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An intelligent impulsive noise mitigation with deep learning method 用深度学习方法缓解智能脉冲噪声
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12117
Guo Yang, Yuwen Qian, Zikun Wang, Xiangwei Zhou, Wen Wu

To enable message transmission among sensors and equipment, power line communication (PLC) is a widely adopted smart grid. However, due to the occurrence of impulsive noise (IN), reliable transmissions over PLC channels in the smart grid are challenging. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an adaptive noise mitigation scheme to clip the IN with the sliding window-based method, where the altitude of the received signal in the current time slots is obtained by computing the average altitude of signals in the previous and next time slots. To detect the states of IN and dynamically estimate the power threshold of signals for the IN mitigation scheme, we develop an intelligent algorithm based on the long short-term memory network. To prevent the useful signals from being eliminated as IN signals, we propose the accelerated proximal gradient method (APGM) based on tone reservation to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) for the transmitting signals with low computational complexity. In addition, the closed-form expression of the bit error rate (BER) is derived for the proposed sliding window-based IN mitigation scheme according to the probability density function of the IN. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IN mitigation scheme achieves a better BER performance than the conventional IN mitigation schemes. In addition, the APGM aided by IN mitigation can further improve BER performance due to the PAPR reduction.

为了实现传感器和设备之间的信息传输,电力线通信(PLC)成为智能电网广泛采用的一种通信方式。然而,由于存在脉冲噪声(IN),在智能电网中通过 PLC 信道进行可靠传输具有挑战性。因此,在本文中,我们提出了一种自适应噪声缓解方案,利用基于滑动窗口的方法来剪切 IN,即通过计算上一个时隙和下一个时隙信号的平均高度来获得当前时隙接收信号的高度。为了检测 IN 的状态并动态估计 IN 缓解方案的信号功率阈值,我们开发了一种基于长短期记忆网络的智能算法。为了防止有用信号作为 IN 信号被消除,我们提出了基于音调保留的加速近端梯度法(APGM),以较低的计算复杂度降低发射信号的峰均功率比(PAPR)。此外,根据 IN 的概率密度函数,我们还推导出了基于滑动窗口的 IN 缓解方案的误码率 (BER) 闭式表达式。仿真结果表明,与传统的 IN 缓解方案相比,所提出的 IN 缓解方案实现了更好的误码率性能。此外,由于降低了 PAPR,以 IN 缓解为辅助的 APGM 还能进一步提高误码率性能。
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引用次数: 0
Cover Image, Volume 4, Number 2, June 2024 封面图片,第 4 卷第 2 号,2024 年 6 月
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12120

Cover Caption: A velocity-based space–time finite element method (v-ST/FEM) is presented for analyzing dynamic soil–structure interaction in earth structures such as dams, tunnels, and embankments subjected to vibrational loading from high-speed trains, road traffic, underground explosions, and earthquakes. The method incorporates the Lysmer–Kuhlemeyer viscous boundary conditions to truncate the unbounded soil domain and includes time-dependent boundary conditions to model energy flow. The v-ST/FEM is third-order accurate in time. It introduces negligible numerical dispersion error, thus enabling precise computation of the dynamic responses of soils and structures during long-duration earthquake motions.

封面说明:本文介绍了一种基于速度的时空有限元方法(v-ST/FEM),用于分析大坝、隧道和堤坝等土体结构在高速列车、道路交通、地下爆炸和地震等振动荷载作用下的动态土-结构相互作用。该方法采用 Lysmer-Kuhlemeyer 粘滞边界条件来截断无边界土域,并采用随时间变化的边界条件来模拟能量流。v-ST/FEM 具有三阶时间精度。它引入的数值分散误差可以忽略不计,因此能够精确计算长时间地震运动时土壤和结构的动态响应。
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引用次数: 0
Weak signal extraction of micro-motor rotor unbalance based on all-phase fast Fourier transform 基于全相快速傅立叶变换的微电机转子不平衡弱信号提取技术
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12116
Qinghua Liu, Xingxing Xu, Zhenrong Lu, Liwei Yu, Dong Jiang

To improve the dynamic balancing accuracy of the micro-motor rotor, an unbalanced vibration feature extraction based on an all-phase fast Fourier transform (APFFT) method is proposed. The amplitude and phase of the signal are extracted by spectrum analysis after windowing the unbalanced signal. The mathematical model is derived to simulate the weak signal of rotor unbalance. The simulation results show that this method is accurate in extracting the weak signal of the rotor under different noise levels. The micro-motor rotor unbalanced test system is developed for experimental validations. The accuracy and stability of the vibration amplitude and phase extracted by the APFFT are better than the accuracy and stability from the hardware filtering method. The rotor unbalance is reduced by more than 80%. Furthermore, secondary balance of the rotor after the first balance is carried out. The proposed method can still extract the residual unbalance of the rotor. The results demonstrated that the proposed method can achieve a reduction rate of 90% and the accuracy is within 5 mg, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method for high-precision rotor dynamic balance.

为提高微电机转子的动平衡精度,提出了一种基于全相快速傅里叶变换(APFFT)方法的不平衡振动特征提取。在对不平衡信号进行窗口处理后,通过频谱分析提取信号的振幅和相位。得出了模拟转子不平衡微弱信号的数学模型。仿真结果表明,该方法能准确提取不同噪声水平下的转子微弱信号。开发了微电机转子不平衡测试系统进行实验验证。通过 APFFT 提取的振动幅值和相位的精度和稳定性均优于硬件滤波方法。转子不平衡度降低了 80% 以上。此外,在第一次平衡之后,还对转子进行了二次平衡。建议的方法仍能提取转子的残余不平衡度。结果表明,所提方法的不平衡度降低率可达 90%,精度在 5 毫克以内,验证了所提方法在高精度转子动平衡方面的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
A dual-mode integration framework and application to agile feedback design of launch vehicles 双模式集成框架及其在运载火箭敏捷反馈设计中的应用
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12110
Wenfeng Zhang, Xiaoshuang Cai, Zhendong Liu, Shan Luo, Rendong Yu

In recent decades, the design of complex systems like launch vehicles in the aerospace industry has presented engineers with challenges that go beyond system complexity. Issues such as time-to-market pressures and intricate industrial processes have underscored the increasing significance of agile design methodologies. Agile design is derived from the simplification of the design process and enhancing cross-domain data transmission and feedback. While methods based on model-based system engineering have improved iteration times in system architecture design, challenges persist in cross-domain data transmission. Due to the diversity of complex system models and data, a single-mode integration method is difficult to realize the data link construction of all tools used. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a dual-mode data integration framework with expansibility, universality, and cost-efficiency which leverages the benefits of Remote Procedure Call and Intermediate Exchange Module, addressing the challenge of constructing cross-domain data links under single-mode integration. In this study, two critical requirements of the first- and second-stage separation systems, namely, weight and minimum separation gap, are selected for data feedback. A Modelica-based multiphysics simulation model is developed in MWorks; visualization and computation of the minimum gap are carried out in CoppeliaSim. To bridge the gap between domain-specific tools, Matlab and Functional Mock-up Unit modules are introduced as middleware, facilitating data feedback linkage. The entire simulation process is orchestrated using activity diagrams in the MagicDraw tool. The study delves into the influence of critical design parameters, such as the initial angular velocity of separation and the thrust of the retro rocket, on the minimum separation gap. It provides an analysis of minimum separation gap variations under uncertain operating conditions and examines design margins. Significantly, the paper highlights the significance of controlling the initial angular velocity during separation and the reliability of the retro rocket, providing essential decision supports and valuable insights to agile the process of system design.

近几十年来,航空航天工业中运载火箭等复杂系统的设计给工程师们带来了超越系统复杂性的挑战。上市时间压力和错综复杂的工业流程等问题凸显了敏捷设计方法日益重要的意义。敏捷设计源于简化设计流程和加强跨领域数据传输与反馈。虽然基于模型的系统工程方法改善了系统架构设计的迭代时间,但跨领域数据传输方面的挑战依然存在。由于复杂系统模型和数据的多样性,单一模式的集成方法很难实现所有工具的数据链路构建。针对这一难题,本文提出了一种具有扩展性、通用性和成本效益的双模数据集成框架,充分利用了远程过程调用和中间交换模块的优势,解决了单模集成下跨域数据链路构建的难题。本研究选择了第一级和第二级分离系统的两个关键要求,即重量和最小分离间隙,用于数据反馈。在 MWorks 中开发了基于 Modelica 的多物理场仿真模型;在 CoppeliaSim 中实现了最小间隙的可视化和计算。为了弥合特定领域工具之间的差距,引入了 Matlab 和功能模拟单元模块作为中间件,以促进数据反馈连接。整个仿真过程使用 MagicDraw 工具中的活动图进行协调。研究深入探讨了关键设计参数,如分离的初始角速度和反冲火箭的推力,对最小分离间隙的影响。它分析了不确定运行条件下最小分离间隙的变化,并研究了设计余量。重要的是,论文强调了控制分离过程中的初始角速度和反火箭可靠性的重要性,为敏捷的系统设计过程提供了重要的决策支持和有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Three-magnet-ring quasi-zero stiffness isolator for low-frequency vibration isolation 用于低频隔振的三磁环准零刚度隔振器
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12107
Shang Wang, Lei Hou, Qingye Meng, Gengshuo Cui, Xiaodong Wang

A three-magnet-ring quasi-zero stiffness (QZS-TMR) isolator is designed to solve the problem of low-frequency vibration isolation in the vertical direction of precision equipment. QZS-TMR has both positive and negative stiffness structures. The positive stiffness structure consists of two mutually repelling magnetic rings and the negative stiffness structure consists of two magnetic rings nested within each other. By modulating the relative distance between positive and negative stiffness structures, the isolator can have QZS characteristics. Compared with other QZS isolators, the QZS-TMR is compact and easy to manufacture. In addition, the working load of QZS-TMR can be flexibly adjusted by varying the radial widths of the inner magnetic ring. In this paper, the static analysis of QZS-TMR is carried out to guide the design, and the low-frequency vibration isolation performance is studied. In addition, the experimental prototype of QZS-TMR is designed and manufactured. The static and vibration isolation experiments are carried out on the prototype. The results show that the initial vibration isolation frequency of the experimental prototype is about 4 Hz. The results show an excellent low-frequency vibration isolation effect, which is consistent with the theoretical research. This paper introduces a new approach to the design of the QZS isolator.

三磁环准零刚度(QZS-TMR)隔振器是专为解决精密设备垂直方向的低频隔振问题而设计的。QZS-TMR 具有正刚度和负刚度两种结构。正刚度结构由两个相互排斥的磁环组成,负刚度结构由两个相互嵌套的磁环组成。通过调节正、负刚度结构之间的相对距离,隔离器可具有 QZS 特性。与其他 QZS 隔离器相比,QZS-TMR 结构紧凑,易于制造。此外,QZS-TMR 的工作载荷可通过改变内磁环的径向宽度进行灵活调节。本文对 QZS-TMR 进行了静态分析以指导设计,并研究了其低频隔振性能。此外,还设计并制造了 QZS-TMR 的实验原型。在原型上进行了静态和隔振实验。结果表明,实验原型的初始隔振频率约为 4 Hz。结果表明,低频隔振效果极佳,与理论研究结果一致。本文介绍了一种设计 QZS 隔振器的新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Elevating haptic interfaces: Dual-rate sampling and field programmable gate array implementation for multi-degree-of-freedom performance enhancement 提升触觉界面:双速率采样和现场可编程门阵列实现多自由度性能提升
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12115
Majid Koul, Suhail Khosa, Babar Ahmad

In this work, our primary focus centered on exploring the adaptability of the dual-rate sampling scheme proposed earlier to enhance the performance of multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DOF) impedance-based haptic interfaces. The scheme employed independent sampling rates in a haptics controller, effectively mitigating the issue of reduced Z-width at higher sampling rates. A key aspect of our investigation was the intricate implementation of the dual-rate sampling scheme on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). This implementation on a logic hardware FPGA was challenging and led to the effective comparison of the uniform-rate and dual-rate sampling schemes of the multi-DOF haptic controller. We used an in-house developed two-DOF pantograph as the haptic interface and an FPGA for implementing the controller strategy. FPGA-based implementation presented challenges that were vital in testing controller performances at higher sampling rates. Virtual wall experiments were conducted to determine the stable and unstable interactions with the virtual wall. To complement the experimental results, we simulated the haptics force law for multi-DOF system on Simulink/MATLAB. Notably, the dual-rate sampling approach maintained the Z-width of the two-DOF haptic interface, even at higher controller sampling rates, distinguishing it from the conventional two-DOF uniform-rate control scheme. For example, employing a dual-rate sampling combination of 20–2 kHz consistently ensured the stable rendering of a maximum virtual stiffness of approximately 700 N/mm and maintained a reliable virtual damping range spanning from 0 to 5 Ns/mm. In contrast, the 20 kHz uniform-rate sampling approach failed to ensure interface stability in the presence of virtual damping, ultimately resulting in the unsuccessful implementation of any virtual stiffness at higher sampling rates. This work, therefore, establishes the potential of dual-rate sampling in the realm of haptic technology, with practical applications in multi-DOF systems.

在这项工作中,我们的主要重点是探索早先提出的双速率采样方案的适应性,以提高基于阻抗的多自由度(multi-DOF)触觉界面的性能。该方案在触觉控制器中采用了独立的采样率,有效缓解了采样率较高时 Z 宽减小的问题。我们研究的一个关键方面是在现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)上复杂地实施双速率采样方案。在逻辑硬件 FPGA 上实现该方案具有挑战性,这使得我们能够有效地比较多多维触觉控制器的统一速率和双速率采样方案。我们使用内部开发的二维受电弓作为触觉接口,并使用 FPGA 实施控制器策略。基于 FPGA 的实施带来了挑战,这对测试控制器在更高采样率下的性能至关重要。我们进行了虚拟墙实验,以确定与虚拟墙的稳定和不稳定交互。为了对实验结果进行补充,我们在 Simulink/MATLAB 上模拟了多多自由度系统的触觉力法。值得注意的是,即使在控制器采样率较高的情况下,双速率采样方法仍能保持二维触觉界面的 Z 宽度,这使其有别于传统的二维均匀速率控制方案。例如,采用 20-2 千赫的双速率采样组合可持续确保稳定呈现约 700 牛顿/毫米的最大虚拟刚度,并保持 0 至 5 牛顿/毫米的可靠虚拟阻尼范围。相比之下,20 kHz 的均匀速率采样方法无法确保虚拟阻尼存在时的界面稳定性,最终导致在更高采样率下无法成功实现任何虚拟刚度。因此,这项工作证明了双速率采样在触觉技术领域的潜力,并可实际应用于多自由度系统。
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引用次数: 0
Space–time finite element method with domain reduction techniques for dynamic soil–structure interaction problems 采用域缩减技术的时空有限元法解决土壤与结构的动态相互作用问题
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12106
Vikas Sharma, Shion Shimizu, Kazunori Fujisawa

Design of earth structures, such as dams, tunnels, and embankments, against the vibrational loading caused by high-speed trains, road traffic, underground explosions, and, more importantly, earthquake motion, demands solutions of the dynamic soil–structure Interaction (SSI) problem. This paper presents a velocity-based space–time finite element procedure, v-ST/finite element method (FEM), to solve dynamic SSI problems. The main goal of this study is to present the computation details of implementing viscous boundary conditions of Lysmer–Kuhlemeyer to truncate the unbounded soil domain. Furthermore, additional time-dependent boundary conditions, in terms of the free-field response, are included to facilitate energy flow from the far field to the computation domain at the vertical truncated boundaries. In the FEM, seismic input motion is applied to an effective nodal force vector, which can be obtained explicitly in the numerical simulations. Finally, the response of a concrete gravity dam resting on an elastic half-space to the horizontal component of earthquake motion is computed and successfully compared with the results of semidiscrete FEM using the Newmark- method.

设计大坝、隧道和堤坝等土体结构时,需要解决由高速列车、道路交通、地下爆炸以及更重要的地震运动引起的振动荷载问题。本文提出了一种基于速度的时空有限元程序--v-ST/有限元法(FEM),用于解决动态 SSI 问题。本研究的主要目标是介绍实施 Lysmer-Kuhlemeyer 粘边界条件以截断无边界土壤域的计算细节。此外,在自由场响应方面还包含了额外的随时间变化的边界条件,以促进能量从远场流向垂直截断边界的计算域。在有限元模型中,地震输入运动被应用于有效的节点力向量,这可以在数值模拟中明确获得。最后,计算了位于弹性半空间上的混凝土重力坝对地震运动水平分量的响应,并成功地与使用纽马克方法的半离散有限元的结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Boundary integrated neural networks and code for acoustic radiation and scattering 声辐射和散射的边界集成神经网络和代码
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12109
Wenzhen Qu, Yan Gu, Shengdong Zhao, Fajie Wang, Ji Lin

This paper presents a novel approach called the boundary integrated neural networks (BINNs) for analyzing acoustic radiation and scattering. The method introduces fundamental solutions of the time-harmonic wave equation to encode the boundary integral equations (BIEs) within the neural networks, replacing the conventional use of the governing equation in physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). This approach offers several advantages. First, the input data for the neural networks in the BINNs only require the coordinates of “boundary” collocation points, making it highly suitable for analyzing acoustic fields in unbounded domains. Second, the loss function of the BINNs is not a composite form and has a fast convergence. Third, the BINNs achieve comparable precision to the PINNs using fewer collocation points and hidden layers/neurons. Finally, the semianalytic characteristic of the BIEs contributes to the higher precision of the BINNs. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, and a MATLAB code implementation is provided as supplementary material.

本文提出了一种用于分析声辐射和散射的新方法,即边界集成神经网络(BINNs)。该方法引入时谐波方程的基本解,在神经网络中编码边界积分方程(BIEs),取代了物理信息神经网络(PINNs)中传统的调控方程。这种方法有几个优点。首先,BINNs 神经网络的输入数据只需要 "边界 "定位点的坐标,因此非常适合分析无边界域中的声场。其次,BINNs 的损失函数不是复合形式,收敛速度快。第三,BINNs 使用较少的配准点和隐层/神经元就能达到与 PINNs 相当的精度。最后,BIEs 的半解析特性有助于提高 BINNs 的精度。本文列举了一些数值示例来证明所提方法的性能,并提供了 MATLAB 代码实现作为补充材料。
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引用次数: 0
Composite fault mechanism and vibration characteristics of high-speed train axle-box bearings 高速列车轴箱轴承的复合故障机理和振动特性
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12108
Weixu Zhao, Yongqiang Liu, Baosen Wang, Yingying Liao

Axle-box bearings are crucial components of high-speed trains and operate in challenging conditions. As service mileage increases, these bearings are susceptible to various failures, posing a safety risk to high-speed train operations. Thus, it is crucial to examine the deployment methods of axle-box bearings. A dynamic model of axle-box bearings for high-speed trains with compound faults is constructed by setting up separate faults in two rows of double-row tapered roller bearings based on a single-fault model. The model's high accuracy in expressing compound faults is verified through corresponding experimental results. Then, the frequency domain diagram of system vibration response under varying rotational speed conditions is obtained, and the amplitude corresponding to the single frequency is extracted and analyzed to identify the optimal rotational speed band for composite fault diagnosis. Finally, the optimal speed band is analyzed under different faults, different load sizes, and different composite fault types. It can be concluded that the determination of the optimal speed band is solely influenced by the composite fault type and is independent of the fault and load sizes. Finally, it is concluded that the energy proportion of faults in different positions changes periodically with the change in speed, and this phenomenon is not affected by the fault sizes or load magnitude.

轴箱轴承是高速列车的关键部件,其运行条件极具挑战性。随着服务里程的增加,这些轴承容易出现各种故障,给高速列车运行带来安全风险。因此,研究轴箱轴承的部署方法至关重要。在单故障模型的基础上,通过在两列双列圆锥滚子轴承中分别设置故障,构建了高速列车轴箱轴承复合故障动态模型。通过相应的实验结果验证了该模型在表达复合故障方面的高准确性。然后,获得了不同转速条件下系统振动响应的频域图,并提取和分析了单频对应的振幅,从而确定了复合故障诊断的最佳转速带。最后,分析了不同故障、不同负载大小和不同复合故障类型下的最佳转速带。可以得出结论,最佳转速带的确定仅受复合故障类型的影响,与故障和负载大小无关。最后得出的结论是,不同位置故障的能量比例随速度变化而周期性变化,这一现象不受故障大小或负载大小的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of natural vibration of truncated conical shells partially filled with fluid 部分填充流体的截顶锥形壳体的自然振动分析
IF 3.4 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12105
Sergey A. Bochkarev, Sergey V. Lekomtsev

In this paper, we study the vibrational behavior of shells in the form of truncated cones containing an ideal compressible fluid. The sloshing effect on the free surface of the fluid is neglected. The dynamic behavior of the elastic structure is investigated based on the classical shell theory, the constitutive relations of which represent a system of ordinary differential equations written for new unknowns. Small fluid vibrations are described in terms of acoustic approximation using the wave equation for hydrodynamic pressure written in spherical coordinates. Its transformation into the system of ordinary differential equations is carried out by applying the generalized differential quadrature method. The formulated boundary value problem is solved by Godunov's orthogonal sweep method. Natural frequencies of shell vibrations are calculated using the stepwise procedure and the Muller method. The accuracy and reliability of the obtained results are estimated by making a comparison with the known numerical and analytical solutions. The dependencies of the lowest frequency on the fluid level and cone angle of shells under different combinations of boundary conditions (simply supported, rigidly clamped, and cantilevered shells) have been studied comprehensively. For conical straight and inverted shells, a numerical analysis has been performed to estimate the possibility of finding configurations at which the lowest natural frequencies exceed the corresponding values of the equivalent cylindrical shell.

本文研究了含有理想可压缩流体的截顶锥形壳体的振动行为。流体自由表面上的荡动效应被忽略。弹性结构的动态行为以经典壳理论为基础进行研究,其构成关系代表了一个为新未知数编写的常微分方程系统。小的流体振动用声学近似来描述,使用的是在球面坐标中写入的流体动力压力波方程。应用广义微分正交法将其转换为常微分方程组。利用戈杜诺夫正交扫频法解决了边界值问题。壳体振动的自然频率采用逐步法和穆勒法进行计算。通过与已知的数值解法和分析解法进行比较,估算了所得结果的准确性和可靠性。对不同边界条件组合(简单支撑、刚性夹紧和悬臂壳体)下壳体的最低频率与液面和锥角的关系进行了全面研究。对锥形直壳和倒壳进行了数值分析,以估计找到最低固有频率超过等效圆柱壳相应值的配置的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
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