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Method for calculating relative performance of microprocessors for comparison under ideal state 用于比较理想状态下微处理器相对性能的计算方法
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857592
Jay Sharma, A. Kaur, T. Choudhury
Processing of digital data is a primary requirement of every industry that exists, from basic computing to advanced medical research analysis, from as simple as a music player to as complicated as an LHC (Large Hadron Collider), microprocessors are required everywhere to process the information and yield a desired output. This paper gives a deep insight about the developments in microprocessors since the initial integrated circuit (IC) came into existence and advancements in it till date. This paper also discusses about Moore's Law and its application in this field to possibly increase the performance of microprocessors. A performance equation has been formulated for relative comparison between two microprocessors under a defined Ideal State. This paper also aims to aware a user about the functioning of microprocessors with a brief history to cover up the lack of understanding about processors.
从基础计算到先进的医学研究分析,从简单的音乐播放器到复杂的大型强子对撞机(LHC),处理数字数据是每个行业存在的主要要求,到处都需要微处理器来处理信息并产生期望的输出。本文对微处理器自最初的集成电路(IC)出现以来的发展和至今的进展进行了深入的分析。本文还讨论了摩尔定律及其在这一领域的应用,以期提高微处理器的性能。在理想状态下,建立了两个微处理器相对比较的性能方程。本文还旨在通过简单的历史了解微处理器的功能,以掩盖对处理器缺乏了解的用户。
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引用次数: 2
A qualitative approach for refactoring of code clone opportunities using graph and tree methods 使用图和树方法重构代码克隆机会的定性方法
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857608
Chaitanya Kulkarni
Reusing of code has been a very common practice in software development. This practice has been implemented to reduce programming time and efforts greatly. This copying and pasting behavior of programmers leads to cloning of codes and therefore has a very serious impact on the maintenance of the software systems. Many clone detection tool has been proposed to find out the copied code. However, refactoring of code is still a challenging part as most of the ongoing tools depend on detection of clone rather than the ability to make decision on refactorability. These tools do not guarantee whether such codes can be safely refactored or not. Our aim mainly lies on detecting the possibility of refactoring a code. To find out whether the code clone can be securely refactored or not, three methods are applied: Nesting Structure Mapping, Statement Mapping and Precondition Examination. In order to refactor the code, we apply some techniques like Pull-Up Method and Push-Down Method. In our approach, we have tried to find the refactorable code using the methods and also refactored the code so as to remove the problem of code cloning.
代码重用在软件开发中是一种非常普遍的做法。实现这种做法是为了大大减少编程时间和工作量。程序员的这种复制和粘贴行为导致了代码的克隆,因此对软件系统的维护产生了非常严重的影响。为了找出被复制的代码,已经提出了许多克隆检测工具。然而,代码重构仍然是一个具有挑战性的部分,因为大多数正在使用的工具依赖于克隆检测,而不是根据可重构性做出决策的能力。这些工具不能保证这些代码是否可以安全地重构。我们的目标主要在于检测重构代码的可能性。为了确定代码克隆是否可以安全重构,采用了嵌套结构映射、语句映射和前提条件检查三种方法。为了重构代码,我们使用了一些技术,如上拉方法和下拉方法。在我们的方法中,我们尝试使用方法找到可重构的代码,并重构代码以消除代码克隆的问题。
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引用次数: 2
Gray-scale image enhancement using differential evolution optimization algorithm 灰度图像增强的差分进化优化算法
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857599
Rohan Gupta, Smriti Sehgal
Differential Evolution algorithm (DE) is a search method that iteratively searches for the solutions of machine learning and engineering problems that involve optimization. This paper aims at displaying the effectiveness and adaptability of the DE algorithm to find the global optimal solutions iteratively for contrast enhancement of grayscale images. An image's contrast can be modified by gray-level adjustments to the pixel intensities of the original image with the help of a parameterized intensity transformation function. A quality function is used to judge the quality of the enhanced images which incorporates various conditions of image enhancement and is used as the fitness criterion. The Differential Evolution algorithm aims at maximizing the fitness function through adjustments to variables of the pixel intensity transformation function.
差分进化算法(Differential Evolution algorithm, DE)是一种迭代搜索涉及优化的机器学习和工程问题解的搜索方法。本文旨在展示DE算法迭代寻找灰度图像对比度增强全局最优解的有效性和适应性。通过参数化强度变换函数,对原始图像的像素强度进行灰度级调整,可以修改图像的对比度。结合图像增强的各种条件,使用质量函数来判断增强图像的质量,并将其作为适应度准则。差分进化算法的目的是通过调整像素强度变换函数的变量,使适应度函数最大化。
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引用次数: 4
Prototype of household inverter using dual-axis solar tracker to overcome shortage of energy 利用双轴太阳能跟踪器克服能源短缺的家用逆变器原型
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857609
S. Gangwar, Ankit Madnawat, Paurush Bhulania
Energy crisis is one of the biggest problems in developing countries. There is a big gap between generation and demand of Electric energy. Since the deposits of Non-renewable energy are limited, the only solution is to use Renewable energy. Solar energy which is present in abundance can play a vital role to overcome the energy deficiency. The potential of solar voltaic energy can also be exploited for averting environmental pollution and managing atmospheric emission. This research paper provides a proposal for design of an inverter using dual axis solar tracker installed on rooftop. The paper focuses on presenting the structure and application of a microcontroller based dual axis solar tracker which tracks the direction of the solar radiation thereby adjusting the movement of solar panel accordingly. This facilitates the sun to remain perpendicular to the PV panel throughout the day which makes the total energy received to be increased by 50–60%. The energy hence received gets stored in a chargeable battery. This battery has an inverter attached to it so that whenever there is a power-cut, the stored energy may be used to light up the appliances. The stated research aims at minimizing the dependence on power from national grid station to meet the daily energy requirements in both urban and rural areas of the country.
能源危机是发展中国家面临的最大问题之一。电能的发电量和需求量之间存在着很大的差距。由于不可再生能源的储量有限,唯一的解决办法就是使用可再生能源。丰富的太阳能对克服能源短缺起着至关重要的作用。太阳能光伏的潜力也可以用于避免环境污染和管理大气排放。本文提出了一种基于屋顶太阳能跟踪器的逆变器设计方案。本文重点介绍了一种基于单片机的双轴太阳跟踪器的结构和应用,该跟踪器可以跟踪太阳辐射的方向,从而相应地调整太阳能电池板的运动。这有助于太阳全天保持垂直于光伏板,使接收的总能量增加50-60%。因此,接收到的能量被储存在可充电电池中。这种电池上有一个逆变器,这样当停电时,储存的能量就可以用来点亮电器。所述研究旨在最大限度地减少对国家电网电站电力的依赖,以满足该国城乡地区的日常能源需求。
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引用次数: 4
Time series prediction using focused time lagged radial basis function network 聚焦时滞后径向基网络的时间序列预测
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857602
Rajesh Kumar, S. Srivastava, J. Gupta
In this paper temporal processing of time series function has been done using radial basis function network. Radial basis function network structure is actually static but it has been converted into dynamic one using memory component. Proposed dynamic radial basis function network is called as focused time lagged radial basis function network (FTLRBFN). In a time series function, output at any given instant of time depends on the past values of the inputs. This feature is exploited while implementing the FTLRBFN. Back propagation algorithm based on gradient descent principle is used to adjust the parameters of radial basis function network. The proposed FTLRBFN is also implemented to simulate the complex time series function. The results so obtained show that FTLRBFN is effective in approximating any complex time series function. Comparison in terms of average mean square error is also made when multi layer feed forward neural network (MLFFNN) is used in the proposed scheme. It is found that the proposed scheme with radial basis function network has given less average mean square error as compared to that obtained with MLFFNN in the scheme.
本文采用径向基函数网络对时间序列函数进行时间处理。径向基函数网络结构实际上是静态的,但利用存储组件将其转化为动态的。提出的动态径向基网络称为聚焦时滞后径向基网络(FTLRBFN)。在时间序列函数中,任意给定时刻的输出取决于输入的过去值。在实现FTLRBFN时利用了该特性。采用基于梯度下降原理的反向传播算法对径向基函数网络进行参数调整。该算法还用于模拟复杂时间序列函数。结果表明,该方法可以有效地逼近任何复杂的时间序列函数。采用多层前馈神经网络(MLFFNN)对所提出的方案进行了均方误差的比较。结果表明,采用径向基函数网络的方案比采用MLFFNN的方案具有更小的均方误差。
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引用次数: 3
Performance evaluation based improved data communication with lossy links for wireless sensor networks 基于有损链路改进数据通信的无线传感器网络性能评估
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857628
Simarjeet Kaur, Shivani Sharma
In the applying based WSNs issue, energy and bandwidth of those items are respected strategies and essential to obtain proficiently. Information collected at the base station by distinct nodes sparks the excess of information which effects in optimum energy usage. To reduce this dilemma a whole new data aggregation method has been in the offing called distributed likeness based clustering and squeezed forwarding that has increased the efficiency of the WSNs utilizing the group based data aggregation. This accomplish has particular in assessing the performance of nodes aimed DEA protocol. That comparison has demonstrated that the outcomes of in the offing accomplish are quite a lot better compared to prevailing results.
在基于应用的无线传感器网络问题中,这些项目的能量和带宽是被尊重的策略,也是必须熟练掌握的。由不同节点在基站收集的信息激发了影响最佳能源使用的多余信息。为了减少这种困境,一种全新的数据聚合方法应运而生,这种方法被称为基于相似的分布式聚类和压缩转发,它利用基于组的数据聚合提高了wsn的效率。这一成果在评估针对DEA协议的节点性能方面具有特殊意义。这一比较表明,与当前结果相比,即将完成的结果要好得多。
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引用次数: 0
On efficient multicasting in cognitive radio networks 认知无线网络中的高效多播
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857615
Diksha Goyal, Awadhesh Kumar Singh
Multicasting uses single transmission to send data to multiple destinations. Thus, minimizes the usage of resource like bandwidth, time and connection costs. In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), arrival of primary user (PU) at a particular channel causes the secondary user (SU) to terminate its communication. Hence, the potential of multicasting is restricted in CRNs due to uncertainty among channel caused by PU sudden appearance. This article presents multicast protocol where activities of PUs are modeled along with channel allocation. We propose an approach which performs local route repair procedure due to onset of PU and thereby avoiding end to end reroute procedures. The performance evaluation is conducted using NS2 simulator (CRCN patch) to outperform the proposed work.
多播使用单次传输将数据发送到多个目的地。因此,最小化带宽、时间和连接成本等资源的使用。在认知无线网络(crn)中,主用户(PU)到达特定信道时,会导致从用户(SU)终止其通信。因此,由于PU的突然出现导致信道间的不确定性,限制了crn中多播的潜力。本文介绍了多播协议,其中对pu的活动以及信道分配进行了建模。我们提出了一种由于PU的发生而执行局部路线修复程序的方法,从而避免了端到端重新路由程序。使用NS2模拟器(CRCN补丁)进行性能评估,以优于所提出的工作。
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引用次数: 1
Brain tumor pixels detection using adaptive wavelet based histogram thresholding and fine windowing 基于自适应小波直方图阈值和精细窗的脑肿瘤像素检测
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857627
S. Salwe, R. Raut, P. Hajare
In recent years, image processing had covered a wide area over medical applications in diagnosis of wide variety of diseases in medical images. Brain tumor detection is one of the most widely used applications by vast researchers. In this paper a novel approach is presented for detection of affected mass (tumor) in magnetic resonance images (MRI). Two level wavelet transform is used to decompose the brain image with mother wavelet ‘db6’. The horizontal, vertical and the diagonal components at both the levels are further decomposed to level five using histogram for each of the component using one dimensional wavelet transform. By finding global minima at level five, and then mapped at the component histogram, a threshold value is found out. The component then is thresholded using this adaptive threshold. The original image is then reconstructed with the obtained components using this course segmentation. The approximation component at level one is unaltered. Lastly a windowing technique is used to eliminate the false detection due to light in-homogeneity or due to hard tissues, which uses a window based threshold. Results after fine segmentation showed that normal patient images showed complete black region in the final segmented image whereas malignant images showed the region of interest after segmentation. The MRI images from a research institute were obtained and the results after segmentation were validated from an expert from the same research institute.
近年来,图像处理在医学领域的应用已经非常广泛,医学图像中各种疾病的诊断都得到了广泛的应用。脑肿瘤检测是众多研究人员最广泛使用的应用之一。本文提出了一种在磁共振图像(MRI)中检测肿瘤的新方法。采用二级小波变换对脑图像进行母小波' db6 '分解。水平,垂直和对角线组件在这两个级别进一步分解为级别5使用直方图的每个组件使用一维小波变换。通过在第5层找到全局最小值,然后映射到组件直方图上,找到一个阈值。然后使用此自适应阈值对组件进行阈值设置。然后利用该过程分割得到的分量对原始图像进行重构。第一级的近似分量不变。最后,采用基于窗口的阈值技术,消除了由于光不均匀性或硬组织导致的误检。精细分割后的结果表明,正常患者图像在最终分割的图像中呈现完整的黑色区域,而恶性患者图像在分割后呈现感兴趣的区域。获得某研究所的MRI图像,分割后的结果由同一研究所的专家进行验证。
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引用次数: 9
Sensor based communication kit for impaired society using hand gestures 基于传感器的沟通工具,为残疾社会使用手势
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857597
Manpreet Singh Sohal, R. Bajaj
A gesture is used to classify and recognize a signal that enables communication among the impaired community Gestures found their existence long times back in the history pages. They have always been an effective way of communication for those who are unable to express themselves through simple communication just like a normal being. As a way of expressing oneself gestures have found far more importance in research as they are being implemented in some way to give rise to a new thinking that can help cover the specific tasks. This article covers the aspect of the dumb community in a way that can be helpful for them to express their views. The disabled people just need to wear the wrist kit and provide connectivity with the database and look up for the matched gesture. The database has a vast collection of gestures and will display the gesture along with audio depicting the specific meaning of the gesture. The device is portable that facilitates communication between the impaired and the normal society.
手势被用来对信号进行分类和识别,使残疾人之间的交流成为可能。手势在历史上很久以前就存在了。对于那些无法像正常人一样通过简单的交流来表达自己的人来说,它们一直是一种有效的沟通方式。作为一种表达自己的方式,手势在研究中已经发现了更多的重要性,因为它们正在以某种方式实现,从而产生一种新的思维,可以帮助完成特定的任务。本文以一种有助于哑巴社区表达自己观点的方式介绍了哑巴社区的各个方面。残疾人只需要佩戴手腕套件,提供与数据库的连接,并查找匹配的手势。该数据库拥有大量的手势,并将显示手势以及描述手势具体含义的音频。该设备便于携带,方便了残疾人与正常社会之间的交流。
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引用次数: 0
Internet of Things for monitoring the environmental parameters 物联网用于监测环境参数
Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/INCITE.2016.7857588
Prianka Agrawal, G. Chitranshi
Rapid growth in the infrastructure and industrial automation is creating environmental problems. In controlling the environment with pollutants researchers have develop strategies for monitoring the parameters and issues related to environment. This paper introduces the design of web server using internet of things based on ATmega328 and Ethernet Shield W5100 Ethernet controller chip with some I/O devices. To create an HTML webpage for that it need an IP address of Server side and enter into the browser like Internet Browser, Firefox and Google Chrome at client side. Input/output devices are LM35 temperature sensor, Rain sensor, BMP180 pressure. Temperature, Pressure, Altitude and Rain conditions are monitored and a system is developed and tested wherein in emergency situation various devices are controlled in real time.
基础设施和工业自动化的快速发展正在产生环境问题。在污染物控制环境的过程中,研究人员制定了监测环境参数和相关问题的策略。本文介绍了基于ATmega328和Ethernet Shield W5100以太网控制器芯片以及若干I/O器件的物联网web服务器的设计。要创建一个HTML网页,它需要一个服务器端的IP地址,并在客户端进入浏览器,如Internet浏览器,Firefox和b谷歌Chrome。输入/输出器件有LM35温度传感器,雨水传感器,BMP180压力传感器。对温度、压力、海拔高度和降雨情况进行监测,并开发和测试了一个系统,其中在紧急情况下实时控制各种设备。
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引用次数: 8
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