Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112014
A. Snider, D. Mclean, A. Menino
Health status of donor cows during superovulation is important to ensure optimal embryo quality at time of collection. Because nutritional and metabolic status impact embryo quality some form of nutritional supplementation is often provided before and during superovulation. OmniGen-AF® (OG) feeding has been shown to assist in the maintenance of animal health through regulation of metabolic status and balance and supporting aspects of immune function. We observed feeding donor cows OG decreased percent degenerate embryos recovered following superovulation increased serum progesterone concentration and improved in vitro embryo development. Evaluation of OG feeding on markers of metabolic function and inflammatory and immune function in beef cattle embryo donors are reported here. Similarly, cow metabolic and inflammatory response with repeated superovulation protocols is not known. Biomarkers to monitor and evaluate cow health during superovulation may provide management options to improve embryo recovery and quality. Twenty-four Angus cross-bred cattle were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, fed 0 or 56 g/hd/day for 49 days and superovulated with 200 or 400 mg Folltropin V (FSH). Blood was collected weekly for analyses. The protocol was repeated on all cows 90 - 120 d later with cows reassigned to their original groups. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed due to OG feeding or FSH dose on metabolic and inflammatory markers. Replicate exerted a significant effect where serum concentration of albumin, IL1β, IL6, PGE2 and leptin were lower (P < 0.05) in Replicate 1 compared to 2. There was also a similar pattern of change in several of the metabolic and inflammatory markers during the superovulation protocol where concentrations were higher at the time of estrus and ovulation. Taken together, physiologic changes during the estrous cycle and the number of superovulation protocols can modulate metabolic markers and inflammatory response.
{"title":"Measurement of Metabolic and Inflammatory Serum Markers and Immune Marker Gene Expression during Superovulation in Beef Cattle","authors":"A. Snider, D. Mclean, A. Menino","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112014","url":null,"abstract":"Health status of donor cows during superovulation is important to ensure \u0000optimal embryo quality at time of collection. Because nutritional and metabolic \u0000status impact embryo quality some form of nutritional supplementation is often \u0000provided before and during superovulation. OmniGen-AF® (OG) feeding has \u0000been shown to assist in the maintenance of animal health through regulation of \u0000metabolic status and balance and supporting aspects of immune function. We \u0000observed feeding donor cows OG decreased percent degenerate embryos recovered \u0000following superovulation increased serum progesterone concentration and \u0000improved in vitro embryo development. Evaluation of OG feeding on markers of \u0000metabolic function and inflammatory and immune function in beef cattle embryo \u0000donors are reported here. Similarly, cow metabolic and inflammatory response \u0000with repeated superovulation protocols is not known. Biomarkers to monitor and \u0000evaluate cow health during superovulation may provide management options to \u0000improve embryo recovery and quality. Twenty-four Angus cross-bred cattle were \u0000randomly assigned to four treatment groups, fed 0 or 56 g/hd/day for 49 days \u0000and superovulated with 200 or 400 mg Folltropin V (FSH). Blood was collected \u0000weekly for analyses. The protocol was repeated on all cows 90 - 120 d later with cows reassigned to their original \u0000groups. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed due to OG feeding or \u0000FSH dose on metabolic and inflammatory markers. Replicate exerted a significant \u0000effect where serum concentration of albumin, IL1β, IL6, PGE2 and \u0000leptin were lower (P < 0.05) in \u0000Replicate 1 compared to 2. There was also a similar pattern of change in \u0000several of the metabolic and inflammatory markers during the superovulation \u0000protocol where concentrations were higher at the time of estrus and ovulation. \u0000Taken together, physiologic changes during the estrous cycle and the number of \u0000superovulation protocols can modulate metabolic markers and inflammatory \u0000response.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"175-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45590027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112015
M. Parsley, M. Wilson, T. Gall, M. Ballard
Research findings for supplementing boar stud diets with fish oils are inconsistent. This study was designed to address three possible causes of performance variation of boars to fish oil supplementation: stability of the fatty acid source, level of inclusion and breed of boars tested. Three groups of 87 boars each, from two genetic lines (PIC 337 and PIC 800), were assigned to treatment based on age, mean sperm production (previous 12 weeks), and body condition score. All boars received a corn-soybean meal diet with a commercial fish oil supplement providing 1.83 g/boar/day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as a preconditioning diet. On 10-Aug., 2020, the DHA source was changed to a stabilized starch imbedded source of refined fish oil (Salmate®), providing 1.83 g/b/d for the test diet. Two additional levels providing 2.38 and 2.94 g/b/d of DHA were fed for a 9 week pretreatment period and during the test period. Salmate® fed at 2.38 g/b/d of DHA resulted in a reduction in the number of rejected ejaculates (P 0.045) by 7.5% and 6.4% compared to the lowest and highest inclusion rates, respectively. There were no treatments by genetic line interactions. A retrospective study of semen production and quality of 77 boars on the Salmate® diet containing 1.83 g/b/d DHA was done to compare to the original source of DHA at the same inclusion level. There were no differences in semen quality parameters between the 2 lipid sources. Ejaculate volume increased from 177.9 ml to 233.4 ml (P 0.001) and total sperm cells per ejaculate increased from 69.7 × 109 to 82.0 × 109 (P 0.001) due to substitution of Salmate®. Adding Salmate® at 2.38 g/b/d resulted in a lower number of rejected ejaculates per boar by 7.5% and 6.4% vs. 1.83 and 2.94 g/b/d, respectively, and boars fed Salmate® at 1.83 g/b/d produced 17% more doses than the competing product.
{"title":"Effect of Stabilized Fish Oil Source on Sperm Quality and Production of Boars","authors":"M. Parsley, M. Wilson, T. Gall, M. Ballard","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112015","url":null,"abstract":"Research findings for supplementing boar stud diets \u0000with fish oils are inconsistent. This study was designed to address three \u0000possible causes of performance variation of boars to fish oil supplementation: \u0000stability of the fatty acid source, level of inclusion and breed of boars \u0000tested. Three groups of 87 boars each, from two genetic lines (PIC 337 and PIC \u0000800), were assigned to treatment based on age, mean sperm production (previous \u000012 weeks), and body condition score. All boars received a corn-soybean meal \u0000diet with a commercial fish oil supplement providing 1.83 g/boar/day of \u0000docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as a preconditioning diet. On 10-Aug., 2020, the DHA \u0000source was changed to a stabilized starch imbedded source of refined fish oil \u0000(Salmate®), providing 1.83 g/b/d for the test diet. Two additional levels providing 2.38 and \u00002.94 g/b/d \u0000of DHA were fed for a 9 week pretreatment period and during the test period. \u0000Salmate® fed at 2.38 g/b/d \u0000of DHA resulted in a reduction in the number of rejected ejaculates (P 0.045) by 7.5% and 6.4% \u0000compared to the lowest and highest inclusion rates, respectively. There were no treatments by genetic line interactions. \u0000A retrospective study of semen production and quality of 77 boars on the \u0000Salmate® diet containing 1.83 g/b/d DHA was done to compare to the original source \u0000of DHA at the same inclusion level. There were no differences in semen quality \u0000parameters between the 2 lipid sources. Ejaculate volume increased from 177.9 \u0000ml to 233.4 ml (P 0.001) and total sperm \u0000cells per ejaculate increased from 69.7 × 109 \u0000to 82.0 × 109 (P 0.001) \u0000due to substitution of Salmate®. Adding Salmate® at 2.38 g/b/d \u0000resulted in a lower number of rejected ejaculates per boar by 7.5% and 6.4% vs. \u00001.83 and 2.94 g/b/d, respectively, and boars fed Salmate® at 1.83 g/b/d \u0000produced 17% more doses than the competing product.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"197-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48267116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.112021
Benjamin Musyimi Musingi, Leah Mumbi Mahianyu, E. D. M. Musingi
Longevity and stay ability are parameters in any breeding programme. The Overstaying of any animal on a farm has got negative effects on the farmer. Short stay also means early exit of good animals that could have been used for a longer time and more productive. The intention of this review paper is to emphasize the importance of models that an upcoming breeding program can use without affecting the quality of the herd. In this paper, longevity is taken purely on the performance measure. The functional and type traits of longevity should be studied further before all models are put into play. But the case of closed breeding programmes, performance traits are easily measurable because many animals will exit the herd as they have been sold to farmers hence many functional straits will be expressed outside the herd. Genetic evaluation of the Kenyan Sahiwal should account for inbreeding. This study has also provided genetic and phenotypic parameters to enable the inclusion of longevity in the breeding objective for the Sahiwal cattle improvement programme.
{"title":"Evaluation of Models for Longevity in a Closed Nucleus Breeding Programme: A Case Study Kenyan Sahiwal","authors":"Benjamin Musyimi Musingi, Leah Mumbi Mahianyu, E. D. M. Musingi","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.112021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.112021","url":null,"abstract":"Longevity and stay ability are parameters in any breeding programme. The Overstaying of any animal on a farm has got negative \u0000effects on the farmer. Short stay also means early exit of good animals that could have been used \u0000for a longer time and more productive. The intention of this review paper is to \u0000emphasize the importance of models that an upcoming breeding program can use \u0000without affecting the quality of the herd. In this paper, longevity is taken purely \u0000on the performance measure. The functional and type traits of longevity should \u0000be studied further before all models are put into play. But the case of closed \u0000breeding programmes, performance traits are easily measurable because many \u0000animals will exit the herd as they have been sold to farmers hence many \u0000functional straits will be expressed outside the herd. Genetic evaluation of \u0000the Kenyan Sahiwal should account for inbreeding. This study has also provided genetic and phenotypic parameters to \u0000enable the inclusion of longevity in the breeding objective for \u0000the Sahiwal cattle improvement programme.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48543241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.111004
A. Snider, D. Mclean, A. Menino
Embryo quality is crucial when selecting embryos for transfer. Variation in quality may be attributed to poor oocytes, semen, stress, inflammation, and potential immune system dysregulation. OmniGen-AF® (OG) feeding supports immune system function and animal health. Our laboratory recently reported lower percent degenerate embryos recovered and increased plasma progesterone in beef cattle donors fed OG during superovulation. In vitro development of embryos recovered from donor cows fed OG prior to collection is presented here. Embryos were recovered from 24 beef cows assigned to four treatment groups: 0 g OG/hd/d and 200 mg Folltropinr 0 g OG/hd/d and 400 mg FSH (0/400), 56 g OG/hd/d, 200 mg FSH (56/200) and 56 g OG/hd/d and 400 mg FSH (56/400). Good to excellent quality early blastocysts were cultured for 8 d. and development through hatching, embryonic volume and plasminogen activator (PA) production were quantified. The complete protocol was repeated 90 - 120 d later as Replicate 2. Optimal development was observed by embryos recovered from 0/200 cows where percent blastocysts hatching was greater (P compared to 56/200 and 0/400 cows and embryonic volume was greatest (P was similar (P > 0.10) to 56/400 cows and embryos recovered from 56/400 cows in Replicate 1 produced more (P in vitro embryo development similar to that observed for 0/200 cows.
在选择胚胎进行移植时，胚胎质量至关重要。质量的变化可能归因于卵母细胞、精液、压力、炎症和潜在的免疫系统失调。OmniGen-AF®(OG)饲料支持免疫系统功能和动物健康。我们的实验室最近报道了在超排卵期间饲喂OG的肉牛供体的退化胚胎恢复率较低，血浆黄体酮增加。在收集之前，从饲喂OG的供体奶牛中恢复的胚胎的体外发育在这里提出。选取24头肉牛，将胚胎分为4个处理组:0 g OG/hd/d + 200 mg Folltropinr 0 g OG/hd/d + 400 mg FSH(0/400)、56 g OG/hd/d、200 mg FSH(56/200)和56 g OG/hd/d + 400 mg FSH(56/400)。将优质至优良的早期囊胚培养8 d，通过孵化发育，定量测定胚胎体积和纤溶酶原激活物(PA)的产量。90 - 120d后重复完整的方案作为复制2。0/200奶牛回收的胚胎发育最佳，囊胚孵化率高于56/200和0/400奶牛(P < 0.05)，胚胎体积最大(P < 0.05)，与56/400奶牛相似，重复1中56/400奶牛回收的胚胎体外胚胎发育率与0/200奶牛相似。
{"title":"Effects of Feeding OmniGen-AF® during Superovulation on in Vitro Development of Embryos Recovered from Donor Beef Cows","authors":"A. Snider, D. Mclean, A. Menino","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.111004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.111004","url":null,"abstract":"Embryo quality is crucial when selecting embryos for \u0000transfer. Variation in quality may be attributed to poor oocytes, semen, \u0000stress, inflammation, and potential immune system dysregulation. OmniGen-AF® \u0000(OG) feeding supports immune system function and animal health. Our laboratory \u0000recently reported lower percent degenerate embryos recovered and increased \u0000plasma progesterone in beef cattle donors fed OG during superovulation. In vitro development of \u0000embryos recovered from donor cows fed OG prior to collection is presented here. \u0000Embryos were recovered from 24 beef cows assigned to four treatment groups: 0 g \u0000OG/hd/d and 200 mg Folltropinr 0 \u0000g OG/hd/d and 400 mg FSH (0/400), 56 g OG/hd/d, 200 mg FSH (56/200) and 56 g \u0000OG/hd/d and 400 mg FSH (56/400). Good to excellent quality early blastocysts \u0000were cultured for 8 d. and development through hatching, embryonic volume and \u0000plasminogen activator (PA) production were quantified. The complete protocol \u0000was repeated 90 - 120 d later as Replicate 2. Optimal development was observed \u0000by embryos recovered from 0/200 cows where percent blastocysts hatching was \u0000greater (P compared to 56/200 and 0/400 cows and embryonic volume was greatest (P was similar (P \u0000> 0.10) to 56/400 cows and embryos recovered from 56/400 cows in Replicate 1 \u0000produced more (P in vitro embryo development similar to that observed for 0/200 \u0000cows.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45551256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.111008
J. A. Omar, A. Zaazaa, Maen N. Sheqwarah, B. A. Shanab, W. Qaisi, J. Abdallah
The nutritive quality of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) residues (GR) was investigated and the effects of partial replacement of wheat straw by GR on nutrients intake, digestibility, and growth performance. Twenty four male lambs, with average body weight (BW) of 40.3 ± 2.5 kg were divided into three groups. Lambs were fed individually for 104 days with concentrate mixture (18% crude protein) and wheat straw as a total mixed ration. Wheat straw was replaced with 0, 100 and 145 g/kg dry matter guar residues. All rations were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The fattening trial lasted 104 days. At the end of week 10 of the trail, a digestion trial was performed using six lambs from each group. The composition of nutrients in the GR was 87%, 8.5%, 56.4% and 40.1% for DM, CP, NDF and ADF, respectively. DM and crude protein (CP) intake were not affected by the inclusion of GR. However, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) intake were lower in lambs fed GR compared to control lambs. At the end of the experiment, lambs fed 100 and 145 g GR/kg DM diets gained more weight (P version (CR). Results from this work suggested that GR had advantages compared to regular roughage (wheat straw) in regard to parameters investigated as well as the significant reduction in fattening diets cost.
研究了瓜尔豆(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)残渣(GR)的营养品质，以及GR部分替代麦秸对营养物质摄入、消化率和生长性能的影响。选取24只平均体重(BW)为40.3±2.5 kg的公羊羔分为3组。以粗蛋白质含量为18%的精料混合日粮与麦秸混合饲喂，试验期104 d。用0、100和145 g/kg干物质瓜尔瓜尔渣代替麦秸。所有的口粮都是等氮和等热量的。育肥试验期104 d。在试验第10周末，每组取6只羔羊进行消化试验。GR中DM、CP、NDF和ADF的营养成分组成分别为87%、8.5%、56.4%和40.1%。饲粮中添加GR对DM和粗蛋白质(CP)采食量没有影响，但中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量低于对照组。试验结束时，饲粮中添加100和145 g GR/kg DM的羔羊体重(P版)增加较多。本研究结果表明，与普通粗饲料(麦秸)相比，GR在研究参数方面具有优势，并且显著降低了育肥饲料的成本。
{"title":"Effects of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Residues on the Performance and Nutrients Digestibility in Finishing Awassi Lambs","authors":"J. A. Omar, A. Zaazaa, Maen N. Sheqwarah, B. A. Shanab, W. Qaisi, J. Abdallah","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.111008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.111008","url":null,"abstract":"The nutritive quality of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) residues (GR) was \u0000investigated and the effects of partial replacement of wheat straw by GR on \u0000nutrients intake, digestibility, and growth performance. Twenty four male \u0000lambs, with average body weight (BW) of 40.3 ± 2.5 kg were divided into three \u0000groups. Lambs were fed individually for 104 days with concentrate mixture (18% \u0000crude protein) and wheat straw as a total mixed ration. Wheat straw was \u0000replaced with 0, 100 and 145 g/kg dry matter guar residues. All rations were \u0000isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The fattening trial lasted 104 days. At the end of week 10 of \u0000the trail, a \u0000digestion trial was performed using six lambs from each group. The composition \u0000of nutrients in the GR was 87%, 8.5%, 56.4% and 40.1% for DM, CP, NDF and ADF, \u0000respectively. DM and crude protein (CP) intake were not affected by the \u0000inclusion of GR. However, \u0000neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) intake were lower \u0000in lambs fed GR compared to control lambs. At the end of the experiment, lambs \u0000fed 100 and 145 g GR/kg DM diets gained more weight (P version (CR). Results from this work suggested that GR had advantages compared to regular roughage (wheat straw) in regard to parameters \u0000investigated as well as the significant reduction in fattening diets cost.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41704014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.111002
A. Musa, Y. Mummed, Mohammed Y. Kurtu, M. Temesgen, T. O’Quinn
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of age and breeds (Arsi, Borana, HF-Cross and Harar) on carcass and meat characteristics of bulls finished under similar feeding conditions. The feeding experiment was conducted for 90 days at Beef farm of Haramaya University. In this experiment, 24 bulls were fed with roughage (60%) which contained grass hay and wheat straw and concentrate (40%) which contained wheat bran, noug (gucia abysica) cake, maize grain, limestone, salt and ruminant premix. The bulls were transported to Bishoftu ELFORA export abattoir for slaughter following the procedure of the abattoir. The result of the study revealed that the average slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, shrink loss, commercial dressing and true dressing percentage were 179.1 kg, 86.8 kg, 82.7 kg 4.7%, 48.8% and 78.3%, respectively. Total edible and nonedible offal were significantly (P significantly (P Boran, Harar, and HF-crossbred were 78.1%, 77%, 72.8% and 77.2% respectively. Meat yield was predicted from fat thickness and ribeye area with 61% accuracy. Arsi bulls attained the highest (78%) meat yield at early age but decreased by 0.713 rate as age of animals advanced by one digit whereas the meat yield from other breeds showed increment in meat yield percentage with the rate of 1.98, 1.1 and 0.1 for cross, Borana and Harar breed bulls, respectively as age advanced. Yield from fore shank, sirloin, top and bottom sirloin primal cuts were affected by breed. Arsi breed had higher meat bone ration than cross breed. Retailed meat yield was significantly (P 0.05) by age and breed in the current study.
{"title":"Carcass and Meat Characteristics of Bulls from Arsi, Boran, Harar and Holstein Frisian Crosses Cattle Breeds Finished under Similar Level of Concentrate Supplementation","authors":"A. Musa, Y. Mummed, Mohammed Y. Kurtu, M. Temesgen, T. O’Quinn","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.111002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.111002","url":null,"abstract":"A study \u0000was conducted to evaluate the effect of age and breeds (Arsi, Borana, HF-Cross \u0000and Harar) on carcass and meat characteristics of bulls finished under similar \u0000feeding conditions. The feeding experiment was conducted for 90 days at Beef \u0000farm of Haramaya University. In this experiment, 24 bulls were fed with \u0000roughage (60%) which contained grass hay and wheat straw and concentrate (40%) \u0000which contained wheat bran, noug (gucia abysica) cake, maize grain, limestone, salt and ruminant \u0000premix. The bulls were transported to Bishoftu ELFORA export abattoir for \u0000slaughter following the procedure of the abattoir. The result of the study \u0000revealed that the average slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass \u0000weight, shrink loss, commercial dressing and true dressing percentage were \u0000179.1 kg, 86.8 kg, 82.7 kg 4.7%, 48.8% and 78.3%, respectively. Total edible \u0000and nonedible offal were significantly (P significantly (P Boran, Harar, and HF-crossbred were 78.1%, 77%, 72.8% and 77.2% respectively. Meat yield was predicted from fat thickness and ribeye area with \u000061% accuracy. Arsi bulls attained the highest (78%) meat yield at early age but \u0000decreased by 0.713 rate as age of animals advanced by one digit whereas the \u0000meat yield from other breeds showed increment in meat yield percentage with the \u0000rate of 1.98, 1.1 and 0.1 for cross, Borana and Harar breed bulls, respectively \u0000as age advanced. Yield from fore shank, sirloin, top and bottom sirloin primal \u0000cuts were affected by breed. Arsi breed had higher meat bone ration than cross \u0000breed. Retailed meat yield was significantly (P 0.05) by age and breed in the current study.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"11-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42258430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.111007
Rosalina Palanca-Tan, Sheila Bongat-Bayog
The Municipality of Lake Sebu in Mindanao, Philippines offers various opportunities for income-generating fishing activities with its abundant surface water bodies. Lake Sebu is particularly known for good quality tilapia, farmed in fish cages. This study employed primary data collection methods, namely key informant interview, focus group discussion and a comprehensive livelihood household survey to assess the conditions and problems constraining fishing households in Lake Sebu. The study found that fishing-related benefits were mainly derived from aquaculture. Capture fisheries are essentially very small-scale, low gear open fishing done by local fisher folk that generates only subsistence income. Local residents are mostly engaged in retail fish trading that likewise generate only subsistence income. Survey results also revealed large variations in the scale of aquaculture operations. Fish cage owners, who are not originally from Lake Sebu or have residences outside Lake Sebu, are usually the large-scale fish farm operators, while the locals are only engaged in small-scale aquaculture due to limited financial sources. The study found that on the average, fishing-dependent households earned an annual income of PHP 132,800 (US$ 2619), which was 15% lower than the average for all household respondents, and that a substantial 63% of fishing-dependent households live below the poverty line. It appears, therefore, that the rich water resources in the municipality have not contributed substantially to poverty alleviation. These findings point to the need for government assistance such as aquaculture financing programs and the formation of fish farming cooperatives to enable locals to engage in large-scale fish farming and reap the benefits of economies of scale.
{"title":"Fishing and Rural Livelihood: A Philippine Context","authors":"Rosalina Palanca-Tan, Sheila Bongat-Bayog","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.111007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.111007","url":null,"abstract":"The Municipality of Lake Sebu in Mindanao, \u0000Philippines offers various opportunities for income-generating fishing \u0000activities with its abundant surface water bodies. Lake Sebu is particularly \u0000known for good quality tilapia, farmed in fish cages. This study employed \u0000primary data collection methods, namely key informant interview, focus group \u0000discussion and a comprehensive livelihood household survey to assess the \u0000conditions and problems constraining fishing households in Lake Sebu. The study \u0000found that fishing-related benefits were mainly derived from aquaculture. \u0000Capture fisheries are essentially very small-scale, low gear open fishing done \u0000by local fisher folk that generates only subsistence income. Local residents \u0000are mostly engaged in retail fish trading that likewise generate only \u0000subsistence income. Survey results also revealed large variations in the scale \u0000of aquaculture operations. Fish cage owners, who are not originally from Lake \u0000Sebu or have residences outside Lake Sebu, are usually the large-scale fish \u0000farm operators, while the locals are only engaged in small-scale aquaculture \u0000due to limited financial sources. The study found that on the average, \u0000fishing-dependent households earned an annual income of PHP 132,800 (US$ 2619), which was 15% lower than the average for \u0000all household respondents, and that a substantial 63% of fishing-dependent households \u0000live below the poverty line. It appears, therefore, that the rich water \u0000resources in the municipality have not contributed substantially to poverty \u0000alleviation. These findings point to the need for government assistance such as \u0000aquaculture financing programs and the formation of fish farming cooperatives \u0000to enable locals to engage in large-scale fish farming and reap the benefits of \u0000economies of scale.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"84-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42232370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.111005
M. Ward, Brian G. Blackwell
Walleye (Sander vitreus) fingerling production can be enhanced when the pond substrate is altered from earthen soils to an exposed liner; however, few differences in water chemistry, prey densities, and food habits have been identified that could potentially explain this production difference. Lack of an explanation led to further comparison of walleye fingerling culture between substrate types during 2016. Two ponds of each type were stocked with 1- to 3-day-old walleye fry, but lined ponds received an additional 104,166 fry/ha and were stocked 1 or 2 days later than earthen ponds (May 10). Walleyes in lined ponds achieved a growth advantage on May 31 (+2.5 mm) and on June 6 (+3.3 mm), but lengths were not significantly different at harvest (June 15). Lined ponds increased walleye yield and number 1.8-fold while not reducing individual fish size at harvest compared to earthen ponds. Walleye food habits were generally similar between pond types with a greater number of zooplankton being consumed through June 6 followed by an increase in larval chironomid consumption at harvest (June 15). After May 30, lined ponds exhibited lower dissolved oxygen and higher ammonia-nitrogen concentrations even though earthen ponds received additional (157 kg/ha) alfalfa (Medicago sativa) meal fertilizer. Also, at this time pH declined abruptly and remained below 8.2 in lined ponds. Moreover, the enhanced production in lined ponds coincided with walleyes that exhibited an increased pelagic (δ13C) signature during the culture period (2‰ to 3.3‰ more negative). Efforts to improve production in earthen-substrate ponds should focus on increasing the pelagic signature of the food web through fertilization strategies which increase ammonia-nitrogen (≈0.3 mg/L) and decrease dissolved oxygen (≈6.5 mg/L) while maintaining a pH between 8.0 and 8.2 during the second half of the rearing interval.
{"title":"Factors Associated with Increased Walleye Production in Lined Compared to Earthen-Substrate Ponds","authors":"M. Ward, Brian G. Blackwell","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.111005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.111005","url":null,"abstract":"Walleye (Sander \u0000vitreus) \u0000fingerling production can be enhanced when the pond substrate is altered from \u0000earthen soils to an exposed liner; however, few differences in water chemistry, \u0000prey densities, and food habits have been identified that could potentially \u0000explain this production difference. Lack of an explanation led to further \u0000comparison of walleye fingerling culture between substrate types during 2016. \u0000Two ponds of each type were stocked with 1- to 3-day-old walleye fry, but lined ponds received an additional 104,166 fry/ha \u0000and were stocked 1 or 2 days later than earthen ponds (May 10). Walleyes in \u0000lined ponds achieved a growth advantage on May 31 (+2.5 mm) and on June 6 (+3.3 \u0000mm), but lengths were not significantly different at harvest (June 15). Lined \u0000ponds increased walleye yield and number 1.8-fold while not reducing individual fish size at harvest compared to \u0000earthen ponds. Walleye food habits were generally similar between pond types \u0000with a greater number of zooplankton being consumed through June 6 followed \u0000by an increase in larval chironomid consumption at harvest (June 15). After May \u000030, lined ponds exhibited lower dissolved oxygen and higher ammonia-nitrogen \u0000concentrations even though earthen ponds received additional (157 kg/ha) \u0000alfalfa (Medicago sativa) \u0000meal fertilizer. Also, at this time pH declined abruptly and remained below 8.2 \u0000in lined ponds. Moreover, the enhanced production in lined ponds coincided with \u0000walleyes that exhibited an increased pelagic (δ13C) \u0000signature during the culture period (2‰ to 3.3‰ more negative). Efforts to improve production in earthen-substrate ponds \u0000should focus on increasing the pelagic signature of the food web through \u0000fertilization strategies which increase ammonia-nitrogen (≈0.3 mg/L) \u0000and decrease dissolved oxygen (≈6.5 mg/L) while maintaining a pH \u0000between 8.0 and 8.2 during the second half of the rearing interval.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"50-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43488872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.111006
Abrar Biazen, U. Mengistu, A. Negassi, Aseffa Getenet, A. Solomon, D. Tadelle
Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of male chickens were evaluated using eight-week-old 360 cockerels from three exotic (Koekoek, Kuroiler and Sasso-R) and one Ethiopian indigenous (Horro) genotypes. Cockerels in each breed (90) were randomly allocated into three replications of 30 birds each and housed in deep litter pens for the experiment that lasted for 8 to 16 weeks. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. Seven birds per breed were slaughtered at the end to determine carcass yield, chemical composition and quality attributes of meat. The Kuroiler breed has higher body weight, body weight change (1621.8 g), average daily gain (28.9 g/day), daily feed consumption (127.4 g/day) and better feed conversion ratio (4.40) than other breeds. The Kuroiler breed has heavier slaughter weight (2716.3 g), dressed carcass weight (2201.0 g), eviscerated carcass weight (1905.1 g), breast weight (537.7 g), thigh weight (303.1 g) and drumstick weight (274.8 g) than other breeds. Total edible offal was higher for Kuroiler (324.2 g) and Sasso-R (306.1 g), intermediate in Koekoek (204.4 g) and low in Horro (152.4 g) breed. The relative proportion of breast and drumstick (% slaughter weight) were lower in Koekoek and Sasso-R (17.3 and 8.9) breeds, respectively. Abdominal fat weight (13.7 g and 1.02%) was lowest in Horro. Sasso-R showed higher percent edible offal weight (13.4%) than Horro breed (11.4%). The DM content in breast and thigh meat was higher for Horro breed than the rest. The CP content in the breast and thigh meat was lower for the Kuroiler and Koekoek breeds, respectively. Higher EE in the thigh meat was recorded for Sasso-R (8.9%), whereas, EE content in the breast meat was similar (3.4% - 3.7%) among the breeds. Flavor, tenderness, juiciness and general acceptability of breast and thigh meat were not affected by breed. The highest net return was observed in the Kuroiler breed. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested that the Kuroiler breed can be used for cockerel meat production in Ethiopia where intensive broiler production is not well developed.
{"title":"Comparative Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Local Horro and Exotic Cockerels of Tropical Origin Fed Growers Diet","authors":"Abrar Biazen, U. Mengistu, A. Negassi, Aseffa Getenet, A. Solomon, D. Tadelle","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.111006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.111006","url":null,"abstract":"Growth \u0000performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of male chickens were \u0000evaluated using eight-week-old 360 cockerels from three exotic (Koekoek, \u0000Kuroiler and Sasso-R) and one Ethiopian indigenous (Horro) genotypes. Cockerels \u0000in each breed (90) were randomly allocated into three replications of 30 birds \u0000each and housed in deep litter pens for the experiment that lasted for 8 to 16 weeks. \u0000The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. Seven birds per \u0000breed were slaughtered at the end to determine carcass yield, chemical \u0000composition and quality attributes of meat. The Kuroiler breed has higher body weight, body weight change (1621.8 g), average daily gain (28.9 g/day), daily feed consumption (127.4 g/day) and better feed conversion \u0000ratio (4.40) than other breeds. \u0000The Kuroiler breed has heavier slaughter \u0000weight (2716.3 g), dressed carcass weight (2201.0 g), \u0000eviscerated carcass weight (1905.1 g), breast weight (537.7 g), thigh weight \u0000(303.1 g) and drumstick weight (274.8 g) than other breeds. Total edible offal \u0000was higher for Kuroiler (324.2 \u0000g) and Sasso-R (306.1 g), intermediate in Koekoek (204.4 g) and low in Horro \u0000(152.4 g) breed. The relative proportion of breast and drumstick (% slaughter \u0000weight) were lower in Koekoek and Sasso-R (17.3 and 8.9) breeds, respectively. \u0000Abdominal fat weight (13.7 g and 1.02%) was lowest in Horro. Sasso-R \u0000showed higher percent edible offal weight (13.4%) than Horro breed (11.4%). The DM content \u0000in breast and thigh meat was higher for Horro breed than the rest. The CP \u0000content in the breast and thigh meat was lower for the Kuroiler and Koekoek \u0000breeds, respectively. Higher EE in the thigh meat was recorded for Sasso-R \u0000(8.9%), whereas, EE content in the breast meat was similar (3.4% - 3.7%) \u0000among the breeds. Flavor, tenderness, juiciness and general acceptability of breast and thigh meat were not \u0000affected by breed. The highest net return was observed in the Kuroiler \u0000breed. Based on the results obtained, it is suggested that the Kuroiler \u0000breed can be used for cockerel meat production in Ethiopia where intensive \u0000broiler production is not well developed.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"62-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43269959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.4236/OJAS.2021.111001
G. Degani, Akram Hajouj, A. Hurvitz
Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) is a primitive freshwater fish and a source of black caviar. The genes involved in sexual determination and differentiation are still unknown and there are no molecular markers for sex identification in this species. Studying the variation of the sex-based differences in genomic sequences and in gene expression in the sturgeon may lead to markers of sex in early stages of development and advances in aquaculture, as well as provide novel insights about the evolution of reproduction, sex determination, and sexual differentiation mechanisms in vertebrates. Previous studies by our and other groups have identified differentially expressed genes in the gonads of adult female and male sturgeon. The current study aimed to test whether these genes were also differentially expressed in non-gonadal tissue, namely fins. We measured by qRT-PCR the mRNA levels of 29 known and novel sex-related genes in the gonads and fins of males (4 years old) and females (7 years old; sexual maturation is earlier in males than in females). Six genes (ATP6, IGFRM, LIA1A, S1A, NPL1A, GAPDH and SOX9) showed higher expression in female fins. However, only ATP6 mRNA levels differed in fins of males and females of the same age (4 years old). These findings underscore the impracticality of sex identification based on gene expression in non-gonadal tissue and the need for genetic sex markers in the Russian sturgeon.
{"title":"Sex-Based Variation of Gene Expression in the Gonads and Fins of Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)","authors":"G. Degani, Akram Hajouj, A. Hurvitz","doi":"10.4236/OJAS.2021.111001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJAS.2021.111001","url":null,"abstract":"Russian sturgeon (Acipenser \u0000gueldenstaedtii) \u0000is a primitive freshwater fish and a source of black caviar. The genes involved in sexual \u0000determination and differentiation are still unknown and there are no molecular \u0000markers for sex identification in this species. Studying the variation of the \u0000sex-based differences in genomic sequences and in gene expression in the \u0000sturgeon may lead to markers of sex in early stages of development and advances \u0000in aquaculture, as well as provide novel insights about the evolution of \u0000reproduction, sex determination, and sexual differentiation mechanisms in \u0000vertebrates. Previous studies by our and other groups have identified \u0000differentially expressed genes in the gonads of adult female and male sturgeon. \u0000The current study aimed to test whether these genes were also differentially expressed in non-gonadal tissue, namely \u0000fins. We measured by qRT-PCR the mRNA levels of 29 known and novel sex-related \u0000genes in the gonads and fins of males (4 years old) and females (7 years old; \u0000sexual maturation is earlier in males than in females). Six genes (ATP6, IGFRM, \u0000LIA1A, S1A, NPL1A, GAPDH and SOX9) showed higher expression in female fins. However, only ATP6 mRNA levels differed in fins \u0000of males and females of the same age (4 years old). These findings underscore \u0000the impracticality of sex identification based on gene expression in \u0000non-gonadal tissue and the need for genetic sex markers in the Russian \u0000sturgeon.","PeriodicalId":62784,"journal":{"name":"动物科学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45691226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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