Ultrasonic flowmeter is a velocity flowmeter, and its measurement accuracy is greatly affected by the flow field in the pipeline. In the actual use process, due to the installation conditions are not ideal, the formation of vortex flow, pulsating flow, asymmetric flow and other non-ideal flow field in the pipe, which in turn affects the accuracy of ultrasonic flowmeter. This study is based on CFD numerical simulation technology, 90 ° elbow, reducer, upstream and downstream flange diameter difference of one level and other typical disturbance elements on the impact of the flow field in the pipe, simulate the flow field of the gas in the closed pipe after the disturbance elements, and calculate the resulting error, found that the impact of each disturbance element on the ultrasonic flowmeter measurement error increases with the increase in operating flow. For 90 ° elbow, the upstream and downstream flange diameter differ by one level,we use these two installation conditions to carry out real flow test, through the test data and simulation results for comparison and analysis, the results are consistent. At the same time, the use of experimental data on the simulation model correction, can guide the construction and transformation of ultrasonic flowmeter metering process, improve the accuracy of the measurement results, and effectively maintain the fairness of the trade handover.
{"title":"Numerical simulation-based experimental study on theeffect of different disturbed flow components on ultrasonic flowmeter metering performance","authors":"Kexu Wang, Xiyu Chen","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.041","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic flowmeter is a velocity flowmeter, and its measurement accuracy is greatly affected by the flow field in the pipeline. In the actual use process, due to the installation conditions are not ideal, the formation of vortex flow, pulsating flow, asymmetric flow and other non-ideal flow field in the pipe, which in turn affects the accuracy of ultrasonic flowmeter. This study is based on CFD numerical simulation technology, 90 ° elbow, reducer, upstream and downstream flange diameter difference of one level and other typical disturbance elements on the impact of the flow field in the pipe, simulate the flow field of the gas in the closed pipe after the disturbance elements, and calculate the resulting error, found that the impact of each disturbance element on the ultrasonic flowmeter measurement error increases with the increase in operating flow. For 90 ° elbow, the upstream and downstream flange diameter differ by one level,we use these two installation conditions to carry out real flow test, through the test data and simulation results for comparison and analysis, the results are consistent. At the same time, the use of experimental data on the simulation model correction, can guide the construction and transformation of ultrasonic flowmeter metering process, improve the accuracy of the measurement results, and effectively maintain the fairness of the trade handover.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80946138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jfcmv.2023.112002
Mariko Watanabe, Koki Okamoto
{"title":"Gas Temperature Distribution and Fluctuation in a Lab-Scale Fire Whirl","authors":"Mariko Watanabe, Koki Okamoto","doi":"10.4236/jfcmv.2023.112002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jfcmv.2023.112002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83978682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrogen fuel cell technology is an important development direction of clean energy vehicles, which has the characteristics of zero pollution and renewability. As a key role in the commercial operation of hydrogen energy vehicles, the accuracy of the hydrogen filling quantity directly affects trade fairness and market promotion. The master meter method is generally used for the flow calibration of the existing compressed hydrogen dispenser, tin other words, high-precision Coriolis mass flowmeter is connected in series to the hydrogen filling pipeline on site, and the calibration is completed in the actual hydrogen filling process. In practice, it was found that compared with CNG, the compressed hydrogen filling process was added with a pre-charging and pressure maintaining procedure. If the model of the master meter and flowmeter in the compressed hydrogen filling dispenser to be calibrated are different, the repeatability of the calibration result will be poor. It is preliminarily concluded by experiments and analysis that the error is caused by the response of Coriolis mass flowmeter of different types to the single pulse flow during pre-charging and pressure maintaining procedure, which affects the repeatability of calibration of master meter method. Finally, it is suggested that the mass accumulated in the stage of the pre-charging pressure maintaining should not be included in the error calculation when the master meter method is used to calibrate compressed hydrogen dispenser.
{"title":"Repeatability of the master meter method in calibrating compressed hydrogen dispenser","authors":"F. Luo, R. Gan, P. Zhao, J. Zhou, M. Xiong, W. Lu","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.160","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen fuel cell technology is an important development direction of clean energy vehicles, which has the characteristics of zero pollution and renewability. As a key role in the commercial operation of hydrogen energy vehicles, the accuracy of the hydrogen filling quantity directly affects trade fairness and market promotion. The master meter method is generally used for the flow calibration of the existing compressed hydrogen dispenser, tin other words, high-precision Coriolis mass flowmeter is connected in series to the hydrogen filling pipeline on site, and the calibration is completed in the actual hydrogen filling process. In practice, it was found that compared with CNG, the compressed hydrogen filling process was added with a pre-charging and pressure maintaining procedure. If the model of the master meter and flowmeter in the compressed hydrogen filling dispenser to be calibrated are different, the repeatability of the calibration result will be poor. It is preliminarily concluded by experiments and analysis that the error is caused by the response of Coriolis mass flowmeter of different types to the single pulse flow during pre-charging and pressure maintaining procedure, which affects the repeatability of calibration of master meter method. Finally, it is suggested that the mass accumulated in the stage of the pre-charging pressure maintaining should not be included in the error calculation when the master meter method is used to calibrate compressed hydrogen dispenser.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85640881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The flow performance testing device of the ambient air sampler","authors":"Wie Liu, Li Li, Wie Chen, J. Zhan, YaHui Liu","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.078","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73184230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Critical flow Venturi nozzles (CFVNs) are very stable and widely used secondary standards for gas flow rate measurements. The current study presents the first step in introducing CFVNs in the traceability scheme for gaseous hydrogen. The study was arranged in the framework of a Joint Research Project (EMPIR – MetHyInfra) and deals with the characterisation of the hydrogen discharge coefficient and the identification of a potential alternative gas for calibration of nozzles. The presented experimental study was made for two CFVNs with throat diameters of 0.175 mm and 0.436 mm. Tests were carried out using six different gases including hydrogen for the inlet pressures between 200 kPa and 700 kPa thereby covering the Re number range from 2 10 3 to 6 10 4 . The results for both tested nozzles demonstrate the dependence of the discharge coefficient on the isentropic coefficient of the gas. With the exception of nitrous oxide, this behaviour can be explained by the theoretical model accounting for the isentropic coefficient, which presents good prospects for calibrating the nozzles intended for hydrogen processes with alternative inert gases.
{"title":"Flow coefficients of critical flow venturi nozzles calibrated with hydrogen and other gases","authors":"G. Bobovnik, P. Sambol, R. Maury, J. Kutin","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.093","url":null,"abstract":"Critical flow Venturi nozzles (CFVNs) are very stable and widely used secondary standards for gas flow rate measurements. The current study presents the first step in introducing CFVNs in the traceability scheme for gaseous hydrogen. The study was arranged in the framework of a Joint Research Project (EMPIR – MetHyInfra) and deals with the characterisation of the hydrogen discharge coefficient and the identification of a potential alternative gas for calibration of nozzles. The presented experimental study was made for two CFVNs with throat diameters of 0.175 mm and 0.436 mm. Tests were carried out using six different gases including hydrogen for the inlet pressures between 200 kPa and 700 kPa thereby covering the Re number range from 2 10 3 to 6 10 4 . The results for both tested nozzles demonstrate the dependence of the discharge coefficient on the isentropic coefficient of the gas. With the exception of nitrous oxide, this behaviour can be explained by the theoretical model accounting for the isentropic coefficient, which presents good prospects for calibrating the nozzles intended for hydrogen processes with alternative inert gases.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77854349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heat meters as an important measurement instrument and the basis for heatingbilling purpose, must ensure the accuracy and long-term reliability of measurement.After the heat meters from domestic brands are installed in the field, quality issues are frequently happening. Due to this reason some of the market is replaced by the heat meters from imported brands. Reflected to the test method, there is a big difference and one of the biggest differences between European and Chinese product standard on the durability requirement. This researchaims to establish a study based on a testing of 4,000 times temperature alternation, to make comparison to the 2,400 hours testing and to have a continuous perfection on durability requirement from standard perspective.It’s the first time in China to have an overall assessment towards the durability of heat meter in the condition of laboratory. This would provide theoretical support to the transformation and upgrading of the heat meter industry,and empower the development of heating billing.
{"title":"Research on different test methods based on heat meter flow sensor","authors":"Yumin Zhao, Xin Li, Yi Dou, C. Zhang, Xinqiang Ma","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.017","url":null,"abstract":"Heat meters as an important measurement instrument and the basis for heatingbilling purpose, must ensure the accuracy and long-term reliability of measurement.After the heat meters from domestic brands are installed in the field, quality issues are frequently happening. Due to this reason some of the market is replaced by the heat meters from imported brands. Reflected to the test method, there is a big difference and one of the biggest differences between European and Chinese product standard on the durability requirement. This researchaims to establish a study based on a testing of 4,000 times temperature alternation, to make comparison to the 2,400 hours testing and to have a continuous perfection on durability requirement from standard perspective.It’s the first time in China to have an overall assessment towards the durability of heat meter in the condition of laboratory. This would provide theoretical support to the transformation and upgrading of the heat meter industry,and empower the development of heating billing.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"298 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74382520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main sources of domestic pipeline natural gas are central Asia, the Tarim Basin, the Sichuan Basin, and the Zhonghai Oil and Gas Field, etc. Due to the large geographical differences in gas sources, the components of natural gas are quite different. Therefore, accurate analysis of natural gas composition and calculation of the corresponding compression factor is an important part of the natural gas custody transfer process. There is a certain proportion of neopentane in current domestic natural gas, but there are no calculation parameters of neopentane in various corresponding calculation standards, including GB/T 17747/ISO 12213 and AGA 8 standards for compression factor calculation and GB/T 30491.1/ISO 20765-1 and AGA10 standards for sound velocity calculation. However, in theory, the treatment method of neopentane will directly affect the compression factor of natural gas, and then affect the measurement results. Therefore, how to deal with neopentane in natural gas and ensure the accuracy of natural gas measurement results is a problem worthy of study. Generally, there are three ways to deal with neopentane in natural gas: (1) adding neopentane content to isopentane with similar properties; (2) adding neopentane content to n-pentane; (3) to normalize the neopentane content. In order to confirm the influence of the three different processing methods on the measurement accuracy of the flowmeter, the theoretical calculation and actual test verification are used for comparative analysis. The conclusions are as follows: The three treatment methods of neopentane have a certain influence on the calculation results of natural gas compression factor, but the overall influence is small. For the common components of domestic pipeline natural gas, the standard meter method and critical flow Venturi nozzle method standard devices are used to verify the tested flowmeter respectively. The maximum deviations of natural gas compression factor and indication error are 0.00001 and 0.00003%, 0.00001 and 0.00301%, respectively, namely, the different treatment methods of neopentane have little impact on the measurement results. Therefore, as an inherent component of natural gas, neopentane can be treated in the above three ways in trade measurement.
{"title":"Influence of Different Treatment Methods of Neopentane in Natural Gas Components on Measurement Accuracy","authors":"Shijie Wu, Jianhang Xu, Chuanbo Zheng","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.033","url":null,"abstract":"The main sources of domestic pipeline natural gas are central Asia, the Tarim Basin, the Sichuan Basin, and the Zhonghai Oil and Gas Field, etc. Due to the large geographical differences in gas sources, the components of natural gas are quite different. Therefore, accurate analysis of natural gas composition and calculation of the corresponding compression factor is an important part of the natural gas custody transfer process. There is a certain proportion of neopentane in current domestic natural gas, but there are no calculation parameters of neopentane in various corresponding calculation standards, including GB/T 17747/ISO 12213 and AGA 8 standards for compression factor calculation and GB/T 30491.1/ISO 20765-1 and AGA10 standards for sound velocity calculation. However, in theory, the treatment method of neopentane will directly affect the compression factor of natural gas, and then affect the measurement results. Therefore, how to deal with neopentane in natural gas and ensure the accuracy of natural gas measurement results is a problem worthy of study. Generally, there are three ways to deal with neopentane in natural gas: (1) adding neopentane content to isopentane with similar properties; (2) adding neopentane content to n-pentane; (3) to normalize the neopentane content. In order to confirm the influence of the three different processing methods on the measurement accuracy of the flowmeter, the theoretical calculation and actual test verification are used for comparative analysis. The conclusions are as follows: The three treatment methods of neopentane have a certain influence on the calculation results of natural gas compression factor, but the overall influence is small. For the common components of domestic pipeline natural gas, the standard meter method and critical flow Venturi nozzle method standard devices are used to verify the tested flowmeter respectively. The maximum deviations of natural gas compression factor and indication error are 0.00001 and 0.00003%, 0.00001 and 0.00301%, respectively, namely, the different treatment methods of neopentane have little impact on the measurement results. Therefore, as an inherent component of natural gas, neopentane can be treated in the above three ways in trade measurement.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74841854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peijuan Cao, Junying Sun, Han Zhang, Chunhui Li, Liang Wang
The boundary layer transition of sonic nozzle is affected by many factors, including Reynolds number, macro structure (throat diameter), meso-micro surface structure (wall roughness, waviness), turbulence intensity, wall heat transfer and so on. Therefore, in order to analyse the influences of macrostructure, meso-micro surface structure and turbulence intensity on boundary layer transition, the C d and geometric dimension (throat diameter, d , average roughness, Ra , maximum roughness, Rz , and waviness, wa ) of sonic nozzles with throat diameter of 1.919 mm, 3.808mm, and 7.453 mm were experimental investigated and measured. Furthermore, a series of CFD simulations through the transition SST model for axisymmetric nozzles were established to research the variation law of boundary layer transition and C d of the sonic nozzle when Reynolds numbers ranges from 4.6×10 4 to 4.7×10 7 and different turbulence intensity ( Tu ) and meso-micro surface structure ( Ra , Rz and wa ). The validity of the simulation model was confirmed by the experimental data of National Institute of Metrology of China (NIM). Finally, the relationships between the boundary layer transition and Tu , Ra , Rz and wa were obtained.
{"title":"Effect of Different Conditions on the Boundary Layer Transition of Sonic Nozzle","authors":"Peijuan Cao, Junying Sun, Han Zhang, Chunhui Li, Liang Wang","doi":"10.21014/tc9-2022.090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.090","url":null,"abstract":"The boundary layer transition of sonic nozzle is affected by many factors, including Reynolds number, macro structure (throat diameter), meso-micro surface structure (wall roughness, waviness), turbulence intensity, wall heat transfer and so on. Therefore, in order to analyse the influences of macrostructure, meso-micro surface structure and turbulence intensity on boundary layer transition, the C d and geometric dimension (throat diameter, d , average roughness, Ra , maximum roughness, Rz , and waviness, wa ) of sonic nozzles with throat diameter of 1.919 mm, 3.808mm, and 7.453 mm were experimental investigated and measured. Furthermore, a series of CFD simulations through the transition SST model for axisymmetric nozzles were established to research the variation law of boundary layer transition and C d of the sonic nozzle when Reynolds numbers ranges from 4.6×10 4 to 4.7×10 7 and different turbulence intensity ( Tu ) and meso-micro surface structure ( Ra , Rz and wa ). The validity of the simulation model was confirmed by the experimental data of National Institute of Metrology of China (NIM). Finally, the relationships between the boundary layer transition and Tu , Ra , Rz and wa were obtained.","PeriodicalId":62400,"journal":{"name":"流量控制、测量及可视化(英文)","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78887168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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