Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663053
T. Nomura, A. Saitoh, S. Furukawa
Multi-channel SAW chemical sensor is used as an analytical system for organic gas detection. SAW sensors show a high frequency property, and can become multi-channel devices on a substrate. The features improve sensor sensitivity and enable integration of the sensor. In this paper, we propose a new chemical sensor system using multi-channel SAW devices. A four channel SAW delay line was designed and fabricated on one piezoelectric substrate. Each channel was coated by a different selective organic film and the output of each channel was used to make a response pattern. The response to odorant solvents showed different analyte specific patterns.
{"title":"Multi-channel chemical sensor using surface acoustic wave device","authors":"T. Nomura, A. Saitoh, S. Furukawa","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663053","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-channel SAW chemical sensor is used as an analytical system for organic gas detection. SAW sensors show a high frequency property, and can become multi-channel devices on a substrate. The features improve sensor sensitivity and enable integration of the sensor. In this paper, we propose a new chemical sensor system using multi-channel SAW devices. A four channel SAW delay line was designed and fabricated on one piezoelectric substrate. Each channel was coated by a different selective organic film and the output of each channel was used to make a response pattern. The response to odorant solvents showed different analyte specific patterns.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"3 1","pages":"423-426 vol.1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78980859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663109
S. Azzaretti, D. Dotti, R. Lombardi, D. Rossi
Echographic images can be reconstructed by means of a multi-element ultrasound probe; the emitting elements are fired in sequence, while the receivers provide echo signals in parallel. Backpropagation techniques, applied to recorded echoes, give high resolution grey level maps, but often with unacceptable noise, because of the low acoustic energy emitted. A solution can be found in Walsh functions, which allow to fire all the transmitters at the same time, and to reconstruct the Single Shot echoes. Tests have been carried out in a simplified simulation environment, in two dimensions and with electric waves replacing ultrasounds. Results are encouraging.
{"title":"Echo-graphic images enhanced through Walsh functions","authors":"S. Azzaretti, D. Dotti, R. Lombardi, D. Rossi","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663109","url":null,"abstract":"Echographic images can be reconstructed by means of a multi-element ultrasound probe; the emitting elements are fired in sequence, while the receivers provide echo signals in parallel. Backpropagation techniques, applied to recorded echoes, give high resolution grey level maps, but often with unacceptable noise, because of the low acoustic energy emitted. A solution can be found in Walsh functions, which allow to fire all the transmitters at the same time, and to reconstruct the Single Shot echoes. Tests have been carried out in a simplified simulation environment, in two dimensions and with electric waves replacing ultrasounds. Results are encouraging.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"18 1","pages":"675-678 vol.1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75966849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.662997
H. Yatsuda
An equivalent circuit with parasitics is described to predict stop band frequency response of flip-chip surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, 3.2/spl times/2.5 mm/sup 2/ and 2.5/spl times/2.0 mm/sup 2/ in size. An input to output coupling capacitance and a common ground inductor provide a distinct trap response in the stop band. In order to improve the stop band response of the filter, a design technique utilizing parasitics is proposed.
{"title":"Modeling of parasitic effects for flip-chip SAW filters","authors":"H. Yatsuda","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.662997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.662997","url":null,"abstract":"An equivalent circuit with parasitics is described to predict stop band frequency response of flip-chip surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, 3.2/spl times/2.5 mm/sup 2/ and 2.5/spl times/2.0 mm/sup 2/ in size. An input to output coupling capacitance and a common ground inductor provide a distinct trap response in the stop band. In order to improve the stop band response of the filter, a design technique utilizing parasitics is proposed.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"252 1","pages":"143-146 vol.1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76185041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.661728
R. Farlow, G. Hayward
In common with all measurement systems, the absolute sensitivity of a piezoelectric receiving transducer is a measure of the thermal noise power. For all purely electronic devices such as transistors, diodes and capacitors it is possible to produce low noise designs. So, from an electrical engineering perspective it would seem reasonable to ask the following question. Is it possible to construct two piezoelectric receiving transducers which have the same structure bur choose the materials in such a way that one device is a low noise version of the other? In this paper it will be shown that, in the electrical sense, there is no such thing as a low noise transducer. Although the theory has a special significance for structured piezocomposites, it applies to all piezoelectric receiving transducers and is not restricted to piezocomposites.
{"title":"The absolute sensitivity of a piezocomposite transducer","authors":"R. Farlow, G. Hayward","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.661728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.661728","url":null,"abstract":"In common with all measurement systems, the absolute sensitivity of a piezoelectric receiving transducer is a measure of the thermal noise power. For all purely electronic devices such as transistors, diodes and capacitors it is possible to produce low noise designs. So, from an electrical engineering perspective it would seem reasonable to ask the following question. Is it possible to construct two piezoelectric receiving transducers which have the same structure bur choose the materials in such a way that one device is a low noise version of the other? In this paper it will be shown that, in the electrical sense, there is no such thing as a low noise transducer. Although the theory has a special significance for structured piezocomposites, it applies to all piezoelectric receiving transducers and is not restricted to piezocomposites.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"120 1","pages":"911-914 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87935019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.662987
W. Liu, P.M. Smith
The effective permittivity is widely used to compute the Green's function for SAW and leaky wave devices. In general, the effect of mass loading due to surface electrodes is ignored, and a single Green's function is obtained. In this paper, we examine a method, based on previous work by Adler and Peach, in which additional Green's function components describe the effects of T/sub 13/, T/sub 23/ and T/sub 33/ stresses and the electrical displacement D on each of the u/sub 1/, u/sub 2/, u/sub 3/ displacements and on the electrical potential /spl phi/. The sixteen-element Green's functions for representative SAW (ST-X quartz) and leaky wave (64/spl deg/ lithium niobate) substrates are presented.
{"title":"Dyadic Green's functions for SAW and leaky wave devices","authors":"W. Liu, P.M. Smith","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.662987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.662987","url":null,"abstract":"The effective permittivity is widely used to compute the Green's function for SAW and leaky wave devices. In general, the effect of mass loading due to surface electrodes is ignored, and a single Green's function is obtained. In this paper, we examine a method, based on previous work by Adler and Peach, in which additional Green's function components describe the effects of T/sub 13/, T/sub 23/ and T/sub 33/ stresses and the electrical displacement D on each of the u/sub 1/, u/sub 2/, u/sub 3/ displacements and on the electrical potential /spl phi/. The sixteen-element Green's functions for representative SAW (ST-X quartz) and leaky wave (64/spl deg/ lithium niobate) substrates are presented.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"16 1","pages":"93-98 vol.1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87555896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663036
L. Reindl, U. Rosler, C. Ruppel, R. Obertreis, R. Weigel
Chirped structures as sensing elements in a delay line allow for the variation of the sensitivity over a wide range. A sensor system operating at a center frequency of 434 MHz and a system bandwidth of 1.7 MHz will be shown. We designed dispersive inline SAW structures with two chirped and apodized IDTs. Two expanders, one with an up- and the other with a down-chirp, have been built on quartz 37.5/spl deg/ cut. The corresponding compressors (down- and up-chirp) are the sensor elements and have a wider bandwidth to compensate for the frequency shift due to the sensor effect. The compressors have been built on quartz for mechanical sensing and on LiNbO/sub 3/, YZ-cut for temperature sensing. To avoid bulk wave conversion we used a modulated IDT with 8 electrodes per electrical period. On quartz we operated these IDTs on the 3rd and on LiNbO/sub 3/ on the 5th harmonic which is lower than the onset frequency for bulk wave conversion and gives a suitable impedance level as well. We present theoretical and experimental results for the devices and show results of the corresponding sensor systems for temperature.
{"title":"Chirped SAW devices for wireless passive sensors","authors":"L. Reindl, U. Rosler, C. Ruppel, R. Obertreis, R. Weigel","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663036","url":null,"abstract":"Chirped structures as sensing elements in a delay line allow for the variation of the sensitivity over a wide range. A sensor system operating at a center frequency of 434 MHz and a system bandwidth of 1.7 MHz will be shown. We designed dispersive inline SAW structures with two chirped and apodized IDTs. Two expanders, one with an up- and the other with a down-chirp, have been built on quartz 37.5/spl deg/ cut. The corresponding compressors (down- and up-chirp) are the sensor elements and have a wider bandwidth to compensate for the frequency shift due to the sensor effect. The compressors have been built on quartz for mechanical sensing and on LiNbO/sub 3/, YZ-cut for temperature sensing. To avoid bulk wave conversion we used a modulated IDT with 8 electrodes per electrical period. On quartz we operated these IDTs on the 3rd and on LiNbO/sub 3/ on the 5th harmonic which is lower than the onset frequency for bulk wave conversion and gives a suitable impedance level as well. We present theoretical and experimental results for the devices and show results of the corresponding sensor systems for temperature.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"278 ","pages":"343-347 vol.1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91454241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.661735
T. Álvarez-Arenas, F. Montero de Espinosa
Constitutive equations, wave equations and boundary conditions of piezoelectric porous ceramics are analysed theoretically in order to obtain new definitions of the electromechanical coupling coefficients. Expressions for the k/sub 31/, k/sub 33/ and k/sub 1/ are obtained using different methods.
{"title":"Determination of the electromechanical coupling coefficients of porous piezoceramics","authors":"T. Álvarez-Arenas, F. Montero de Espinosa","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.661735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.661735","url":null,"abstract":"Constitutive equations, wave equations and boundary conditions of piezoelectric porous ceramics are analysed theoretically in order to obtain new definitions of the electromechanical coupling coefficients. Expressions for the k/sub 31/, k/sub 33/ and k/sub 1/ are obtained using different methods.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"84 11","pages":"943-946 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91485694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663056
S. Furukawa, K. Mizusaki, W. Shintani, T. Nomura
Liquid/LiNbO/sub 3//sapphire structure is proposed for high frequency liquid sensors, and the characteristics of leaky surface acoustic wave (leaky SAW) propagating along the layered-structure are examined by the numerical calculation based on the first-principle-equations. It is found that electromechanical coupling constant becomes maximum at Eulerian angles of (0,0,30+60n degree) (n: integer), whereas, shear horizontal component of the leaky SAW, which is coupled with the viscosity of the liquid, becomes large at other propagation directions. The maximum electromechanical coupling constant for glycerin/LiNbO/sub 3//(00.1) sapphire is about 1.3%, and the maximum leaky SAW velocity for water/LiNbO/sub 3/ (10 /spl mu/m)/(00.1) sapphire (30 MHz) is 5390 m/s. These results indicate that this layered-structure is useful for high frequency liquid sensors.
{"title":"Characteristics of leaky SAW propagating along liquid/LiNbO/sub 3//sapphire structure and its application to liquid sensor","authors":"S. Furukawa, K. Mizusaki, W. Shintani, T. Nomura","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663056","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid/LiNbO/sub 3//sapphire structure is proposed for high frequency liquid sensors, and the characteristics of leaky surface acoustic wave (leaky SAW) propagating along the layered-structure are examined by the numerical calculation based on the first-principle-equations. It is found that electromechanical coupling constant becomes maximum at Eulerian angles of (0,0,30+60n degree) (n: integer), whereas, shear horizontal component of the leaky SAW, which is coupled with the viscosity of the liquid, becomes large at other propagation directions. The maximum electromechanical coupling constant for glycerin/LiNbO/sub 3//(00.1) sapphire is about 1.3%, and the maximum leaky SAW velocity for water/LiNbO/sub 3/ (10 /spl mu/m)/(00.1) sapphire (30 MHz) is 5390 m/s. These results indicate that this layered-structure is useful for high frequency liquid sensors.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"55 1","pages":"433-436 vol.1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88823407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.661766
C. D. de Korte, A. V. D. van der Steen, E. Cespedes, G. Pasterkamp
Intravascular elastography is a new technique to image the local mechanical properties of the vessel wall and its pathology using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Knowledge of these mechanical properties may be useful for guiding interventional procedures. An experimental set-up is described for assessment of the elastographic information of arteries. RF-data was acquired using a 30 MHz IVUS catheter. With this set-up, intravascular elastograms containing 400 angles/revolution with a radial resolution of 200 /spl mu/m can be determined. An algorithm, that uses a-priori knowledge of the correlation coefficient function was applied to filter the obtained data. The feasibility of intravascular elastography is demonstrated using human femoral artery specimens. Qualitative comparison of the elastograms with the echograms and the histologic sections demonstrates the potential of intravascular elastography to obtain mechanical information of the vessel wall and plaque.
{"title":"Intravascular elastography of human femoral arteries: an in vitro study","authors":"C. D. de Korte, A. V. D. van der Steen, E. Cespedes, G. Pasterkamp","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.661766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.661766","url":null,"abstract":"Intravascular elastography is a new technique to image the local mechanical properties of the vessel wall and its pathology using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Knowledge of these mechanical properties may be useful for guiding interventional procedures. An experimental set-up is described for assessment of the elastographic information of arteries. RF-data was acquired using a 30 MHz IVUS catheter. With this set-up, intravascular elastograms containing 400 angles/revolution with a radial resolution of 200 /spl mu/m can be determined. An algorithm, that uses a-priori knowledge of the correlation coefficient function was applied to filter the obtained data. The feasibility of intravascular elastography is demonstrated using human femoral artery specimens. Qualitative comparison of the elastograms with the echograms and the histologic sections demonstrates the potential of intravascular elastography to obtain mechanical information of the vessel wall and plaque.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"96 1","pages":"1075-1078 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91416596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-10-05DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663296
C. Deng, F. Lizzi, R. Silverman, R. Ursea, D. Coleman
A theoretical model of calibrated power spectrum analysis is formulated to relate the spectral features to the characteristics of contrast agents, including their concentration and size. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the feasibility of employing contrast agents with very high frequency ultrasound (VHFU). Analytical and experimental results show that concentration information for Albunex can be extracted from the measured spectral intercept using VHFU. Analysis of detectable time history of contrast agent activity could provide information about perfusion in a contrast agent perfused organ.
{"title":"Imaging and spectrum analysis of contrast agents using very high frequency ultrasound","authors":"C. Deng, F. Lizzi, R. Silverman, R. Ursea, D. Coleman","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1997.663296","url":null,"abstract":"A theoretical model of calibrated power spectrum analysis is formulated to relate the spectral features to the characteristics of contrast agents, including their concentration and size. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the feasibility of employing contrast agents with very high frequency ultrasound (VHFU). Analytical and experimental results show that concentration information for Albunex can be extracted from the measured spectral intercept using VHFU. Analysis of detectable time history of contrast agent activity could provide information about perfusion in a contrast agent perfused organ.","PeriodicalId":6369,"journal":{"name":"1997 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.97CH36118)","volume":"41 3 1","pages":"1571-1574 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83203690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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