Ning Zhao, Tian Zhang, Xianle Zang, Long Xu, Jing Wang
The measurement of liquid film parameters is of great significance in the momentum transfer and heat transfer characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase in annular flow. The liquid film at the bottom of the horizontal annular flow is the thickest and produces the greatest influence on the nature of the annular flow. In large diameter horizontal pipes, the effect of pressure on liquid film behavior lacks systematic discussion. Therefore, a dynamic measurement system for annular flow liquid film was designed based on near-infrared(NIR) sensing technology to complete the measurement of annular flow liquid film thickness data under five pressures. The average liquid film thickness at the bottom is obtained by variational modal decomposition(VMD) of the time series signal, and the wave velocity parameter is obtained by mutual correlation velocimetry. The article initially discusses the effect of pressure on the average thickness of the bottom liquid film as well as the interfacial wave velocity.
{"title":"Effect of System Pressure on Liquid Film Behavior in Horizontal Annular Flow","authors":"Ning Zhao, Tian Zhang, Xianle Zang, Long Xu, Jing Wang","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.043","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of liquid film parameters is of great significance in the momentum transfer and heat transfer characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase in annular flow. The liquid film at the bottom of the horizontal annular flow is the thickest and produces the greatest influence on the nature of the annular flow. In large diameter horizontal pipes, the effect of pressure on liquid film behavior lacks systematic discussion. Therefore, a dynamic measurement system for annular flow liquid film was designed based on near-infrared(NIR) sensing technology to complete the measurement of annular flow liquid film thickness data under five pressures. The average liquid film thickness at the bottom is obtained by variational modal decomposition(VMD) of the time series signal, and the wave velocity parameter is obtained by mutual correlation velocimetry. The article initially discusses the effect of pressure on the average thickness of the bottom liquid film as well as the interfacial wave velocity.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72790130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“ GBT/17747.2 Natural gas-Calculation of compression factor-Part 2 ” refers to the calculation method of “ AGA8-92DC ” equation, which is very accurate for the calculation of conventional natural gas compressibility factor, but in the calculation process, a large number of intermediate variables, positioning parameters and interactive parameters are introduced, which makes the calculation process more complicated. Based on the critical state of mixed gas, a new fitting formula is proposed to replace the binary interaction parameters used in “ PR ” equation, so as to simplify the calculation process. Compared with the original “ PR ” equation and “ AGA8-92DC ” equation, the calculation results of conventional natural gas compressibility factor and acid natural gas compressibility factor are more close to the laboratory measured compressibility factor.
{"title":"A calculation model of natural gas compression factor","authors":"Weijun Liu","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.009","url":null,"abstract":"“ GBT/17747.2 Natural gas-Calculation of compression factor-Part 2 ” refers to the calculation method of “ AGA8-92DC ” equation, which is very accurate for the calculation of conventional natural gas compressibility factor, but in the calculation process, a large number of intermediate variables, positioning parameters and interactive parameters are introduced, which makes the calculation process more complicated. Based on the critical state of mixed gas, a new fitting formula is proposed to replace the binary interaction parameters used in “ PR ” equation, so as to simplify the calculation process. Compared with the original “ PR ” equation and “ AGA8-92DC ” equation, the calculation results of conventional natural gas compressibility factor and acid natural gas compressibility factor are more close to the laboratory measured compressibility factor.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85451942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrasonic Transit-time method is a good choice to measure the open channel discharge. To investigate its performance in the rectangular open channels, a 26m long, 2m wide, 1.2m deep open channel facility was built with an over-fall head tank providing a very stable flowrate of 1.5m 3 /s in maximum and 39 typical cases were tested. The tested results verified that ultrasonic transit-time method can be well used to measure the discharge in rectangular open channels. However, due to unavoidably disturbing the flow patterns and introducing some errors, thus the transducers should be made as small as possible to improve the measuring accuracy. In addition, more paths should be used to produce smaller errors. And at least two paths are suggested to be mounted in the range of h i /H >0.7 to better reflect the influence of the free surface. Comparing sub-discharges in all zones, it can be found that substantial differences between mean-section method and Giordano Law exist below the lowest path. Larger K b , for example 0.9, makes mean section method produce closer measurements to Giordano Law.
超声透射时间法是测量明渠放电的良好选择。为了研究其在矩形明渠中的性能，在一个长26m、宽2m、深1.2m的明渠设施中建造了一个溢流头水箱，最大流量为1.5m 3 /s，非常稳定，并进行了39例典型试验。试验结果表明，超声透射时间法可以很好地测量矩形明渠的放电。然而，由于不可避免地会干扰流型并引入一些误差，因此应尽可能地将换能器做得小，以提高测量精度。此外，应该使用更多的路径来产生更小的错误。建议在h i / h >0.7范围内至少安装两条路径，以更好地反映自由表面的影响。比较各区域的子流量，可以发现平均截面法与佐丹奴法在最低路径以下存在较大差异。较大的kb，例如0.9，使平均截面法产生更接近佐丹奴定律的测量值。
{"title":"Ultrasonic Transit-time Discharge Determination in Rectangular Open Channel","authors":"H. Hu, Z. Cheng, P. Gruber, Z. Wang, Giordano Law","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.087","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic Transit-time method is a good choice to measure the open channel discharge. To investigate its performance in the rectangular open channels, a 26m long, 2m wide, 1.2m deep open channel facility was built with an over-fall head tank providing a very stable flowrate of 1.5m 3 /s in maximum and 39 typical cases were tested. The tested results verified that ultrasonic transit-time method can be well used to measure the discharge in rectangular open channels. However, due to unavoidably disturbing the flow patterns and introducing some errors, thus the transducers should be made as small as possible to improve the measuring accuracy. In addition, more paths should be used to produce smaller errors. And at least two paths are suggested to be mounted in the range of h i /H >0.7 to better reflect the influence of the free surface. Comparing sub-discharges in all zones, it can be found that substantial differences between mean-section method and Giordano Law exist below the lowest path. Larger K b , for example 0.9, makes mean section method produce closer measurements to Giordano Law.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80620551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Schakel, W. Stiphout, R. Pettinen, M. Zabihigivi, U. Wagner
{"title":"Traceable uncertainty of exhaust flow meters embedded in portable emission measurement systems","authors":"M. Schakel, W. Stiphout, R. Pettinen, M. Zabihigivi, U. Wagner","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.096","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79026216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uncertainty Analysis of Flow Measurement of the VOCs Sampler","authors":"Wie Liu, L. Li, Zhiyu Wang, Qin Pan, Xin Huang","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77561407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Calibration of flow devices is important in several areas of pharmaceutical, flow chemistry and HPLC applications where dosage of process liquids or accurate measurement of the flow rate are important. The process-oriented liquid itself might influence the performance of the flow device. Therefore, the calibration of the flow meter or microfluidic device with the process-oriented liquid is important and the simultaneous determination of the dynamic viscosity under flow conditions is a valuable information for viscosity dependent flow metering methods or other process parameters. To offer the simultaneous calibration of the dynamic viscosity of the process-oriented liquid at the corresponding flowrate, METAS has built a pipe viscometer for the traceable in-line measurement of the dynamic viscosity in the current flow facilities for low flow rates from 1 L/min to 150 mL/min and pressure drops up to 10 bar. To guarantee the tracability, the most challenging part remain the determination of the inner diameter of the micro tube. This can be determined by measuring the pressure drop as a function of flow rate and applying the law of Hagen-Poiseuille with a well known liquid (water) or perform the measurements with the -CT at METAS, which determines the inner diameter by x-ray diffraction. The setup of the facility, the uncertainty calculation for the in-line measurement of the dynamic viscosity and the validation measurements are discussed in this paper.
{"title":"Presentation of the METAS pipe viscometer","authors":"S. Neuhaus, H. Bissig, B. Bircher, M. de Huu","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.062","url":null,"abstract":"Calibration of flow devices is important in several areas of pharmaceutical, flow chemistry and HPLC applications where dosage of process liquids or accurate measurement of the flow rate are important. The process-oriented liquid itself might influence the performance of the flow device. Therefore, the calibration of the flow meter or microfluidic device with the process-oriented liquid is important and the simultaneous determination of the dynamic viscosity under flow conditions is a valuable information for viscosity dependent flow metering methods or other process parameters. To offer the simultaneous calibration of the dynamic viscosity of the process-oriented liquid at the corresponding flowrate, METAS has built a pipe viscometer for the traceable in-line measurement of the dynamic viscosity in the current flow facilities for low flow rates from 1 L/min to 150 mL/min and pressure drops up to 10 bar. To guarantee the tracability, the most challenging part remain the determination of the inner diameter of the micro tube. This can be determined by measuring the pressure drop as a function of flow rate and applying the law of Hagen-Poiseuille with a well known liquid (water) or perform the measurements with the -CT at METAS, which determines the inner diameter by x-ray diffraction. The setup of the facility, the uncertainty calculation for the in-line measurement of the dynamic viscosity and the validation measurements are discussed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"160 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86992684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) is a key United Kingdom Government strategy for reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions to combat the potentially catastrophic effects of climate change. The UK aims to capture and store 10 million tonnes of CO 2 each year by 2030. Across the entire CCUS value chain, each of the stages require accurate measurement of CO 2 at temperatures, pressures, flow rates and fluid phases that must be validated through a credible traceability chain for flow. This traceability chain would provide the underpinning confidence in meter performance, financial and fiscal transactions and, critically, environmental compliance. The UK-adopted version of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) has specified an uncertainty value for CO 2 flow measurement that must be adhered to. Accordingly, the provision of accurate and traceable flow measurement of CO 2 in the UK and internationally will be essential for the successful operation of CCUS. Unfortunately, there are currently no CO 2 flow measurement facilities in the world that are capable of traceable flow calibrations of gas phase, liquid/dense phase and supercritical phase CO 2 that replicate real-world CCUS conditions. The absence of traceable CO 2 gas and liquid flow measurement facilities and accompanying national or international flow measurement standards could seriously impede the widespread deployment of CCUS. These significant barriers could potentially jeopardise the successful implementation of CCUS projects worldwide, not least because these will be governed by legislation and environmental regulations requiring traceable measurement. This paper presents an overview of the current traceability chain for CO 2 flow measurement in the UK and globally. Current challenges will be detailed along with potential solutions and opportunities for the measurement community.
{"title":"Flow Measurement in Support of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage","authors":"Dr. C. Mills, Dr. G. Chinello","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.157","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) is a key United Kingdom Government strategy for reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions to combat the potentially catastrophic effects of climate change. The UK aims to capture and store 10 million tonnes of CO 2 each year by 2030. Across the entire CCUS value chain, each of the stages require accurate measurement of CO 2 at temperatures, pressures, flow rates and fluid phases that must be validated through a credible traceability chain for flow. This traceability chain would provide the underpinning confidence in meter performance, financial and fiscal transactions and, critically, environmental compliance. The UK-adopted version of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) has specified an uncertainty value for CO 2 flow measurement that must be adhered to. Accordingly, the provision of accurate and traceable flow measurement of CO 2 in the UK and internationally will be essential for the successful operation of CCUS. Unfortunately, there are currently no CO 2 flow measurement facilities in the world that are capable of traceable flow calibrations of gas phase, liquid/dense phase and supercritical phase CO 2 that replicate real-world CCUS conditions. The absence of traceable CO 2 gas and liquid flow measurement facilities and accompanying national or international flow measurement standards could seriously impede the widespread deployment of CCUS. These significant barriers could potentially jeopardise the successful implementation of CCUS projects worldwide, not least because these will be governed by legislation and environmental regulations requiring traceable measurement. This paper presents an overview of the current traceability chain for CO 2 flow measurement in the UK and globally. Current challenges will be detailed along with potential solutions and opportunities for the measurement community.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91107537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Q. Pan, W. Lin, Y. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Peng
{"title":"Traceability of ultrasonic transit time based on relative displacement method","authors":"Q. Pan, W. Lin, Y. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Peng","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.066","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74785471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on the influence of installation angle on pitot tube in wind tunnel","authors":"Z. Zhang, M. Miao, Wenjia Li","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75206815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on the traceability verification technology of quantity value of standard water flow facility based on mobile comparison method","authors":"Yumin Zhao, Xu Wang, Liang Peng, Tianyu Wang","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79893326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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