Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.113026
Emal Habibi, M. I. Qasimi, Noorullah Ahmadzai, Nasrin Stanikzai, M. Sakha
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of season and lactation number on milk yields in Holstein dairy cows at Kabul Bini Hesar Dairy Farm. For this purpose, data were collected from the dairy farm herd book records during 1392-1393 (2013-2014). Considering the milk yield stages of the cows, the total milk production was highest during the spring season 18,454.95 ± 33 L followed by summer 17,060.85 ± 34.5 L while the lowest milk production obtained in winter 16,398.45 ± 31.5 L. Moreover, the average daily milk production of the cows was significantly different (p 0.05) between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lactations and the amounts were 12.04 ± 0.7, 13.24 ± 0.8 and 14.10 ± 0.6 L/day respectively. Milk yields of individual cows were gradually increased from 1st to 3rd lactation. The highest milk yield was recorded in 3rd lactation and the lowest was in 1st. From this study it was found that season and lactation number had a significant effect on the milk quantity.
{"title":"Effect of Season and Lactation Number on Milk Production of Holstein Friesian Cows in Kabul Bini-Hesar Dairy Farm","authors":"Emal Habibi, M. I. Qasimi, Noorullah Ahmadzai, Nasrin Stanikzai, M. Sakha","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.113026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.113026","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to investigate the effects of season and \u0000lactation number on milk yields in Holstein dairy cows at Kabul Bini Hesar \u0000Dairy Farm. For this purpose, data were collected from the dairy farm herd book \u0000records during 1392-1393 (2013-2014). Considering the milk yield stages of the \u0000cows, the total milk production was highest during the spring season 18,454.95 ± 33 L followed by summer 17,060.85 ± 34.5 L while the lowest milk \u0000production obtained in winter 16,398.45 ± 31.5 L. Moreover, the average daily milk production of \u0000the cows was significantly different (p 0.05) \u0000between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lactations and the amounts were 12.04 ± 0.7, 13.24 ± 0.8 and \u000014.10 ± 0.6 L/day respectively. \u0000Milk yields of individual cows were gradually increased from 1st to 3rd \u0000lactation. The highest milk yield was recorded \u0000in 3rd lactation and the lowest was in 1st. From this \u0000study it was found that season and lactation number had a significant effect on \u0000the milk quantity.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"369-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49119867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2021.113031
C. Loza, J. Gere, M. S. Orcasberro, A. Casal, M. Carriquiry, P. Juliarena, E. Ramírez-Bribiesca, L. Astigarraga
A grazing experiment was undertaken to assess the effects of two levels of herbage mass (HM) on herbage DM intake (DMI), fat and protein corrected milk yield (FPCM), grazing behaviour, energy expenditure (HP), and methane emissions (CH4) of grazing dairy cows in spring. Treatments were a low HM (1447 kg DM/ha; LHM) or a high HM (1859 kg DM/ha; HHM). Pasture was composed mainly of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) and lucerne (Medicago sativa), offered at a daily herbage allowance of 30 kg DM/cow, above 5 cm. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 2 × 2 Latin Square design in two 10-day periods. Despite the differences in pre-grazing HM between treatments, OM digestibility was not different (P = 0.28). Herbage mass did not affect DMI or FPCM. Grazing time was not different between treatments, but cows had a greater bite rate when grazing on LHM swards. However, HP did not differ between treatments. Daily methane emission (per cow), methane emission intensity (per kg FPCM) and methane yield (as percentage of gross energy intake) were not different. The lack of effect of the amount of pre-grazing HM on energy intake, confirms that the difference between HM treatments was beyond the limits that impose extra energy expenditure during grazing.
通过放牧试验，研究了两个水平的牧草质量（HM）对春季放牧奶牛牧草DM摄入量（DMI）、脂肪和蛋白质校正产奶量（FPCM）、放牧行为、能量消耗（HP）和甲烷排放（CH4）的影响。处理为低HM（1447 kg DM/公顷；LHM）或高HM（1859 kg DM/ha；HHM）。牧场主要由鸡爪（Dactylis glomerata）和苜蓿（Medicago sativa。尽管不同处理的放牧前HM存在差异，但OM的消化率没有差异（P=0.28）。牧草质量不影响DMI或FPCM。不同处理的放牧时间没有差异，但奶牛在LHM草地上放牧时有更高的咬合力。然而，HP在不同治疗之间没有差异。甲烷日排放量（每头牛）、甲烷排放强度（每公斤FPCM）和甲烷产量（占总能量摄入的百分比）没有差异。放牧前HM的量对能量摄入没有影响，这证实了HM处理之间的差异超出了放牧期间额外能量消耗的限制。
{"title":"Intake, Energy Expenditure and Methane Emissions of Grazing Dairy Cows at Two Pre-Grazing Herbage Masses","authors":"C. Loza, J. Gere, M. S. Orcasberro, A. Casal, M. Carriquiry, P. Juliarena, E. Ramírez-Bribiesca, L. Astigarraga","doi":"10.4236/ojas.2021.113031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.113031","url":null,"abstract":"A grazing experiment was undertaken to assess the \u0000effects of two levels of herbage mass (HM) on herbage DM intake (DMI), fat and \u0000protein corrected milk yield (FPCM), grazing behaviour, energy expenditure \u0000(HP), and methane emissions (CH4) of grazing dairy cows \u0000in spring. Treatments were a low HM (1447 kg DM/ha; LHM) or a high HM (1859 kg \u0000DM/ha; HHM). Pasture was composed mainly of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) and lucerne (Medicago \u0000sativa), offered \u0000at a daily herbage allowance of 30 kg DM/cow, above 5 cm. Eight multiparous \u0000Holstein cows were used in a 2 × 2 Latin Square design in \u0000two 10-day periods. Despite the differences in pre-grazing HM between \u0000treatments, OM digestibility was not different (P = 0.28). Herbage mass did not \u0000affect DMI or FPCM. Grazing time was not different between treatments, but cows \u0000had a greater bite rate when grazing on LHM swards. However, HP did not differ \u0000between treatments. Daily methane emission (per cow), methane emission \u0000intensity (per kg FPCM) and methane yield (as percentage of gross energy \u0000intake) were not different. The lack of effect of the amount of pre-grazing HM \u0000on energy intake, confirms that the difference between HM treatments was beyond the limits that impose \u0000extra energy expenditure during grazing.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48145837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2021.113034
T. F. Diana, A. A. Calderano, F. Tavernari, H. Rostagno, A. D. O. Teixeira, L. Albino
The apparent calcium (Ca) digestibility coefficient (ADC) and true digestibility coefficient (TDC) of different inorganic calcium sources were determined in laying hens of different ages. Three Ca digestibility tests were carried out, each assessing 240 Lohmann Brown lineage laying hens distributed in a completely randomized design. Nine dietary treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design consisting of three ages (40, 50 and 70 weeks) × three Ca (dicalcium phosphate (DCP) sources, fine (FL) and coarse (CL)) limestone, comprising eight replicates per treatment of six birds per experimental unit. Regarding the DCP, the ADC was higher (P as 0.889, 0.613 and 0.712, respectively. No effect (P > 0.05) of age on the ADC was noted for either FL or CL. Comparing Ca sources, DCP exhibited a higher (P 0.05). Endogenous loss values of 790, 860 and 930 mg·kg-1 of consumed dry matter were observed at 40, 50 and 70 weeks, respectively. For the TDC, no interaction (P > 0.05) was observed between Ca sources and bird age. The highest TDC value (P > 0.05) was found in birds fed DCP (0.786) followed by FL (0.637) and CL (0.534). In addition, birds at 40 weeks of age (0.714) exhibited higher TDC values (P
{"title":"Age and Calcium Sources in Laying Hen Feed Affect Calcium Digestibility","authors":"T. F. Diana, A. A. Calderano, F. Tavernari, H. Rostagno, A. D. O. Teixeira, L. Albino","doi":"10.4236/ojas.2021.113034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.113034","url":null,"abstract":"The apparent calcium (Ca) digestibility coefficient (ADC) and true \u0000digestibility coefficient (TDC) of different inorganic calcium sources were \u0000determined in laying hens of different ages. Three Ca digestibility tests were \u0000carried out, each assessing 240 Lohmann Brown lineage laying hens distributed \u0000in a completely randomized design. Nine dietary treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design consisting of three ages \u0000(40, 50 and 70 weeks) × three Ca \u0000(dicalcium phosphate (DCP) sources, fine (FL) and coarse (CL)) limestone, \u0000comprising eight replicates per treatment of six birds per experimental unit. \u0000Regarding the DCP, the ADC was higher (P as 0.889, \u00000.613 and 0.712, respectively. No effect (P > 0.05) of age on the ADC was \u0000noted for either FL or CL. Comparing Ca sources, DCP exhibited a higher (P 0.05). Endogenous loss values of 790, 860 and 930 mg·kg-1 of consumed dry matter were observed at 40, 50 and 70 weeks, respectively. For \u0000the TDC, no interaction (P > 0.05) was observed between Ca sources and bird \u0000age. The highest TDC value (P > 0.05) was found in birds fed DCP (0.786) \u0000followed by FL (0.637) and CL (0.534). In addition, birds at 40 weeks of age \u0000(0.714) exhibited higher TDC values (P","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49364865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.113028
G. M. T. Maswanganye, Bo Liu, D. Che, R. Han
Despite the fact that dietary fiber is predominant in common feedstuff, its level in the diets of monogastrics has seen a proportional increment with the inclusion of co-products. The source and composition of DF could be liable for enormous varieties in their use. A study carried out by scientists proposed that three major components constitute gut health: the diet, the mucosa, and the commensal microbiota. 70% of total body immune cells constitute the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, therefore it is important that it is included when defining intestinal health. Gut health is of substantial importance in the maintenance of growth performance and overall health of monogastrics. The fermentation of DF results in SCFA which enhances mucosal epithelial proliferation and villus height. Nonetheless, supplementing dietary fiber to the diet in moderation may result in an increase in gut size, volume, length and morphological structure of pigs and other non-ruminants. Gut health maintenance exhibits a certain level of complexity and a subtle balance between mucosa, diet, the commensal microflora, including the digestive epithelium and along with mucous overlaying it. The microbial changes of dietary fiber to monosaccharides in the gut include various principal occasions (reactions) intervened by the enzymatic collection of particularized groups from the gut microbiota. Because fermentation is dependent upon source, structure and physio-chemical properties of dietary fiber, it is therefore of great importance to have as much data as possible on various types of dietary fiber and how intestinal health can be enhanced by them. Thus, there is growing evidence that dietary fiber may have prebiotic effects in pigs. In addition, dietary fiber in diets improves pigs well-being by increasing satiety, influencing behaviour and improving overall health. This review aims to shed more light on the dietary fiber levels and composition on the intestinal health of finishing pigs.
{"title":"Review: Effects of Dietary Fiber Levels and Composition on the Intestinal Health of Finishing Pigs","authors":"G. M. T. Maswanganye, Bo Liu, D. Che, R. Han","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.113028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.113028","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the fact that dietary fiber is predominant in common feedstuff, \u0000its level in the diets of monogastrics has seen a proportional increment with \u0000the inclusion of co-products. The source and composition of DF could be liable \u0000for enormous varieties in their use. A study carried out by scientists proposed \u0000that three major components constitute gut health: the diet, the mucosa, and \u0000the commensal microbiota. 70% of total body immune cells constitute the \u0000gastrointestinal tract of pigs, therefore it is important that it is included \u0000when defining intestinal health. Gut health is of substantial importance in the \u0000maintenance of growth performance and overall health of monogastrics. The \u0000fermentation of DF results in SCFA which enhances mucosal epithelial \u0000proliferation and villus height. Nonetheless, supplementing dietary fiber to \u0000the diet in moderation may result in an increase in gut size, volume, length \u0000and morphological structure of pigs and other non-ruminants. Gut health \u0000maintenance exhibits a certain level of complexity and a subtle balance between \u0000mucosa, diet, the commensal microflora, including the digestive epithelium and \u0000along with mucous overlaying it. The microbial changes of dietary fiber to \u0000monosaccharides in the gut include various principal occasions (reactions) \u0000intervened by the enzymatic collection of particularized groups from the gut \u0000microbiota. Because fermentation is dependent upon source, structure and \u0000physio-chemical properties of dietary fiber, it is therefore of great \u0000importance to have as much data as possible on various types of dietary fiber \u0000and how intestinal health can be enhanced by them. Thus, there is growing \u0000evidence that dietary fiber may have prebiotic effects in pigs. In addition, \u0000dietary fiber in diets improves pigs well-being by increasing satiety, \u0000influencing behaviour and improving overall health. This \u0000review aims to shed more light on the dietary fiber levels and composition on \u0000the intestinal health of finishing pigs.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"71 1","pages":"384-398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70611569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2021.113033
Serge Leugoué Kameni, F. Meutchieye, F. Ngoula
The successful application of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) in ovine as in other mammal species relies on many factors among which the quality of the semen used. After collection, semen samples are generally processed for storage (liquid storage or cryoconservation) before being used for insemination or in vitro embryo production. During the liquid storage process, sperm cells are exposed to artificial conditions which lead to oxidative stress—the imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants (AO), following overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)—resulting in ultrastructural, biochemical and functional damages of spermatozoa. Especially, viability, motility, mitochondrial activity, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity are reduced while morphological abnormalities, DNA fragmentation, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) are increased, affecting the fertilizing ability and subsequent early embryonic development when using standard extenders. Indeed, an optimal semen extender must not only regulate and support an environment of adequate pH and buffering capacity to protect spermatozoa from osmotic and cooling stresses, but, also prevent the generation and/or scavenge excess ROS. To improve ram semen liquid storage, several methods have been developed with the supplementation of extenders with antioxidants or antioxidant like-compounds (enzymes, amino-acids, vitamins, plant extracts), seminal plasma, sugars, fatty acids, and nanoparticles being a relevant approach. Promising results have been registered with the supplementation of extenders with these compounds, confirming they can be used to preserve ram semen quality and fertility. Therefore, the present review provides an updated overview of the damages and associated mechanisms that ram spermatozoa undergo during liquid storage. Moreover, the supplementation of extenders with different compounds as a tool to improve semen storage is also discussed as well as their efficiency to reduce and/or prevent sperm damages during storage.
{"title":"Liquid Storage of Ram Semen: Associated Damages and Improvement","authors":"Serge Leugoué Kameni, F. Meutchieye, F. Ngoula","doi":"10.4236/ojas.2021.113033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.113033","url":null,"abstract":"The successful application of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) in \u0000ovine as in other mammal species relies on many factors among which the quality \u0000of the semen used. After collection, semen samples are generally processed for \u0000storage (liquid storage or cryoconservation) before being used for insemination \u0000or in vitro embryo \u0000production. During the liquid storage process, sperm cells are exposed to \u0000artificial conditions which lead to oxidative stress—the imbalance between \u0000pro-oxidants and antioxidants (AO), following overproduction of reactive oxygen \u0000species (ROS)—resulting in ultrastructural, biochemical \u0000and functional damages of spermatozoa. Especially, viability, motility, \u0000mitochondrial activity, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity are reduced while morphological \u0000abnormalities, DNA fragmentation, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) are increased, \u0000affecting the fertilizing ability and subsequent early embryonic development \u0000when using standard extenders. Indeed, an optimal semen extender must not only \u0000regulate and support an environment of adequate pH and buffering capacity to \u0000protect spermatozoa from osmotic and cooling stresses, but, also prevent the \u0000generation and/or scavenge excess ROS. To improve ram semen liquid storage, \u0000several methods have been developed with the supplementation of extenders with \u0000antioxidants or antioxidant like-compounds (enzymes, amino-acids, vitamins, \u0000plant extracts), seminal plasma, sugars, fatty acids, and nanoparticles being a \u0000relevant approach. Promising results have been registered with the \u0000supplementation of extenders with these compounds, confirming they can be used \u0000to preserve ram semen quality and fertility. Therefore, the present review \u0000provides an updated overview of the damages and associated mechanisms that ram \u0000spermatozoa undergo during liquid storage. Moreover, the supplementation of \u0000extenders with different compounds as a tool to improve semen storage is also \u0000discussed as well as their efficiency to reduce and/or prevent sperm damages \u0000during storage.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43505979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2021.113032
Bertine Marie Noël Noumbissi, Bello Ibrahim, M. Chongsi, Souley Bagari Iya, C. Njehoya, E. Miégoué, F. Tendonkeng
The present study was assigned to evaluate the Effect of Dracaena arborea roots powder in ration on growth performances and some hematological parameters in the guinea pig on diet supplemented with graded levels of incorporation. A total of 40 guinea pigs weaned of local breed and aged 3 weeks were divided into 4 identical batches. Each of the groups was randomly assigned one of 4 rations containing different levels of the powder from Dracaena arborea (Da) roots: Da0; Da0.25; Da0.5 and Da0.75. The results at the 11th week of breeding showed that the highest intake (21.13 g/d) was obtained with the Da0.5 ration. The highest live weight (372.50 g) and total weight gains were obtained with the Da0.25 ration. In addition, the highest commercial (161.75 g) and conventional (307.75 g) carcass weights and large intestine length (99.5 cm) were obtained with the D0.25 ration. The highest values for granulocytes (0.250.103/μl), platelets (805.103/μl) and lymphocytes (6.92.103/μl) were respectively, obtained with the rations containing Da0; D0.5 and D0.75. In view of the above, Dracaena arborea roots powder can be used at a rate of 0.25% in the ration, to improve the productivity of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).
{"title":"Effects of the Incorporation of Dracaena arborea Roots Powder on Growth Performance and Some Haematological Parameters in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)","authors":"Bertine Marie Noël Noumbissi, Bello Ibrahim, M. Chongsi, Souley Bagari Iya, C. Njehoya, E. Miégoué, F. Tendonkeng","doi":"10.4236/ojas.2021.113032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.113032","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was assigned to evaluate the Effect of Dracaena arborea roots powder \u0000in ration on \u0000growth performances and some hematological parameters in the guinea pig on diet \u0000supplemented with graded levels of incorporation. A total of 40 guinea pigs weaned \u0000of local breed and aged 3 weeks were divided into 4 identical batches. Each of \u0000the groups was randomly assigned one of 4 rations containing different levels \u0000of the powder from Dracaena \u0000arborea (Da) roots: Da0; Da0.25; Da0.5 and Da0.75. The results at \u0000the 11th week of breeding showed that the highest intake (21.13 g/d) \u0000was obtained with the Da0.5 ration. The highest live weight (372.50 g) and \u0000total weight gains were obtained with the Da0.25 ration. In addition, the \u0000highest commercial (161.75 g) and conventional (307.75 g) carcass weights and \u0000large intestine length (99.5 cm) were obtained with the D0.25 ration. The \u0000highest values for granulocytes (0.250.103/μl), \u0000platelets (805.103/μl) \u0000and lymphocytes (6.92.103/μl) \u0000were respectively, obtained with the rations containing Da0; D0.5 and D0.75. In \u0000view of the above, Dracaena \u0000arborea roots powder can be used at a rate of 0.25% in the \u0000ration, to improve the productivity of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49610104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2021.113030
M. Bento, Elizabeth A. Lewis, M. Nofrarías, B. Vilá, P. McGuire, K. Richardson
Objective: Nonanoic acid (NA) is one of a series of straight-chain aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, acids and their derivatives with a well-documented history of use as a synthetic flavoring in human food. As part of a safety evaluation of NA for use as a flavoring in animal feed, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of turkeys to tolerate NA at levels relevant to practical feeding practices. Materials and Methods: A total of 594-day-old BUT Premium turkeys (300 males and 294 females) were allocated at random to 40 floor pens containing either 15 males or 13 to 15 females. Poults were fed one of 4 treatment diets in crumble (0 to 14 days) or pellet (15 to 59 days) form containing 0 (control), 100, 300 or 1000 mg NA/kg complete feed for 59 days. General health and performance were monitored for the duration of the study. At days 57 and 59 of age, blood samples were taken and birds were sacrificed and necropsied for histopathological examination of the digestive tract. Significant differences were considered at P ≤ 0.05 and near-significant trends at P ≤ 0.10. Results: NA had no effect on mortality (Pχ2 = 0.54), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.11), average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.12) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.45) in poults over the 56-day feeding period. No treatment-related effects on blood parameters or tissue pathology were observed. Conclusion: The results of the study support the safety and tolerance of NA to turkeys at dietary levels of up to 1000 mg/kg which will provide a considerable margin of safety compared to anticipated practical conditions of use as a feed flavoring.
{"title":"Establishing the Tolerability to Turkeys of Nonanoic Acid at Practical Levels of Use as a Feed Flavoring","authors":"M. Bento, Elizabeth A. Lewis, M. Nofrarías, B. Vilá, P. McGuire, K. Richardson","doi":"10.4236/ojas.2021.113030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2021.113030","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Nonanoic acid (NA) is one of a \u0000series of straight-chain aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, acids and their \u0000derivatives with a well-documented history of use as a synthetic flavoring in \u0000human food. As part of a safety evaluation of NA for use as a flavoring in \u0000animal feed, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of turkeys to \u0000tolerate NA at levels relevant to practical feeding practices. Materials \u0000and Methods: A total of 594-day-old \u0000BUT Premium turkeys (300 males and 294 females) were allocated at random to 40 \u0000floor pens containing either 15 males or 13 to 15 females. Poults were fed one \u0000of 4 treatment diets in crumble (0 to 14 days) or pellet (15 to 59 days) form \u0000containing 0 (control), 100, 300 or 1000 mg NA/kg complete feed for 59 days. \u0000General health and performance were monitored for the duration of the study. At \u0000days 57 and 59 of age, blood samples were taken and birds were sacrificed and \u0000necropsied for histopathological examination of the digestive tract. \u0000Significant differences were considered at P ≤ 0.05 and near-significant trends at P ≤ 0.10. Results: NA had no effect on mortality (Pχ2 = 0.54), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.11), average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.12) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.45) in poults over the 56-day feeding period. No treatment-related effects \u0000on blood parameters or tissue pathology were observed. Conclusion: The results of the study support the safety and tolerance of NA to turkeys at \u0000dietary levels of up to 1000 mg/kg which will provide a considerable margin of \u0000safety compared to anticipated practical conditions of use as a feed flavoring.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42277216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-30DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112023
U. O. Bolaji, A. Ajasa, Olawale Ahmed Ridwan, S. F. Bello, O. Ositanwosu
Cattle are arguably the most important livestock species. Since the beginning of this century, the loss of genetic diversity within this species has been a major concern as this could have serious consequences on the ability of this species to respond to future production constraints. Genetic diversity has traditionally been accessed from pedigree, however, with the advances in molecular genetics new opportunities have emerged. We examined different methods for accessing genetic diversity and estimating genetic diversity parameters at the genomic level. We also examined criteria and strategies for the conservation of animal genetic resources. Finally, we examined genomic studies on some endangered cattle breeds.
{"title":"Cattle Conservation in the 21st Century: A Mini Review","authors":"U. O. Bolaji, A. Ajasa, Olawale Ahmed Ridwan, S. F. Bello, O. Ositanwosu","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112023","url":null,"abstract":"Cattle are arguably the most important livestock species. Since the beginning of this century, the loss of genetic diversity within this species has been a major concern as this could have serious consequences on the ability of this species to respond to future production constraints. Genetic diversity has traditionally been accessed from pedigree, however, with the advances in molecular genetics new opportunities have emerged. We examined different methods for accessing genetic diversity and estimating genetic diversity parameters at the genomic level. We also examined criteria and strategies for the conservation of animal genetic resources. Finally, we examined genomic studies on some endangered cattle breeds.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"304-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42206911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112018
P. Williams, J. Clark, K. Bean
There is a growing demand for feed additives that can not only reduce dairy enteric methane emissions but also increase milk production and feed efficiency. Just one product is currently commercially available which accomplishes both of these goals. The purpose of this study was to confirm the performance benefits of the product (Agolin®, Agolin SA, Biere, Switzerland) in high producing mid-lactation dairy cows under United States feeding conditions. Four matched pens of approximately 150 mid-lactation cows/pen and averaging over 50 kg of milk/cow/day were enrolled in a side-by-side study. All pens received a common total mixed diet ad libitum, and the essential oil blend was administered via a concentrated farm pack to provide 1 g/cow/day to cows in the 2 test pens. Milk weights were determined, and samples were collected for compositional analysis over the last 2 days of the pretrial (May 11 and 12, 2020) and end of the trial (July 18 and 19, 2020) periods. Dry matter intake was measured by pen daily for the last 10 days of each feeding period. Milk fat and milk protein yields were greater (P < 0.05) for cows receiving added Agolin. There was a tendency (P = 0.06) for energy corrected milk/dry matter intake to be greater for cows receiving the Agolin (1.88) relative to the control diet (1.76). The trial showed that Agolin assisted in improving production parameters of economic importance to dairy producers.
对不仅能减少奶牛肠道甲烷排放，还能提高牛奶产量和饲料效率的饲料添加剂的需求日益增长。目前只有一种产品可以实现这两个目标。本研究的目的是确认该产品(Agolin®，Agolin SA, Biere，瑞士)在美国饲养条件下对高产泌乳中期奶牛的生产性能益处。4个相匹配的猪圈，每个猪圈约150头泌乳中期奶牛，平均每头奶牛每天产奶量超过50公斤。所有猪栏随意饲喂普通全混合饲粮，2个试验栏的奶牛通过浓缩农场包装给予精油混合物，每头奶牛每天1 g。在预试期的最后2天(2020年5月11日和12日)和试验结束的最后2天(2020年7月18日和19日)采集样品进行成分分析。在每个饲喂期的最后10 d，每天采用笔法测定干物质采食量。添加Agolin组的乳脂和乳蛋白产量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。与对照组饲粮(1.76)相比，Agolin饲粮的能量修正乳/干物质采食量(1.88)有更大的趋势(P = 0.06)。试验表明，Agolin有助于改善对乳制品生产商具有重要经济意义的生产参数。
{"title":"Evaluation of Agolin®, an Essential Oil Blend, as a Feed Additive for High Producing Cows","authors":"P. Williams, J. Clark, K. Bean","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112018","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing demand for feed additives that can not only reduce dairy enteric methane emissions but also increase milk production and feed efficiency. Just one product is currently commercially available which accomplishes both of these goals. The purpose of this study was to confirm the performance benefits of the product (Agolin®, Agolin SA, Biere, Switzerland) in high producing mid-lactation dairy cows under United States feeding conditions. Four matched pens of approximately 150 mid-lactation cows/pen and averaging over 50 kg of milk/cow/day were enrolled in a side-by-side study. All pens received a common total mixed diet ad libitum, and the essential oil blend was administered via a concentrated farm pack to provide 1 g/cow/day to cows in the 2 test pens. Milk weights were determined, and samples were collected for compositional analysis over the last 2 days of the pretrial (May 11 and 12, 2020) and end of the trial (July 18 and 19, 2020) periods. Dry matter intake was measured by pen daily for the last 10 days of each feeding period. Milk fat and milk protein yields were greater (P < 0.05) for cows receiving added Agolin. There was a tendency (P = 0.06) for energy corrected milk/dry matter intake to be greater for cows receiving the Agolin (1.88) relative to the control diet (1.76). The trial showed that Agolin assisted in improving production parameters of economic importance to dairy producers.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42590813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-409421/V1
A. Abdurehman, Y. Mummed, M. Y. Kurtu, M. Temesgen, T. O’Quinn
The study was conducted to evaluate the fattening performance of Arsi, Borana, Harar and HF-Crossbred bulls finished under similar feeding condition at the beef farm in Haramaya University. A total of 24 bulls with age categories of 2-3 and 4-5 years were used in the complete block design for the experiment. Total mixed ration was provided at 3% of their BW during experimental periods. The average daily weight gain of the four breeds range from 0.49 to 0.71 kg. Feed conversion efficiency also ranges from 0.11 – 0.15. Simple linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between live body weight change and change in BCS as well as seven linear body measurements for all age groups. An average change for a unite of body condition score was equivalent to 20.3, 20.61, 22.42 and 27.78kg for Borana, Arsi, Harar and HF-crossbred bulls respectively. BCS was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by breeds. There was a significant (P<0.05) breed by age interaction effect on the initial body condition score of the four breeds. There was a significant and positive strong association between change in BW and BCS. There was a significant and strong correlation between change in BW and change in Total topline, neck length, heart girth, flank circumference and rump length having correlation coefficient ranges (r = 0.57 to 0.97). Higher (P<0.01) net profit of 7,380.47 ETB per head was recorded by Borana bulls followed by Harar bulls, Arsi and HF Crossbred with net profit of 5,406.86, 5193.29 and 3,384.98 ETB per head respectively.
{"title":"Growth Performance of Arsi, Borana, Harar and HF-Crossbred Bulls Finished under Similar Feeding Condition","authors":"A. Abdurehman, Y. Mummed, M. Y. Kurtu, M. Temesgen, T. O’Quinn","doi":"10.21203/RS.3.RS-409421/V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-409421/V1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The study was conducted to evaluate the fattening performance of Arsi, Borana, Harar and HF-Crossbred bulls finished under similar feeding condition at the beef farm in Haramaya University. A total of 24 bulls with age categories of 2-3 and 4-5 years were used in the complete block design for the experiment. Total mixed ration was provided at 3% of their BW during experimental periods. The average daily weight gain of the four breeds range from 0.49 to 0.71 kg. Feed conversion efficiency also ranges from 0.11 – 0.15. Simple linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between live body weight change and change in BCS as well as seven linear body measurements for all age groups. An average change for a unite of body condition score was equivalent to 20.3, 20.61, 22.42 and 27.78kg for Borana, Arsi, Harar and HF-crossbred bulls respectively. BCS was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by breeds. There was a significant (P<0.05) breed by age interaction effect on the initial body condition score of the four breeds. There was a significant and positive strong association between change in BW and BCS. There was a significant and strong correlation between change in BW and change in Total topline, neck length, heart girth, flank circumference and rump length having correlation coefficient ranges (r = 0.57 to 0.97). Higher (P<0.01) net profit of 7,380.47 ETB per head was recorded by Borana bulls followed by Harar bulls, Arsi and HF Crossbred with net profit of 5,406.86, 5193.29 and 3,384.98 ETB per head respectively.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42908933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：