This paper introduces a modified design of CMOS dynamic Phase Frequency Detector (PFD). The proposed PFD circuit (PPFD) is designed, simulated and the results obtained are analyzed. In order to reduce dead zone, internal signal routing is used in the PPFD circuit. To extend, Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is designed and it is verified with two different Frequency Divider (FD) circuits. There is a decrease in area of the PPFD circuit with 16 transistors and dissipates power of 40.8 pW for 1.2 V power supply. The pre-layout simulation result shows that the PPFD circuit has an elimination of a dead zone. Further, it works with the high speed and reduced power operated in the reference frequency of 50 MHz and the feedback frequency up to 4 GHz.
{"title":"A Modified PFD Based PLL with Frequency Dividers in 0.18-µm CMOS Technology","authors":"N. K. Anushkannan, H. Mangalam","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.713343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.713343","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a modified design of CMOS dynamic Phase Frequency Detector (PFD). The proposed PFD circuit (PPFD) is designed, simulated and the results obtained are analyzed. In order to reduce dead zone, internal signal routing is used in the PPFD circuit. To extend, Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is designed and it is verified with two different Frequency Divider (FD) circuits. There is a decrease in area of the PPFD circuit with 16 transistors and dissipates power of 40.8 pW for 1.2 V power supply. The pre-layout simulation result shows that the PPFD circuit has an elimination of a dead zone. Further, it works with the high speed and reduced power operated in the reference frequency of 50 MHz and the feedback frequency up to 4 GHz.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"53 1","pages":"4169-4185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70468135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The alternative energy resources, like solar, are always complementary due to environmental changes. Energy generation with the sources such as solar and wind is gaining importance and of that photovoltaic conversion is the main focus of researches due to its promising potential as the electrical source. This paper presents the constant voltage method of control where the output of the converter is maintained constant irrespective of the variations in the irradiance with the high step-up isolated efficient single switch DC-DC converter for the solar PV systems. Constant voltage method of control uses the array of photovoltaic systems as its energy source. The output of the Solar PV systems is nonlinear and has its dependency on temperature and irradiance by which the panel voltage and current varies with the variation in irradiance. Constant voltage control method always operates in such a way that the converter voltage is tried to be maintained constantly to the reference voltage which is set by the user. The system used here utilizes high step single switch isolated DC-DC converter and monitors the voltage continuously by varying the duty cycle to maintain the converter voltage always constant. As a way of improving the performance, both the open and closed loop analysis is done where the closed loop analysis uses the PI controller for its performance. The model is implemented in MATLAB and it accepts the irradiance as the input and outputs the constant voltage from the converter and the feasibility of the proposed converter topology is confirmed with experimental results of the prototype model.
{"title":"Centralized Solar PV Systems for Static Loads Using Constant Voltage Control Method","authors":"S. Alagammal, N. Prabha, I. Aarthy","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.713346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.713346","url":null,"abstract":"The alternative energy resources, like solar, are always complementary due to environmental changes. Energy generation with the sources such as solar and wind is gaining importance and of that photovoltaic conversion is the main focus of researches due to its promising potential as the electrical source. This paper presents the constant voltage method of control where the output of the converter is maintained constant irrespective of the variations in the irradiance with the high step-up isolated efficient single switch DC-DC converter for the solar PV systems. Constant voltage method of control uses the array of photovoltaic systems as its energy source. The output of the Solar PV systems is nonlinear and has its dependency on temperature and irradiance by which the panel voltage and current varies with the variation in irradiance. Constant voltage control method always operates in such a way that the converter voltage is tried to be maintained constantly to the reference voltage which is set by the user. The system used here utilizes high step single switch isolated DC-DC converter and monitors the voltage continuously by varying the duty cycle to maintain the converter voltage always constant. As a way of improving the performance, both the open and closed loop analysis is done where the closed loop analysis uses the PI controller for its performance. The model is implemented in MATLAB and it accepts the irradiance as the input and outputs the constant voltage from the converter and the feasibility of the proposed converter topology is confirmed with experimental results of the prototype model.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"4213-4226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70468148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, high directive antenna using metamaterial property is presented for wireless medical systems. The antenna is constructed by semi-circular patch and hexagonal closed ring resonator (HCRR). For medical applications such as wireless patient movement monitoring, telemetry and telemedicine, communication devices working at ISM band frequency is needed. Here, the requirement is completed with improved directivity such as 16 dBi. And also impedance matching also achieved with low reflection loss -20 dB. This antenna works for multiple frequency bands (Industrial, Scientific and Medical-ISM 2.45 GHz, WLAN 5.3 GHz and GSM 1.9 GHz) with improved directivity.
{"title":"Compact Metamaterial Antenna with High Directivity for Bio-Medical Systems","authors":"B. Anandhimeena, P. Selvan, S. Raghavan","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.712334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.712334","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, high directive antenna using metamaterial property is presented for wireless medical systems. The antenna is constructed by semi-circular patch and hexagonal closed ring resonator (HCRR). For medical applications such as wireless patient movement monitoring, telemetry and telemedicine, communication devices working at ISM band frequency is needed. Here, the requirement is completed with improved directivity such as 16 dBi. And also impedance matching also achieved with low reflection loss -20 dB. This antenna works for multiple frequency bands (Industrial, Scientific and Medical-ISM 2.45 GHz, WLAN 5.3 GHz and GSM 1.9 GHz) with improved directivity.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"51 1","pages":"4036-4045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70467410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The slagging/fouling due to the accession of fireside deposits on the steam boilers decreases boiler efficiency and availability which leads to unexpected shut-downs. Since it is inevitably associated with the three major factors namely the fuel characteristics, boiler operating conditions and ash behavior, this serious slagging/fouling may be reduced by varying the above three factors. The research develops a generic slagging/fouling prediction tool based on hybrid fuzzy clustering and Artificial Neural Networks (FCANN). The FCANN model presents a good accuracy of 99.85% which makes this model fast in response and easy to be updated with lesser time when compared to single ANN. The comparison between predictions and observations is found to be satisfactory with less input parameters. This should be capable of giving relatively quick responses while being easily implemented for various furnace types.
{"title":"Fault Diagnostics on Steam Boilers and Forecasting System Based on Hybrid Fuzzy Clustering and Artificial Neural Networks in Early Detection of Chamber Slagging/Fouling","authors":"M. S. Priya, R. Kanthavel, M. Saravanan","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.712335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.712335","url":null,"abstract":"The slagging/fouling due \u0000to the accession of fireside deposits on the steam boilers decreases boiler \u0000efficiency and availability which leads to unexpected shut-downs. Since it is \u0000inevitably associated with the three major factors namely the fuel \u0000characteristics, boiler operating conditions and ash behavior, this serious slagging/fouling may be reduced by \u0000varying the above three factors. The research develops a generic slagging/fouling \u0000prediction tool based on hybrid fuzzy clustering and Artificial Neural Networks \u0000(FCANN). The FCANN model presents a good accuracy of 99.85% which makes this \u0000model fast in response and easy to be updated with lesser time when compared to \u0000single ANN. The comparison between \u0000predictions and observations is found to be satisfactory with less input \u0000parameters. This should be capable of giving relatively quick responses \u0000while being easily implemented for various furnace types.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"4046-4070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70467448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KY Boost Converter, a modern invention in the field of non-isolated DC-DC boost converter is identified for minimum voltage ripple. KY boost converter is the com- bination of KY converter and traditional boost converter. Such a converter has con- tinuous input and output inductor current, different from the traditional boost con- verter. And hence this converter is very suitable for very low-ripple applications. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based controller, FUZZY based controller and open loop KY boost converter are designed in MATLAB/Simulink model. The simu- lated results show a reduction in output ripple from 1.18 V of the existing open loop KY boost converter output to 0.54 V in the FUZZY logic controlled converter out- put. Further reduction in output ripple to 0.29 V is achieved in the proposed PSO based converter. The simulated results also show the variation of switching pulses based on the different existing and proposed method.
{"title":"Output Voltage Ripple (OVR) Reduction of Boost Converter Using Particle Swarm Optimization","authors":"K. Prithivi, M. Sathyapriya, L. Kumar","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.712332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.712332","url":null,"abstract":"KY Boost Converter, a modern invention in the field of \u0000non-isolated DC-DC boost converter is identified for minimum voltage ripple. KY \u0000boost converter is the com- bination of KY converter and traditional boost converter. Such a \u0000converter has con- tinuous input and output inductor current, different from the traditional \u0000boost con- verter. And hence this converter is very suitable for very low-ripple \u0000applications. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based controller, \u0000FUZZY based controller and open loop KY boost converter are designed in \u0000MATLAB/Simulink model. The simu- lated results show a reduction in output ripple from 1.18 V of the existing open \u0000loop KY boost converter output to 0.54 V in the FUZZY logic controlled converter out- put. Further reduction in \u0000output ripple to 0.29 V is \u0000achieved in the proposed PSO based converter. The simulated results also show \u0000the variation of switching pulses based on the different existing and proposed \u0000method.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"4009-4023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70467296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work proposes an improved inertia weight update method and position update method in Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to enhance the convergence and mean square error of channel equalizer. The search abilities of PSO are managed by the key parameter Inertia Weight (IW). A higher value leads to global search whereas a smaller value shifts the search to local which makes convergence faster. Different approaches are reported in literature to improve PSO by modifying inertia weight. This work investigates the performance of the existing PSO variants related to time varying inertia weight methods and proposes new strategies to improve the convergence and mean square error of channel equalizer. Also the position update method in PSO is modified to achieve better convergence in channel equalization. The simulation presents the enhanced performance of the proposed techniques in transversal and decision feedback models. The simulation results also analyze the superiority in linear and nonlinear channel conditions.
{"title":"Enhancement in Channel Equalization Using Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques","authors":"D. Diana, S. Rani","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.712336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.712336","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes an improved inertia weight update method and position update method in Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to enhance the convergence and mean square error of channel equalizer. The search abilities of PSO are managed by the key parameter Inertia Weight (IW). A higher value leads to global search whereas a smaller value shifts the search to local which makes convergence faster. Different approaches are reported in literature to improve PSO by modifying inertia weight. This work investigates the performance of the existing PSO variants related to time varying inertia weight methods and proposes new strategies to improve the convergence and mean square error of channel equalizer. Also the position update method in PSO is modified to achieve better convergence in channel equalization. The simulation presents the enhanced performance of the proposed techniques in transversal and decision feedback models. The simulation results also analyze the superiority in linear and nonlinear channel conditions.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"4071-4084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70467461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A rectangular waveguide band-stop filter using electromagnetic crystals (EMXT) surface as the top and bottom walls is presented in this letter. The EMXT surface has a band gap that can prevent electromagnetic wave from propagating along the waveguide. Dispersion properties of the waveguide filter are analyzed using an approximated lumped-element circuit model. A W-band prototype based on the proposed waveguide filter is designed and characterized. The experimental results show a rejection band centered at 97 GHz and a rejection level of 16 dB.
{"title":"A W-Band Waveguide Band-Stop Filter Using Electromagnetic Crystal (EMXT) Surface","authors":"Te‐Chuan Chen, Hualiang Zhang, H. Xin","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.712331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.712331","url":null,"abstract":"A rectangular waveguide band-stop \u0000filter using electromagnetic crystals (EMXT) surface as the top and bottom \u0000walls is presented in this letter. The EMXT surface has a band gap that can \u0000prevent electromagnetic wave from propagating along the waveguide. Dispersion \u0000properties of the waveguide filter are analyzed using an approximated \u0000lumped-element circuit model. A W-band prototype based on the proposed \u0000waveguide filter is designed and characterized. The experimental results show a \u0000rejection band centered at 97 GHz and a rejection level of 16 dB.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"4001-4008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70467291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents area efficient architecture of modulo 2n - 3 adder. Modulo adder is one of the main components for the implementation of residue number system (RNS) based applications. The proposed modulo 2n - 3 adder is implemented effectively, which utilizes parallel prefix and sparse concepts. The carries of some bits are calculated with the help of sparse approach in log2n prefix levels. This scheme is implemented with the help of idempotency property of the parallel prefix carry operator and its consistency. Parallel prefix structure contributes to fast carry computation. This will reduce area as well as routing complexity efficiently. The presented adder has double representation of residues in {0, 1, and 2}. The proposed adder offers significant reduction in area as the number of bits increases.
{"title":"Area Efficient Sparse Modulo 2 n - 3 Adder","authors":"R. K. Jaiswal, Chatla Naveen Kumar, R. Mishra","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.712333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.712333","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents area efficient \u0000architecture of modulo 2n - 3 adder. Modulo adder is one of the main components \u0000for the implementation of residue number system (RNS) based applications. The \u0000proposed modulo 2n - 3 adder is implemented effectively, which utilizes \u0000parallel prefix and sparse concepts. The carries of some bits are calculated \u0000with the help of sparse approach in log2n prefix levels. This scheme is \u0000implemented with the help of idempotency property of the parallel prefix carry \u0000operator and its consistency. Parallel prefix structure contributes to fast \u0000carry computation. This will reduce area as well as routing complexity \u0000efficiently. The presented adder has double representation of residues in {0, \u00001, and 2}. The proposed adder offers significant reduction in area as the \u0000number of bits increases.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"4024-4035"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70467381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using Terahertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer (TOAD) based switch we have designed all-optical parallel half adder and full adder. The approach to design this all-optical arithmetic circuit not only enhances the computational speed but also is capable of synthesizing light as input to produce desire output. The main advantage of parallel circuit is synchronization of input which is not required. All the circuits are designed theoretically and verified through numerical simulations.
{"title":"Optical Arithmetic Operation Using Optical Demultiplexer","authors":"Dilip Kumar Gayen","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.711296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.711296","url":null,"abstract":"Using Terahertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer (TOAD) based switch we \u0000have designed all-optical parallel half adder and full adder. The approach to \u0000design this all-optical arithmetic circuit not only enhances the \u0000computational speed but also is capable \u0000of synthesizing light as input to produce desire output. The main advantage of \u0000parallel circuit is synchronization of input which is not required. All the circuits are designed theoretically and verified \u0000through numerical simulations.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"3485-3493"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70464099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper considers the problem of delay-dependent robust optimal H∞ control for a class of uncertain two-dimensional (2-D) discrete state delay systems described by the general model (GM). The parameter uncertainties are assumed to be norm-bounded. A linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based sufficient condition for the existence of delay-dependent g-suboptimal state feedback robust H∞ controllers which guarantees not only the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system, but also the H∞ noise attenuation g over all admissible parameter uncertainties is established. Furthermore, a convex optimization problem is formulated to design a delay-dependent state feedback robust optimal H∞ controller which minimizes the H∞ noise attenuation g of the closed-loop system. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Delay-Dependent Robust H∞ Control for Uncertain 2-D Discrete State Delay Systems Described by the General Model","authors":"A. Singh, Akshata Tandon, Amit Dhawan","doi":"10.4236/CS.2016.711308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/CS.2016.711308","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the \u0000problem of delay-dependent robust optimal H∞ control for a class of uncertain two-dimensional \u0000(2-D) discrete state delay systems described by the general model (GM). The \u0000parameter uncertainties are assumed to be norm-bounded. A linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based \u0000sufficient condition for the existence of delay-dependent g-suboptimal state feedback robust H∞ controllers which guarantees not only the \u0000asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system, but also the H∞ noise attenuation g over all admissible parameter uncertainties is \u0000established. Furthermore, a convex optimization problem is formulated to design \u0000a delay-dependent state feedback robust optimal H∞ controller which minimizes the H∞ noise attenuation g of the closed-loop system. Finally, an illustrative \u0000example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":63422,"journal":{"name":"电路与系统(英文)","volume":"07 1","pages":"3645-3669"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70465329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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