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Study of Radiological Practices in Côte d’Ivoire: Case of the Frontal Chest Examination Côte科特迪瓦放射学实践研究:胸部正面检查一例
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.4236/wjnst.2021.113010
I. Konaté, Djagoury Koudou
Objective: The aim of our work is to study radiological practices in C?te d’Ivoire regarding the examination of the frontal chest in order to optimize the dose received by patients. Materials and Methods: The work was carried out in 11 of the most frequented radiology centers and involved 330 patients. The equipment used in addition to those that can be found in an X-ray room is the DAP-meter. Using the DAP-meter, we measured the Dose in the air (Dair) then we calculated the Entrance Surface Dose (De). Results: We have by the statistical method of the 75th percentile determined the Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL): 0.28 ± 0.03 mGy and by the arithmetic average, the average of the entrance surface dose (Dem): 0.23 ± 0.03 mGy. Since the DRL is lower than the Dem, the dose is said to be optimized. However by comparing the DRL of our work to the DRL values obtained in other countries, we can say that efforts can be made to further protect patients from unnecessary doses. This involves increasing the voltage, decreasing the load, increasing the detector focal point distance, and increasing additional filtration.
目的:我们工作的目的是研究C?科特迪瓦关于检查前胸以优化患者接受的剂量。材料和方法:这项工作在11个最常去的放射中心进行,涉及330名患者。除了在x光室可以找到的设备外,使用的设备是dap计。利用DAP-meter测量空气中剂量(Dair),计算入口表面剂量(De)。结果:采用第75百分位统计方法确定了诊断参考水平(DRL): 0.28±0.03 mGy,采用算术平均方法确定了入口表面剂量(Dem)的平均值:0.23±0.03 mGy。由于DRL小于Dem,所以剂量是最优的。然而,通过将我们工作的DRL值与其他国家获得的DRL值进行比较,我们可以说可以作出努力,进一步保护患者免受不必要的剂量。这包括增加电压,减少负载,增加探测器焦点距离,并增加额外的过滤。
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引用次数: 0
Radiological Concentration Distribution of 134Cs and 137Cs Due to a Hypothetical Accident of TRIGA Research Reactor TRIGA研究堆假想事故引起的134Cs和137Cs辐射浓度分布
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.4236/wjnst.2021.113009
Arif Jahan Sarawer, M. Hoq, M. A. Khae, Mahobul Islam, M. M. Rahman, M. T. Chowdhury, M. M. Rahman
The assessment of the radiological concentration of 134Cs and 137Cs owing to hypothetical accident of TRIGA Mark-II research Reactor at AERE, Savar, Bangladesh is presented here in this work. The concentration of 134Cs and 137Cs was estimated in different pathways consisting of the ingestion of plants, milk, and meat. The highest air concentration has been determined at 65 m distance from the core of the reactor. The maximum concentration passed off without delay simply after the accident in various directions. Local meteorological information such as average wind velocity and wind frequency were analyzed. Considering all directions, the highest concentration has been observed in the “S” direction. The concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs were determined in ground, vegetation, milk and meat. The concentration of 137Cs is investigated to be higher than the 134Cs. The concentration of 134Cs and 137Cs was found to be lower in vegetation, milk, and meat than that of ground concentration. Overall, in this study, the concentration in meat has been investigated to be lower. In case of a reactor accident, the concentration assessment due to the ingestion of vegetables, milk, and meat will be a valuable guide for insuring radiological protection across the research reactor at AERE, Savar, Bangladesh.
本文介绍了孟加拉国萨瓦尔AERE TRIGA Mark II研究堆假想事故引起的134Cs和137Cs放射性浓度的评估。134Cs和137Cs的浓度是通过摄入植物、牛奶和肉类等不同途径估算的。最高空气浓度已在距离反应堆堆芯65米处确定。事故发生后,最大浓度在各个方向上毫不拖延地消失了。分析了当地的平均风速和风频等气象信息。考虑到所有方向,在“S”方向观察到最高浓度。测定了土壤、植被、牛奶和肉类中134Cs和137Cs的浓度。137Cs的浓度被研究为高于134Cs。134Cs和137Cs在植被、牛奶和肉类中的浓度低于地面浓度。总的来说,在这项研究中,肉类中的浓度被调查为较低。在反应堆事故的情况下,由于摄入蔬菜、牛奶和肉类而进行的浓度评估将是确保孟加拉国萨瓦尔AERE研究反应堆辐射防护的宝贵指南。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of Element Levels of Lagoon from Townships near Cocody City Abidjan Côte D’Ivoire Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence 利用能量色散x射线荧光法测定阿比让科科迪市Côte科特迪瓦附近城镇泻湖中的元素含量
Pub Date : 2021-04-12 DOI: 10.4236/WJNST.2021.112008
A. Agbo, K. Djagouri, J. Brigui, Konin Pierre-Claver Kakou
Eight water bottles from Ebrie lagoon with pollution potency were studied using nuclear chemistry technique and Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. This pollution is characterized by pH and conductivity parameters, concentrations average in mg/L of metals such Fe (0.731), Mn (0.345), Cr (0.070), Cu (0.014) and concentrations of nutrients known to be pollutants and toxic for living or-ganisms. These heavy metals are dangerous to the lives, the local inhabitants and also a threat to aquatic life since this water is essential for the economical town, Abidjan. According to the Manganese concentration average (0.345 mg) values that higher than WHO (0.05 mg) value, the main likely source of pollu-tants is anthropogenic, industrial and agricultural. This study also shows the use of materials and lubricants near the lagoon that pollute this water.
利用核化学技术和能量色散X射线荧光技术对八个来自埃布里泻湖的具有污染效力的水瓶进行了研究。这种污染的特征是pH值和电导率参数,Fe(0.731)、Mn(0.345)、Cr(0.070)、Cu(0.014)等金属的平均浓度(mg/L),以及已知的污染物和对生物有毒的营养物质浓度。这些重金属对生命和当地居民构成危险,也对水生生物构成威胁,因为这些水对经济城镇阿比让至关重要。根据锰浓度平均值(0.345 mg)高于世界卫生组织值(0.05 mg),污染物质的主要可能来源是人为、工业和农业。这项研究还表明,泻湖附近使用的材料和润滑剂污染了这些水。
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引用次数: 1
Modeling of Radon and Its Short-Lived Decay Products during Showering: Dose to Adult Members of the Public 阵雨期间氡及其短命衰变产物的建模:对成年公众的剂量
Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.4236/WJNST.2021.112006
R. Rabi, L. Oufni, Khamiss Cheikh, El-Houcine Youssoufi, H. Badry, Y. Errami
Human exposure to radon inside different parts of the house has become a great concern. In this study, the distribution of radon and its decay inside the shower will be numerically investigated. In fact, the radon concentration in water is measured through the use of AlphaGUARD. They are used as an input for CFD simulation. The numerical results proved that temperature and humidity have significant impacts on both radon content and distribution. Also, the equilibrium factor variations between radon and its progeny with the temperature and relative humidity were carefully looked at. The equivalent doses due to 218Po and 214Po were evaluated in different tissues of the respiratory tract of the members of the public from the inhalation of air inside the shower. The annual effective dose due to radon short lived decay from the inhalation of air inside the shower by the members of the public was also investigated.
人类在房屋不同部位接触氡已成为一个非常令人担忧的问题。在这项研究中,氡的分布及其在淋浴间内的衰变将进行数值研究。事实上,水中的氡浓度是通过使用AlphaGUARD来测量的。它们被用作CFD模拟的输入。数值结果表明,温度和湿度对氡含量和分布都有显著影响。此外,还仔细研究了氡及其子代之间的平衡因子随温度和相对湿度的变化。通过在淋浴间吸入空气,对公众呼吸道不同组织中218Po和214Po的等效剂量进行了评估。还调查了公众在淋浴间内吸入空气而导致氡短寿命衰变的年度有效剂量。
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引用次数: 2
Study on Helium Bubble Coalescence in Titanium with Dislocations 位错钛中氦泡聚结的研究
Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.4236/WJNST.2021.112005
Baoling Zhang, Xue Su, Chongyang Li, Junwei Zhang
Dislocation and grain boundary have great influence on helium behavior in materials. In this paper, the helium bubble coalescence in titanium with dislocations was simulated using molecular dynamics method. The results show that, when the second helium bubble nucleates near the slip plane, it grows toward the first helium bubble which lies at the dislocation core till they coalesce with each other. However, it is not easy for the coalescence to occur if the two helium bubbles lie in different atomic layers in (001) plane. If the second helium bubble is nucleated on the side of the slip plane with full atomic layers, the second helium bubble growth could lead to the movement of the first helium bubble toward the other sides of the slip plane. The growth rate and direction of the second helium bubble are closely related to the pressure around it.
位错和晶界对氦在材料中的行为有很大的影响。本文用分子动力学方法模拟了位错作用下钛中的氦泡聚并过程。结果表明:当第二个氦泡在滑移面附近成核时,它会向位错核处的第一个氦泡生长直至两者合并;然而,如果两个氦泡位于(001)平面的不同原子层,则不容易发生聚并。如果第二个氦气泡在具有完整原子层的滑移面一侧成核,则第二个氦气泡的生长可能导致第一个氦气泡向滑移面的另一侧移动。第二个氦泡的生长速度和方向与其周围的压力密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
Study of Annealing the Damaged HPGe Detector 受损HPGe探测器的退火研究
Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.4236/WJNST.2021.112007
Jianyong Zhang, X. Mo, Xiao Cai
High purity germanium detectors have important applications in many fields. Detector’s performance deteriorated significantly due to radiation of neutron. The annealing of damaged HPGe detector is expounded in this monograph. The experiment results indicate that raising the temperature to 70°C for five days, the restoration efficiency can reach 90%.
高纯锗探测器在许多领域有着重要的应用。由于中子的辐射,探测器的性能明显下降。本文阐述了受损HPGe探测器的退火工艺。实验结果表明,将温度提高到70℃,保温5 d,恢复效率可达90%。
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引用次数: 0
Simulating the Production of Medical Radioisotopes in a Fast Thorium-Cycle ADS with SERPENT 用SERPENT模拟医用放射性同位素在快速钍循环ADS中的生产
Pub Date : 2021-01-29 DOI: 10.4236/WJNST.2021.111003
Ranjana Nath-M
Radiopharmaceuticals are used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic or therapeutic acts. The short decay half-lives of medical radioisotopes, especially those used for diagnostics, imply that they should be produced continuously and transported as quickly as possible to the medical units where they are used. Neutron-rich medical radioisotopes are generally produced in research reactors, like technetium-99m, lutetium-177, holmium-166 and iodine-131. On the other hand, proton-rich radioisotopes are produced via reactions with charged particles from accelerators like fluorine-18, gallium-67, iodine-123 and thallium-201. Beside this, innovative nuclear reactors are advocated as solutions to the issues of nuclear waste production and proliferation threats. Fast neutron, thorium-cycle and accelerator-driven subcritical (ADS) reactors are some of the most promising of them, proposed as safer fuel breeders and “waste burners”. This article examines the use of a fast thorium-cycle ADS with liquid lead-bismuth eutectic coolant for the production of molybdenum-99/technetium-99m and lutetium-177. Burnup simulation has been made with the Monte-Carlo (MC) code SERPENT. It is demonstrated that MC codes can advantageously be used to determine the optimal irradiation time for a given radioisotope in a realistic reactor core. It is also shown that fast thorium-cycle ADS is an economical option for the production of medical radioisotopes.
放射性药物在核医学中用于诊断或治疗作用。医用放射性同位素,特别是用于诊断的放射性同位素,衰变半衰期短,这意味着它们应该持续生产,并尽快运输到使用它们的医疗单位。富含中子的医用放射性同位素通常在研究反应堆中生产,如锝-99m、镥-177、钬-166和碘-131。另一方面,富含质子的放射性同位素是通过与来自加速器的带电粒子反应产生的,如氟-18、镓-67、碘-123和铊-201。除此之外,创新的核反应堆被提倡作为解决核废料生产和核扩散威胁问题的办法。快中子、钍循环和加速器驱动的亚临界(ADS)反应堆是其中一些最有前途的反应堆,被认为是更安全的燃料培育器和“废物燃烧器”。本文研究了快速钍循环ADS与液态铅铋共晶冷却剂在生产钼-99/锝-99m和镥-177中的应用。用蒙特卡罗程序SERPENT进行了燃耗模拟。结果表明,MC代码可以有利地用于确定实际堆芯中给定放射性同位素的最佳辐照时间。还表明,快速钍循环ADS是生产医用放射性同位素的经济选择。
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引用次数: 0
Criticality Search of an Accelerator Driven System Using the ANET Code 利用ANET程序搜索加速器驱动系统的临界性
Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.4236/WJNST.2021.111004
Xenofontos Thalia, Savva Panayiota, M. Varvayanni, J. Maillard, J. Silva, N. Catsaros
One of the most important safety parameters taken into consideration during the design and actual operation of a nuclear reactor is its control rods adjustment to reach criticality. Concerning the conventional nuclear systems, the specification of their rods’ position through the utilization of neutronics codes, deterministic or stochastic, is considered nowadays trivial. However, innovative nuclear reactor concepts such as the Accelerator Driven Systems require sophisticated simulation capabilities of the stochastic neutronics codes since they combine high energy physics, for the spallation-produced neutrons, with classical nuclear technology. ANET (Advanced Neutronics with Evolution and Thermal hydraulic feedback) is an under development stochastic neutronics code, able to cover the broad neutron energy spectrum involved in ADS systems and therefore capable of simulating conventional and hybrid nuclear reactors and calculating important reactor parameters. In this work, ANETS’s reliability to calculate the effective multiplication factor for three core configurations containing control rods of the Kyoto University Critical Assembly, an operating ADS, is examined. The ANET results successfully compare with results produced by well-established stochastic codes such as MCNP6.1.
在核反应堆的设计和实际运行过程中,最重要的安全参数之一是调整控制棒以达到临界状态。关于常规核系统,通过使用确定性或随机性的中子学代码来指定其棒的位置,如今被认为是微不足道的。然而,加速器驱动系统等创新核反应堆概念需要复杂的随机中子学代码模拟能力,因为它们将散裂产生的中子的高能物理与经典核技术相结合。ANET(Advanced Neutronics with Evolution and Thermal hydraulic feedback)是一个正在开发的随机中子学代码,能够覆盖ADS系统中涉及的宽中子能谱,因此能够模拟常规和混合核反应堆并计算重要的反应堆参数。在这项工作中,检验了ANETS计算包含京都大学临界组件控制棒的三个核心配置的有效倍增因子的可靠性。ANET的结果成功地与诸如MCNP6.1之类的公认随机代码产生的结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 1
Recovery of Rare Earth Elements Present in Mining Tails, by Leaching with Nitric and Hydrochloric Solutions 硝酸和盐酸浸出法回收尾矿中的稀土元素
Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.4236/WJNST.2021.111001
P. Fleming, Pedro Orrego, F. Pinilla
The rare earth elements (REE) include the group of 15 lanthanides, scandium and yttrium and have diverse applications in technological and nuclear areas. The existence of REE in massive solid mining wastes generated in leaching processes of copper minerals in the Atacama region of Chile generates the possibility of creating added value to the treatment of this type of waste and supporting the development of a circular economy, generating a useful by-product in different industries. In order to know the behavior of these elements present in the solid carrier waste, a leaching process was carried out by using two agents separately, corresponding to hydrochloric and nitric acid. The technical feasibility to recover REE from carrier tail was demonstrated, the best leaching agent for these elements being a hydrochloric solution, obtaining a maximum recovery efficiency of 64.5%, for an acid concentration: 3M, temperature: 40°C and (liquid/solid) ratio: 4. Lanthanum and cerium present the best individual recoveries compared to the other REE, with a maximum efficiency for a hydrochloric solution of 75.7% and 70.0%, respectively. The interaction of operational parameters that most influence the REE recovery corresponds to the temperature and the (liquid/solid) ratio. After 4 hours of leaching, REE recovery efficiencies remain practically constant. Acid consumptions correspond to 11 (kg HCl/ton mining tail) and 29 (kg HNO3/ton mining tail). The highest amount recovery ratios of these elements correspond to 0.355 and 0.224 (kg REE/ton mining tail), for hydrochloric and nitric solutions, respectively. These results influence the types of reagents and parameters to be studied in the following stages of the global process.
稀土元素(REE)包括15种镧系元素、钪和钇,在技术和核领域有多种应用。智利阿塔卡马地区铜矿浸出过程中产生的大量固体采矿废物中存在稀土元素,因此有可能为处理这类废物创造附加值,并支持循环经济的发展,在不同工业中产生有用的副产品。为了了解这些元素在固体载体废弃物中的行为,分别使用盐酸和硝酸两种药剂进行了浸出过程。结果表明,在酸浓度为3M、温度为40℃、液固比为4的条件下,以盐酸溶液为最佳浸出剂,回收率最高可达64.5%。与其他稀土元素相比,镧和铈的回收率最高,在盐酸溶液中的最高回收率分别为75.7%和70.0%。影响稀土回收率最大的操作参数的相互作用对应于温度和(液/固)比。浸出4小时后,稀土元素的回收效率基本保持不变。酸的消耗量分别为11 (kg HCl/t尾)和29 (kg HNO3/t尾)。在盐酸溶液和硝酸溶液中,这些元素的最高回收率分别为0.355和0.224 (kg REE/t矿尾)。这些结果影响了在整个过程的后续阶段要研究的试剂和参数的类型。
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引用次数: 2
Major Outcomes through Recent ROSA/LSTF Experiments and Future Plans 近期ROSA/LSTF实验的主要成果和未来计划
Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.4236/WJNST.2021.111002
T. Takeda, Y. Wada, Y. Sibamoto
Many experiments have been conducted on accidents and transients of pressurized water reactor (PWR) employing the rig of safety assessment/large-scale test facility (ROSA/LSTF). Recent research activities concerned with the OECD/NEA international joint projects included experimental investigation via the ROSA and ROSA-2 Projects, and counterpart testing with thermal-hydraulic integral test facilities under collaboration of the PKL-2, PKL-3, ATLAS, and ATLAS-2 Projects. Major results of the related integral effect tests (IETs) with the LSTF were reviewed to experimentally identify thermal-hydraulic phenomena involved, regarding the PWR accident sequences in accordance with the new regulatory requirements for the Japanese light-water nuclear power plants. Future separate effect test using the LSTF is planned to simulate loss of emergency core cooling system (ECCS) recirculation functions in a large-break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). Key results of the recent IETs utilizing the LSTF and future plans were presented relevant to multiple steam generator tube rupture accident with recovery operation, small-break LOCA with accident management measure on core exit temperature reliability, and small-break LOCA with thermal stratification under cold water injection from ECCS into cold legs. Also, main outcomes of the LSTF IETs were indicated for wide spectrum LOCA with core uncovery and anticipated transient without scram following small-break LOCA under totally failed high-pressure injection system.
采用安全评价/大型试验装置(ROSA/LSTF)对压水堆(PWR)的事故和瞬态进行了大量试验。最近与经合发组织/NEA国际联合项目有关的研究活动包括通过ROSA和ROSA-2项目进行实验调查,以及在PKL-2、PKL-3、ATLAS和ATLAS-2项目合作下使用热-液压一体化测试设施进行相应测试。根据日本轻水核电站的新监管要求,对LSTF进行的相关整体效应试验的主要结果进行了审查,以便从实验上确定与压水堆事故序列有关的热-水力现象。未来计划使用LSTF进行单独效果试验,以模拟大断裂冷却剂损失事故(LOCA)中应急堆芯冷却系统(ECCS)再循环功能的损失。介绍了近年来利用LSTF进行的多蒸汽发生器管破裂事故恢复、采用堆芯出口温度可靠性事故管理措施的小破裂LOCA以及ECCS冷水注入冷腿下热分层的小破裂LOCA的关键结果和未来计划。此外,LSTF fet的主要结果表明,在高压注入系统完全失效的情况下,具有岩心暴露的广谱LOCA和预期的小断裂LOCA后的瞬态无脱堆。
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引用次数: 0
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