0020168523150116
V. M. Matyunin, A. Yu. Marchenkov, P. V. Volkov, M. A. Karimbekov, D. A. Zhgut, M. P. Petrova, N. O. Veremeeva
Abstract
The available approaches to converting indentation diagrams into stress–strain curves are reviewed. It is noted that most studies on converting the instrumented indentation diagrams of a ball indenter into the stress–strain curves have been carried out within the uniform deformation limits using various computational and experimental approaches, including the finite element method and neural networks. In the authors’ opinion, however, it is reasonable to perform the conversion of one diagram to another using the established relationship between indentation and tension deformations. This makes it possible not only to perform the conversion with a higher accuracy but also to evaluate the mechanical properties under tension from the indentation characteristics. The formulas most frequently used to determine plastic deformation contain a relative indentation diameter as the main parameter. Meanwhile, at the same relative indentation diameter and a constant ratio between the average contact pressure (Meyer hardness) and the true tensile stress, the indentation and tensile strain values can be significantly different owing to different strain hardening abilities of materials. The authors have established a relationship between the true elastoplastic deformation in the tensile tests and the relative depth of an unrecovered indentation obtained with a ball indenter with allowance for the strain hardening parameter determined from the instrumented indentation diagram. On the basis of the established relationship, a technique for converting the instrumented indentation diagram into a stress–strain curve in the uniform deformation region with the determination of the yield strength, tensile strength, and ultimate uniform tension has been developed. The technique has been verified by testing steels and aluminum, magnesium, and titanium alloys with strongly different Young’s moduli, strength characteristics, plasticity, and strain hardening.
{"title":"Converting the Instrumented Indentation Diagrams of a Ball Indenter into the Stress–Strain Curves for Metallic Structural Materials","authors":"V. M. Matyunin, A. Yu. Marchenkov, P. V. Volkov, M. A. Karimbekov, D. A. Zhgut, M. P. Petrova, N. O. Veremeeva","doi":"10.1134/s0020168523150116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168523150116","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The available approaches to converting indentation diagrams into stress–strain curves are reviewed. It is noted that most studies on converting the instrumented indentation diagrams of a ball indenter into the stress–strain curves have been carried out within the uniform deformation limits using various computational and experimental approaches, including the finite element method and neural networks. In the authors’ opinion, however, it is reasonable to perform the conversion of one diagram to another using the established relationship between indentation and tension deformations. This makes it possible not only to perform the conversion with a higher accuracy but also to evaluate the mechanical properties under tension from the indentation characteristics. The formulas most frequently used to determine plastic deformation contain a relative indentation diameter as the main parameter. Meanwhile, at the same relative indentation diameter and a constant ratio between the average contact pressure (Meyer hardness) and the true tensile stress, the indentation and tensile strain values can be significantly different owing to different strain hardening abilities of materials. The authors have established a relationship between the true elastoplastic deformation in the tensile tests and the relative depth of an unrecovered indentation obtained with a ball indenter with allowance for the strain hardening parameter determined from the instrumented indentation diagram. On the basis of the established relationship, a technique for converting the instrumented indentation diagram into a stress–strain curve in the uniform deformation region with the determination of the yield strength, tensile strength, and ultimate uniform tension has been developed. The technique has been verified by testing steels and aluminum, magnesium, and titanium alloys with strongly different Young’s moduli, strength characteristics, plasticity, and strain hardening.</p>","PeriodicalId":585,"journal":{"name":"Inorganic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140204825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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