Pub Date : 2021-04-08DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112013
A. Bello-ibiyemi, A. Adenaike, M. Takeet, A. Ubong, C. Ikeobi
An economically-important trait in poultry for which gene identification continues to be a challenge is immune response. The objective of the study is to quantitate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II BLB2 gene at cytolytic and latent immune response stages in Nigerian indigenous chickens. A total of 108 Nigerian indigenous chickens (NIC) were sourced across the South-western states in Nigeria. The birds were inoculated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), after which blood samples were obtained (5 days post-inoculation) and antibody haemagglutination test was carried out to place the birds into groups of high and low antibody titre levels. The categorisation of the birds resulted in six groups of normal feather high, normal feather low, naked neck high, naked neck low, frizzle feather high and frizzle feather low antibody groups. A total of 48 chicks were selected from the progeny for gene expression studies. Surgical excision of thymus and spleen was carried out for the detection of cytolytic and latent responses of the birds. β-actin was used as the endogenous control and the critical threshold method (2–ΔΔCт) was carried out for the determination of fold change. The fold change of spleen tissue expression at cytolytic immune response of the birds was 30,362.44 compared to latent response 294.07; and the fold change of thymus expression at cytolytic immune response of the birds was 51.98 compared to latent response 5.24. At both cytolytic and latent stages of immune response to SRBC antigen, BLB2 expression in the spleen was comparatively higher than in the thymus and the height of transcriptional activity was associated with the cytolytic stage. The birds of high titre at both the cytolytic and the latent responses had higher mRNA expression. This study concluded that BLB2 gene expression in the Nigerian indigenous chicken was induced at the cytolytic stage and repressed at the latent stage. During avian infections, the category of high immune response birds would perform better than the low immune response counterpart; and the protective response that BLB2 gene will be repressed from one time point to the other.
{"title":"Expression of B Locus Beta 2 (BLB2) Gene at Cytolytic and Latent Immune Response Stages of Immunocompetence in Nigerian Indigenous Chickens","authors":"A. Bello-ibiyemi, A. Adenaike, M. Takeet, A. Ubong, C. Ikeobi","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112013","url":null,"abstract":"An economically-important trait in poultry for which gene identification continues to be a challenge is immune response. The objective of the study is to quantitate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II BLB2 gene at cytolytic and latent immune response stages in Nigerian indigenous chickens. A total of 108 Nigerian indigenous chickens (NIC) were sourced across the South-western states in Nigeria. The birds were inoculated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), after which blood samples were obtained (5 days post-inoculation) and antibody haemagglutination test was carried out to place the birds into groups of high and low antibody titre levels. The categorisation of the birds resulted in six groups of normal feather high, normal feather low, naked neck high, naked neck low, frizzle feather high and frizzle feather low antibody groups. A total of 48 chicks were selected from the progeny for gene expression studies. Surgical excision of thymus and spleen was carried out for the detection of cytolytic and latent responses of the birds. β-actin was used as the endogenous control and the critical threshold method (2–ΔΔCт) was carried out for the determination of fold change. The fold change of spleen tissue expression at cytolytic immune response of the birds was 30,362.44 compared to latent response 294.07; and the fold change of thymus expression at cytolytic immune response of the birds was 51.98 compared to latent response 5.24. At both cytolytic and latent stages of immune response to SRBC antigen, BLB2 expression in the spleen was comparatively higher than in the thymus and the height of transcriptional activity was associated with the cytolytic stage. The birds of high titre at both the cytolytic and the latent responses had higher mRNA expression. This study concluded that BLB2 gene expression in the Nigerian indigenous chicken was induced at the cytolytic stage and repressed at the latent stage. During avian infections, the category of high immune response birds would perform better than the low immune response counterpart; and the protective response that BLB2 gene will be repressed from one time point to the other.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"164-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46137968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-08DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112011
Timketa Dagne, Y. Mummed, Mohammed Y. Kurtu, M. Leta, T. O’Quinn, J. Vipham
This study was conducted to determine proximate composition and profile of fatty acid of beef from Arsi, Borana and Harar Cattle breeds in Ethiopia. A total of 39 bulls with three age categories were used for the study. The bulls were purchased from mixed crop livestock system (Arsi and Harar cattle breeds) and Ranch (Borana cattle breed). Complete randomized design was used for the study. Longissimus dorsi muscle was used to evaluate proximate composition and profile of fatty acid. The result of the study indicated that mean of percentage of dry matter, ash, crude fat and crude protein were ranging 22.43 - 24.26, 0.32 - 1.28, 4.32 - 7.88, 17.21 - 22.76, respectively. At age younger than 3 years, Harar bulls contain more crude fat compared to Arsi bulls while the vice versa was true for crude protein. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was higher than saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the three breeds studied across all age categories. However, significantly higher (P < 0.01) PUFA and lowest (P < 0.05) SFA found in Harar breed whereas the opposite hold true for Arsi bulls. Ratio of n-6: n-3 in the muscle of bulls under the study was ranged from 2.10 to 2.57. Concentration of PUFA and MUF in muscle of the three breeds were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by age. From the study it was concluded that Arsi, Boran and Harar bulls under the three age categories contained more than 3% minimum crude fat that is required to insure palatability of the beef. The higher concentration of PUFA over SFA in all breeds across age categories indicated that the meat from these cattle breeds has less risk hazard to human health. However, a strategy needs to be developed to increase the ratio of n-6: n-3 to the nutritional recommendations by the World Health Organization which is 4:1 to 5:1. Moreover, the cause of the difference in proximate composition and profile of fatty acid between breeds under the study at different age categories needs to be investigated.
{"title":"Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Beef from Arsi, Borana and Harar Cattle Breeds in Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Timketa Dagne, Y. Mummed, Mohammed Y. Kurtu, M. Leta, T. O’Quinn, J. Vipham","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112011","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to determine proximate composition and profile of fatty acid of beef from Arsi, Borana and Harar Cattle breeds in Ethiopia. A total of 39 bulls with three age categories were used for the study. The bulls were purchased from mixed crop livestock system (Arsi and Harar cattle breeds) and Ranch (Borana cattle breed). Complete randomized design was used for the study. Longissimus dorsi muscle was used to evaluate proximate composition and profile of fatty acid. The result of the study indicated that mean of percentage of dry matter, ash, crude fat and crude protein were ranging 22.43 - 24.26, 0.32 - 1.28, 4.32 - 7.88, 17.21 - 22.76, respectively. At age younger than 3 years, Harar bulls contain more crude fat compared to Arsi bulls while the vice versa was true for crude protein. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was higher than saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the three breeds studied across all age categories. However, significantly higher (P < 0.01) PUFA and lowest (P < 0.05) SFA found in Harar breed whereas the opposite hold true for Arsi bulls. Ratio of n-6: n-3 in the muscle of bulls under the study was ranged from 2.10 to 2.57. Concentration of PUFA and MUF in muscle of the three breeds were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by age. From the study it was concluded that Arsi, Boran and Harar bulls under the three age categories contained more than 3% minimum crude fat that is required to insure palatability of the beef. The higher concentration of PUFA over SFA in all breeds across age categories indicated that the meat from these cattle breeds has less risk hazard to human health. However, a strategy needs to be developed to increase the ratio of n-6: n-3 to the nutritional recommendations by the World Health Organization which is 4:1 to 5:1. Moreover, the cause of the difference in proximate composition and profile of fatty acid between breeds under the study at different age categories needs to be investigated.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"139-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45835640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-08DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112012
M. Ward, R. A. Rasmus
Reduced walleye (Sander vitreus) fingerling production possibly related to nuisance filamentous green algae and overly stable water chemistry patterns is a concern in earthen-substrate ponds at Blue Dog State Fish Hatchery, South Dakota, USA. We describe the success of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) meal (AFM, n = 2), alfalfa meal plus soybean (Glycine max) meal (AFM + SBM, n = 1), and alfalfa meal plus liquid 28N:0P:0K (AFM + 28:0:0, n = 1) at achieving walleye production objectives (>104,000 walleye and 32 kilograms/hectare) as well as the occurrence of filamentous green algae and the associated patterns of ammonia-nitrogen, pH, and dissolved oxygen in earthen-substrate ponds. Walleye production objectives were only achieved when filamentous green algae were absent preceding harvest, which occurred in one pond that received AFM and in the pond that received AFM + 28:0:0. The presence of filamentous green algae preceding harvest was associated with higher dissolved oxygen and pH, whereas declines in these variables occurred when filamentous green algae were absent. Organic fertilizer alone exhibited low ammonia-nitrogen (<0.1 mg/L) despite the substitution of higher protein content soybean meal, but supplementation with 28:0:0 increased ammonia-nitrogen to 0.23 mg/L. These findings highlight the reduction in walleye fingerling production that occurred in the presence of filamentous green algae and the unpredictability of results when two earthen-substrate ponds are treated exactly the same with alfalfa meal. Achievement of walleye production objectives, lack of nuisance filamentous green algae, and promotion of favorable patterns in water chemistry warrant future experimentation with alfalfa meal supplemented with 28:0:0 in earthen-substrate ponds at this hatchery.
{"title":"Filamentous Green Algae Reduce Walleye Fingerling Production in Earthen-Substrate Ponds","authors":"M. Ward, R. A. Rasmus","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112012","url":null,"abstract":"Reduced walleye (Sander vitreus) fingerling production possibly related to nuisance filamentous green algae and overly stable water chemistry patterns is a concern in earthen-substrate ponds at Blue Dog State Fish Hatchery, South Dakota, USA. We describe the success of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) meal (AFM, n = 2), alfalfa meal plus soybean (Glycine max) meal (AFM + SBM, n = 1), and alfalfa meal plus liquid 28N:0P:0K (AFM + 28:0:0, n = 1) at achieving walleye production objectives (>104,000 walleye and 32 kilograms/hectare) as well as the occurrence of filamentous green algae and the associated patterns of ammonia-nitrogen, pH, and dissolved oxygen in earthen-substrate ponds. Walleye production objectives were only achieved when filamentous green algae were absent preceding harvest, which occurred in one pond that received AFM and in the pond that received AFM + 28:0:0. The presence of filamentous green algae preceding harvest was associated with higher dissolved oxygen and pH, whereas declines in these variables occurred when filamentous green algae were absent. Organic fertilizer alone exhibited low ammonia-nitrogen (<0.1 mg/L) despite the substitution of higher protein content soybean meal, but supplementation with 28:0:0 increased ammonia-nitrogen to 0.23 mg/L. These findings highlight the reduction in walleye fingerling production that occurred in the presence of filamentous green algae and the unpredictability of results when two earthen-substrate ponds are treated exactly the same with alfalfa meal. Achievement of walleye production objectives, lack of nuisance filamentous green algae, and promotion of favorable patterns in water chemistry warrant future experimentation with alfalfa meal supplemented with 28:0:0 in earthen-substrate ponds at this hatchery.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"157-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42781210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112020
T. Tefera, Y. Mummed, Mohammed Y. Kurtu, M. Leta, T. O’Quinn, J. Vipham
The objective of this study was to evaluate the eating qualities of Arsi, Borana, and Harar Cattle breeds in Ethiopia. A total of 39 bulls with age categories of - 6, and 7 - 9 years were used for the study. The bulls were purchased from mixed crop-livestock systems (Arsi and Harar) and Ranch (Borana) and slaughtered to evaluate the eating quality. WBSF device was used to evaluate instrumental tenderness while sensory panel testing was used to evaluate sensory tenderness, juiciness and flavor. The color of the meat was evaluated using Hunter Lab Mini Scan EZ while water holding capacity was evaluated using filter papers. A complete randomized design was used for the study. Breed significantly affected (P 0.0001) instrumental tenderness with beef from Harar and Boran bulls were very tender (18.55 ± 5.34, 20.34 ± 4.06N, respectively) while beef from Arsi bulls intermediate in tenderness (40.60 ± 0.51N). Beef from all age group of Harar and Boran breeds were very tender while beef from the Arsi breed was very tender for age 3 years, intermediate for 4 - 6 and tough for age group > 7 years of age. Flavor and juiciness was significantly (P 0.05) affected by breed. Flavor from Harar and Boran breeds were moderately liked while flavor from Arsi was liked slightly. Beef from Boran breed was ranked juicier than beef from Harar and Arsi breed. Borana ( 0.05) in lightness (L*) than Arsi and Harar indicating more quality beef from Borana breed. From the study it was concluded that Arsi bulls older than four years of age produced tougher beef suggesting the use of this breed for beef at early age while beef from Borana and Harar breed can be used to 9 years of age as they produce very tender meat.
{"title":"Eating Quality of Beef from Arsi, Borana, and Harar Cattle Breed, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"T. Tefera, Y. Mummed, Mohammed Y. Kurtu, M. Leta, T. O’Quinn, J. Vipham","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112020","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the eating \u0000qualities of Arsi, Borana, and Harar Cattle breeds in Ethiopia. A total of 39 bulls \u0000with age categories of - 6, and 7 - 9 years were used for the study. The bulls were purchased \u0000from mixed crop-livestock \u0000systems (Arsi and \u0000Harar) and Ranch (Borana) and slaughtered to evaluate the eating quality. WBSF device was used to evaluate instrumental \u0000tenderness while sensory panel testing was used to evaluate sensory tenderness, \u0000juiciness and flavor. The color of the meat was evaluated using Hunter Lab Mini \u0000Scan EZ while water holding capacity was evaluated using filter papers. A complete \u0000randomized design was used for the study. Breed significantly affected (P 0.0001) instrumental tenderness \u0000with beef from Harar and Boran bulls were very tender (18.55 ± 5.34, 20.34 ± 4.06N, respectively) while beef from Arsi bulls intermediate \u0000in tenderness (40.60 ± 0.51N). \u0000Beef from all age group of Harar and Boran breeds were very tender while beef from the Arsi breed was very tender for age 3 years, \u0000intermediate for 4 - 6 and tough for age group > 7 years of age. Flavor and juiciness was significantly (P 0.05) affected by breed. Flavor from Harar and Boran breeds were moderately liked while flavor from Arsi was liked slightly. Beef \u0000from Boran breed was ranked juicier than beef from Harar and Arsi breed. Borana \u0000( 0.05) in \u0000lightness (L*) than Arsi and Harar indicating more quality beef from Borana breed. \u0000From the study it was concluded that Arsi bulls older than four years of age produced \u0000tougher beef suggesting the use of this breed for beef at early age while beef from \u0000Borana and Harar breed can be used to 9 years \u0000of age as they produce very tender meat.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47816473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112016
Kouatcho François Djitie, Alvine Eleonor Akana, R. Radu-Rusu, A. Teodorescu, M. Usturoi, F. Ngoula, A. Téguia
In order to evaluate the effect of phenotype and quail age on laying rate and egg characteristics, a study has been carried out in Ngaoundéré from February to August 2019. 216 quails were divided into 36 batches of 6 animals each (5 females and 1 male) according to age and phenotype. The experimental animals were white, spotted white, grey and brown phenotypes and were one, six and ten months old. Eggs were collected for three weeks between 8 pm - 4 pm and 4 pm - 8 pm, counted, weighed and measured. 15 eggs per phenotype were randomly selected, broken individually, which allowed the internal parameters to be evaluated. The main results show that the quails laid more eggs between 4 pm - 8 pm, the highest laying rate was obtained in quails at one moth of laying and the spotted white phenotype had a high laying rate (74.03%) compared to other phenotypes. At one month of breeding age, quails with the spotted white phenotype showed a higher laying rate (93.34%), brown (78.75%) and grey (74%) at six months and finally white (71%) at ten months. Weight, height, diameter and egg shape index did not vary with the quail phenotype. The highest egg volume (12.60 ml) was found in white quails. The shells of white spotted quails were thicker than those of other phenotypes. Grey quails laid eggs with the highest Haugh’s index and proportion of edible matter. Brown quail eggs were found to have a higher proportion of dry yolk matter. Dry matter and moisture content of albumen did not vary with the quail phenotype. Considering the results obtained, it has been concluded that spotted white phenotype quails are more suitable for reproduction as they presented the best egg-laying proportions of edible matter.
{"title":"Effect of the Quail Phenotype and Breeding Age on Egg Laying and Characteristics","authors":"Kouatcho François Djitie, Alvine Eleonor Akana, R. Radu-Rusu, A. Teodorescu, M. Usturoi, F. Ngoula, A. Téguia","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112016","url":null,"abstract":"In order to evaluate the effect of phenotype and quail age on laying rate \u0000and egg characteristics, a study has been carried out in Ngaoundéré \u0000from February to August 2019. 216 quails were divided into 36 batches of 6 \u0000animals each (5 females and 1 male) according to age and phenotype. The \u0000experimental animals were white, spotted white, grey and brown phenotypes and \u0000were one, six and ten months old. Eggs were collected for three weeks between 8 pm - 4 pm and \u00004 pm - 8 pm, \u0000counted, weighed and measured. 15 eggs per phenotype were randomly selected, \u0000broken individually, which allowed the internal parameters to be evaluated. The \u0000main results show that the quails laid more eggs between 4 pm - 8 pm, the highest laying \u0000rate was obtained in quails at one moth of laying and the spotted white phenotype had a high laying \u0000rate (74.03%) compared to other phenotypes. \u0000At one month of breeding age, quails with the spotted white phenotype showed a \u0000higher laying rate (93.34%), brown (78.75%) and grey (74%) at six months \u0000and finally white (71%) at ten months. Weight, height, diameter and egg shape \u0000index did not vary with the quail phenotype. The highest egg volume (12.60 ml) \u0000was found in white quails. The shells of white spotted quails were thicker than \u0000those of other phenotypes. Grey quails laid eggs with the highest Haugh’s index and proportion of \u0000edible matter. Brown quail eggs were found to have a higher proportion of dry \u0000yolk matter. Dry matter and moisture content of albumen did not vary with the \u0000quail phenotype. Considering the results obtained, it has been concluded that \u0000spotted white phenotype quails are more suitable for reproduction as they \u0000presented the best egg-laying proportions of edible matter.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"208-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46809443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112019
Kengni Noubissie Josiane, Kana Jean Raphaël, Ngouana Tadjong Ruben, Yemdjie Mane Doriane Divine, Ebile Dayan Agwa, Tchouan Deffo Gilchrist, Necdem Tsafack Boris Valdes, Issa Bachar Issa
Microbial resistance in livestock has become a subject of great concern of public and scientific interest. This study was designed to assess the effects of methenamine feeding regime on growth performances of broilers chickens. For this purpose, 120 chicks of Cobb 500 strain, including 60 males and 60 females of 21 days old with an average weight of 639 g and 584 g respectively were used. They were randomly distributed in 60 experimental units of 2 chicks of same sex per cage until 49 days. Methenamine was incorporated in feed (TA), acidified (TEa) and non acidified (TE) water and compared to an antibiotic medicated diet as positive control (T0+) and a ration without any supplement as negative control (T0). The main results showed that, regardless of the feeding regime, methenamine significantly (p 0.05) increased feed inteake, body weight, weight gain and decreased (p 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Methenamine whatever the feeding regime induced a significant increase in lactic acid bacteria counts compared to coliforms and coccidies counts. Salmonella were absent throughout the trial period. Regardless of sex and feeding regime, hematological parameters were not significantly affected, with the exception of white blood cell and platelet concentration that decreased significantly (p 0.05) in male broilers. Serum content in ASAT (Aspartate-transferase), ALAT (Alanine-transferase), creatinine, urea and LDL-cholesterol decreased significantly (p 0.05), while HDL-cholesterol increased. Histology of organs was not affected. Feeding methenamine to broiler chickens through drinking water can be used as an alternative to antibiotic to improve growth performances.
{"title":"Effects of Methenamine Feeding Regime on Growth Performances, Gut Microbiota, Organs Histology and Haemato-Biochemical Profile of Broiler Chickens","authors":"Kengni Noubissie Josiane, Kana Jean Raphaël, Ngouana Tadjong Ruben, Yemdjie Mane Doriane Divine, Ebile Dayan Agwa, Tchouan Deffo Gilchrist, Necdem Tsafack Boris Valdes, Issa Bachar Issa","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112019","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial resistance in livestock has become a subject of great concern \u0000of public and scientific interest. This study was designed to assess the \u0000effects of methenamine feeding regime on growth performances of broilers \u0000chickens. For this purpose, 120 chicks of Cobb 500 strain, including 60 males \u0000and 60 females of 21 days old with an average weight of 639 g and 584 g respectively were used. \u0000They were randomly distributed in 60 experimental units of 2 chicks of same sex \u0000per cage until 49 days. Methenamine was incorporated in feed (TA), acidified \u0000(TEa) and non acidified (TE) water and compared to an antibiotic medicated diet \u0000as positive control (T0+) and a ration without any \u0000supplement as negative control (T0). The main results showed that, regardless \u0000of the feeding regime, methenamine significantly (p 0.05) increased feed \u0000inteake, body weight, weight gain and decreased (p 0.05) feed conversion ratio. Methenamine whatever \u0000the feeding regime induced a significant increase in lactic acid bacteria \u0000counts compared to coliforms and coccidies counts. Salmonella were absent throughout the trial period. Regardless of \u0000sex and feeding regime, hematological parameters were not significantly \u0000affected, with the exception of white blood cell and platelet concentration \u0000that decreased significantly (p 0.05) in male broilers. Serum content in ASAT \u0000(Aspartate-transferase), ALAT (Alanine-transferase), creatinine, urea and LDL-cholesterol decreased \u0000significantly (p 0.05), \u0000while HDL-cholesterol increased. Histology of organs was not affected. Feeding \u0000methenamine to broiler chickens through drinking water can be used as an \u0000alternative to antibiotic to improve growth performances.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"238-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47445025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112010
Beshir Hussien, Y. Hailu, Mitiku Eshetu
The study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties and microbial quality of ititu produced in the Borana zone. A total number of 35 ititu samples, 30 traditionally made plus 5 laboratories made ititu, were analyzed for their physicochemical properties and microbiological quality. The overall average (±SD) values for pH, titratable acidity, total protein, fat, total solids, and ash were 3.59% ± 0.04%, 2.86% ± 0.18%, 7.26% ± 0.41%, 9.85% ± 0.73%, 21.23% ± 1.48%, and 0.84% ± 0.11%, respectively for traditionally made ititu. The result of all physicochemical parameters of traditional ititu was not significantly) different (P > 0.05) with laboratory-made ititu (control sample).The average (±SD) total bacteria count (TBC), coliform count (CC), yeast and mould count (YMC), Staphylococcus aureus count and Listeria monocytogenes count were 8.36 ± 1.29, 3.47 ± 0.51, 8.06 ± 1.28, 3.79 ± 0.91 and 3.15 ± 0.17 log10cfu/ml, respectively for traditional ititu. Whereas, the corresponding values for the laboratory-made ititu were 4.17 ± 0.55 log10cfu/ml, 0, 5.76 ± 0.57 log10cfu/ml, 0 and 0, respectively. Significant (P 0.05) differences were observed between traditional and laboratory-made ititu for coliform, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes count. The Prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms for S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were 33.33% and 6.67%, respectively for traditionally made ititu while not detected for laboratory-made ititu. The results indicated that the quality of traditional ititu was substandard and not safe for consumption. This in general, the production of ititu in the study area requires intervention such as awareness creation of keeping good hygienic quality and pasteurization (heating up to boiling) of milk to be used for ititu making in order to make it safe from the public health point of view.
{"title":"Physicochemical Properties and Microbiological Quality of ititu (Traditionally Fermented Cow Milk) in Selected District of Borena Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Beshir Hussien, Y. Hailu, Mitiku Eshetu","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112010","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical \u0000properties and microbial quality of ititu produced in \u0000the Borana zone. A total number \u0000of 35 ititu samples, 30 traditionally made plus 5 \u0000laboratories made ititu, were analyzed for their physicochemical \u0000properties and microbiological quality. The overall average (±SD) values for pH, titratable acidity, total \u0000protein, fat, total solids, and ash were 3.59% ± 0.04%, 2.86% ± \u00000.18%, 7.26% ± 0.41%, 9.85% ± 0.73%, 21.23% ± 1.48%, and 0.84% ± 0.11%, \u0000respectively for traditionally made ititu. The result \u0000of all physicochemical parameters of traditional ititu \u0000was not significantly) different (P > 0.05) with \u0000laboratory-made ititu (control sample).The average \u0000(±SD) total bacteria count (TBC), coliform count (CC), yeast and mould count \u0000(YMC), Staphylococcus aureus count and Listeria monocytogenes count were 8.36 ± 1.29, 3.47 ± 0.51, 8.06 ± 1.28, 3.79 ± 0.91 and 3.15 ± 0.17 log10cfu/ml, respectively for \u0000traditional ititu. Whereas, the corresponding values for the laboratory-made ititu were 4.17 ± 0.55 log10cfu/ml, 0, 5.76 ± 0.57 log10cfu/ml, 0 and \u00000, respectively. Significant (P 0.05) differences were observed between \u0000traditional and laboratory-made ititu for coliform, \u0000S. aureus and L. monocytogenes count. The Prevalence of pathogenic \u0000microorganisms for S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were 33.33% and \u00006.67%, respectively for traditionally \u0000made ititu while \u0000not detected for laboratory-made ititu. The results \u0000indicated that the quality of traditional ititu was substandard and not \u0000safe for consumption. This in general, the production of ititu \u0000in the study area requires intervention such as awareness creation of keeping \u0000good hygienic quality and pasteurization (heating up to boiling) of milk to be \u0000used for ititu \u0000making in order to make it safe from the public health point of view.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"125-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44226843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2020.112009
A. Zhang, Wang Jun, Ya-Jing Hao, Xiao Shanshi, Luo Wei, Ganxiang Wang, Zhou Zhiming
Eukaryotic microplankton plays an important role in water biotic community and in maintaining the stability of water ecosystems. Environmental DNA metabarcoding provides the opportunity to integrate traditional and emerging approaches to discover more new species, and develop molecular biotic indices that can be more rapidly, frequently, and robustly used in water quality assessments. In order to examine assemblages of eukaryotic microplankton in lower reaches of Qiantang River, ITS gene metabarcoding technology based on environmental DNA was carried out. As a result, various species of phytoplankton, fungi and zooplankton were annotated on. More phylum, classes and specieses of eukaryotic phytoplankton and zooplankton were found after compared communities taxa based on metabarcoding with that obtained from morphological examination. Nevertheless, Chlorophyceae was the most common assemblage both identified by using these two methods, also Mesocyclops leuckarti and Acanthocyclops bicuspidatus were both found to be the dominant species of Cyclopoida in the river. Additionally, the reads proportions of phytoplankton and zooplankton at the three freshwater sampling sites (Tonglu, Fuyang and Wenyan) decreased as temperature drop. Meanwhile, twenty classes of fungi were annotated on, of which the community characteristic was first researched in the river. There were significant spatial differences in values of Chao1 index for eukaryotic microplankton. Cluster analysis and Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination further confirmed that the community composition of eukaryotic microplankton at class level for Jiashao-September sample had the most dissimilarity with the others.
{"title":"Community Characteristics Analysis of Eukaryotic Microplankton via ITS Gene Metabarcoding Based on Environmental DNA in Lower Reaches of Qiantang River, China","authors":"A. Zhang, Wang Jun, Ya-Jing Hao, Xiao Shanshi, Luo Wei, Ganxiang Wang, Zhou Zhiming","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2020.112009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2020.112009","url":null,"abstract":"Eukaryotic microplankton plays an important role in water biotic community \u0000and in maintaining the stability of water ecosystems. Environmental DNA metabarcoding \u0000provides the opportunity to integrate traditional and emerging approaches to discover \u0000more new species, and develop molecular biotic indices that can be more rapidly, \u0000frequently, and robustly used in water quality assessments. In order to examine \u0000assemblages of eukaryotic microplankton in lower reaches of Qiantang River, ITS \u0000gene metabarcoding technology based on environmental DNA was carried out. As a result, \u0000various species of phytoplankton, fungi and zooplankton were annotated on. More \u0000phylum, classes and specieses of eukaryotic phytoplankton and zooplankton were found \u0000after compared communities taxa based on metabarcoding with that obtained from morphological \u0000examination. Nevertheless, Chlorophyceae was the most common assemblage both identified \u0000by using these two methods, also Mesocyclops \u0000leuckarti and Acanthocyclops \u0000bicuspidatus were both found to be the dominant species of Cyclopoida \u0000in the river. Additionally, the reads proportions of phytoplankton and zooplankton \u0000at the three freshwater sampling sites (Tonglu, Fuyang and Wenyan) decreased as temperature \u0000drop. Meanwhile, twenty classes of fungi were annotated on, of which the community \u0000characteristic was first researched in the river. There were significant spatial differences in values of Chao1 \u0000index for eukaryotic microplankton. Cluster analysis and Non-metric multidimensional \u0000scaling ordination further confirmed that the community composition of eukaryotic \u0000microplankton at class level for Jiashao-September sample had the most dissimilarity \u0000with the others.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"105-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45181323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112022
C. Pilane, M. H. Mapeka
Computer-assisted sperm class analyser (CASA) analysis of avian semen following cryopreservation indicates that their semen motility and viability parameters become compromised, due in part to oxidative stress. To mimic these observations we have treated cockerel semen with an oxidative stress inducing agent, namely hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and monitored the motility, kinematic and viability parameters over time. Briefly, five healthy and fertile South African Venda cockerels were selected and their semen was collected using the abdominal massage technique. The semen was then treated with H2O2 at 0 µM, 5 µM, 50 µM and 200 µM concentrations for 0, 3, 16 and 24 hrs. The semen motility, kinematic and viability parameters were then determined using the CASA system while the viability was determined using the SYBR-14/PI staining. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was determined to test the relationships between the levels of induced oxidative stress, period of exposure to oxidative stress inducing agent and the motility plus kinematic parameters. Our data revealed that in raw cockerel semen, there was high and positive correlations between total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), rapid (RAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL) and average path velocity (VAP) while the kinematic parameters LIN, STR, WOB, ALH and BCF had low or negative correlations with them. Furthermore, TM, PM, RAP, VCL and VSL remained highly and positively correlated with the induced oxidative stress and also, linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat cross frequency (BCF) remained negatively correlated with the induced oxidative stress, after 3 hrs. After 24 hrs, TM, PM, RAP, VCL, VSL, VAP and ALH, became negatively correlated with the induced oxidative stress while LIN, STR, WOB and BCF became positively correlated with the induced oxidative stress. Conversely, when the H2O2 concentration used was correlated with motility and kinematic parameters over time, TM, PM, RAP, VCL, VSL, VAP became negatively correlated with oxidative stress while LIN, STR, WOB, ALH and BCF show negative or low correlations with the induced oxidative stress. This data indicates that LIN, STR, WOB, BCF and to some extend ALH, reveal the least correlations with the induced oxidative stress under persistent oxidative stress conditions in cockerel semen. In conclusion, cockerel semen, like buck semen, does not easily succumb to oxidative stress since the raw semen correlations of CASA analysed parameters are comparable to these observed after 3 hrs of H2O2 treatment. In addition, the oxidative stress levels tolerated by cockerel semen should not 5 µM H2O2 oxidative stress levels. Lastly, lack of correlation between LIN, STR, WOB, BCF and ALH and induced oxidative stress can be used in cockerel semen to show intolerable cryopreservation conditions.
{"title":"The Response of Cockerel Semen Kinematic Parameters LIN, STR, WOB, ALH and BCF to Induced Oxidative Stress","authors":"C. Pilane, M. H. Mapeka","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112022","url":null,"abstract":"Computer-assisted sperm \u0000class analyser (CASA) analysis of avian semen following cryopreservation \u0000indicates that their semen motility and viability parameters become \u0000compromised, due in part to oxidative stress. To mimic these observations we \u0000have treated cockerel semen with an oxidative stress inducing agent, namely \u0000hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and \u0000monitored the motility, kinematic and viability parameters over time. Briefly, \u0000five healthy and fertile South African Venda cockerels were selected and their \u0000semen was collected using the abdominal massage technique. The semen was then \u0000treated with H2O2 at 0 µM, \u00005 µM, 50 µM and 200 µM concentrations for 0, 3, 16 \u0000and 24 hrs. The semen motility, kinematic and viability parameters were then \u0000determined using the CASA system while the viability was determined using the \u0000SYBR-14/PI staining. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was determined to \u0000test the relationships between the levels of induced oxidative stress, period \u0000of exposure to oxidative stress inducing agent and the motility plus kinematic \u0000parameters. Our data revealed that in raw cockerel semen, there was high and \u0000positive correlations between total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), \u0000rapid (RAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL) and \u0000average path velocity (VAP) while the kinematic parameters LIN, STR, WOB, ALH \u0000and BCF had low or negative correlations with them. Furthermore, TM, PM, RAP, \u0000VCL and VSL remained highly and positively correlated with the induced \u0000oxidative stress and also, linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), \u0000amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat cross frequency (BCF) \u0000remained negatively correlated with the induced oxidative stress, after 3 hrs. \u0000After 24 hrs, TM, PM, RAP, VCL, VSL, VAP and ALH, became negatively correlated \u0000with the induced oxidative stress while LIN, STR, WOB and BCF became positively \u0000correlated with the induced oxidative stress. Conversely, when the H2O2 \u0000concentration used was correlated with motility and kinematic parameters over \u0000time, TM, PM, RAP, VCL, VSL, VAP became negatively correlated with oxidative \u0000stress while LIN, STR, WOB, ALH and BCF show negative or low correlations with \u0000the induced oxidative stress. This data indicates that LIN, STR, WOB, BCF and \u0000to some extend ALH, reveal the least correlations with the induced oxidative \u0000stress under persistent oxidative stress conditions in cockerel semen. In \u0000conclusion, cockerel semen, like buck semen, does not easily succumb to \u0000oxidative stress since the raw semen correlations of CASA analysed parameters \u0000are comparable to these observed after 3 hrs of H2O2 \u0000treatment. In addition, the oxidative stress levels tolerated by cockerel semen \u0000should not 5 µM H2O2 \u0000oxidative stress levels. Lastly, lack of correlation between LIN, STR, WOB, BCF \u0000and ALH and induced oxidative stress can be used in cockerel semen to show \u0000intolerable cryopreservation conditions.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"292-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45976860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112024
Ana M Suarez-Fontes, Juliana Almeida-Silva, Sarah Cristina dos Santos Silva, Letícia Sant’Anna de Souza, Daniele Brum de Souza, Conceição Suarez Fontes de Araújo Lima, M. Vannier-Santos
The term Ecology is derived from οἶκος (Greek “house” or environment), but our habitations usually overlooked in ecology or environmental studies. The expression “at home” usually means safety and comfort, but at home we are under risk of innumerous parasitic/microbial infections and contaminations/ envenomation. During the COVID-19 pandemic we were forced to stay at home, but the virus and other pathogens were also home-delivered. Education for health is highly effective in health promotion, particularly in poor areas. Thus, prophylactic interventions approaching household environment are required. The present activity aims community empowerment and engagement in controlling parasitic diseases and other infections such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, arboviruses etc. Inspired on the use of a house maket by Dr. Virginia Schall to demonstrate Aedes mosquitoes breeding sites. We also employ house makets displaying pathogen vectors breeding/hiding sites. Although some makets can be opened, revealing intradomiciliary milieu, we intended to offer the public a literally “insider” view of this largely overlooked scenery. The “Interactive House”, also known as “House with no viruses and other bugs” is an educative, interactive, ludic device elaborated on an inflatable igloo, with furniture and utensils crafted using reused/recycled or low-cost materials. Live mosquito larvae were placed at peridomicile in water-accumulating plant pot saucer, leaves-clogged gutter, used tire, dog water bowl as well as within the domicile, in the shower drain trap. Evidengue®, crafted in cloth to block mosquito oviposition developed is presented. Participants enjoy taking part in the activity, seem amused, play, laugh and smile while enthusiastically take pictures. This educative activity permits health communication in a ludic interactive way, which may contribute to health promotion in areas with public health problems.
{"title":"Microbe/Bug-Busters Visit the Interactive House: An Itinerant Scenographic Device for Health Education","authors":"Ana M Suarez-Fontes, Juliana Almeida-Silva, Sarah Cristina dos Santos Silva, Letícia Sant’Anna de Souza, Daniele Brum de Souza, Conceição Suarez Fontes de Araújo Lima, M. Vannier-Santos","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112024","url":null,"abstract":"The term Ecology is derived from οἶκος (Greek \u0000“house” or environment), but our habitations usually overlooked in ecology or \u0000environmental studies. The expression “at home” usually means safety and \u0000comfort, but at home we are under risk of innumerous parasitic/microbial \u0000infections and contaminations/ envenomation. \u0000During the COVID-19 pandemic we were forced to stay at home, but the virus and other \u0000pathogens were also home-delivered. Education for health is highly effective in \u0000health promotion, particularly in poor \u0000areas. Thus, prophylactic interventions approaching household environment are \u0000required. The present activity aims community empowerment and engagement \u0000in controlling parasitic diseases and other infections such as Chagas disease, \u0000leishmaniasis, malaria, arboviruses etc. Inspired on the use of a house maket \u0000by Dr. Virginia Schall to demonstrate Aedes mosquitoes breeding sites. \u0000We also employ house makets displaying pathogen vectors breeding/hiding sites. \u0000Although some makets can be opened, revealing intradomiciliary milieu, we \u0000intended to offer the public a literally “insider” view of this largely \u0000overlooked scenery. The “Interactive House”, also known as “House with no viruses and other bugs” is an educative, interactive, ludic device elaborated on an inflatable \u0000igloo, with furniture and utensils crafted using reused/recycled or low-cost \u0000materials. Live mosquito larvae were placed at peridomicile in \u0000water-accumulating plant pot saucer, leaves-clogged gutter, used tire, dog \u0000water bowl as well as within the domicile, in the shower drain trap. Evidengue®, \u0000crafted in cloth to block mosquito oviposition developed is presented. \u0000Participants enjoy taking part in the activity, seem amused, play, laugh and \u0000smile while enthusiastically take pictures. This educative activity permits \u0000health communication in a ludic interactive way, which may contribute to health \u0000promotion in areas with public health problems.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"333-353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46263053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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