Pub Date : 2024-05-11DOI: 10.1007/s10909-024-03107-z
Yu Zhou, Tijmen de Haan, Hiroki Akamatsu, Daisuke Kaneko, Masashi Hazumi, Masaya Hasegawa, Aritoki Suzuki, Adrian T. Lee
The digital frequency-domain multiplexing technique is widely used for astrophysical instruments with large detector arrays. Detailed detector characterization is required for instrument calibration and systematics control. We conduct the TES complex electrothermal-feedback response measurement with the DfMux readout system as follows. By injecting a single sideband signal, we induce modulation in TES power dissipation over a frequency range encompassing the detector response. The modulated current signal induced by TES heating effect is measured, allowing for the ETF response characterization of the detector. With the injection of an upper sideband, the TES readout current shows both an upper and a lower sideband. We model the upper and lower sideband complex ETF response and verify the model by fitting to experimental data. The model not only can fit for certain physical parameters of the detector, such as loop gain, temperature sensitivity, current sensitivity, and time constant, but also enables us to estimate the systematic effect introduced by the multiplexed readout. The method is therefore useful for in situ detector calibration and for estimating systematic effects during astronomical telescope observations, such as those performed by the upcoming LiteBIRD satellite.
{"title":"A Method of Measuring TES Complex ETF Response in Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout by Single Sideband Power Modulation","authors":"Yu Zhou, Tijmen de Haan, Hiroki Akamatsu, Daisuke Kaneko, Masashi Hazumi, Masaya Hasegawa, Aritoki Suzuki, Adrian T. Lee","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03107-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03107-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The digital frequency-domain multiplexing technique is widely used for astrophysical instruments with large detector arrays. Detailed detector characterization is required for instrument calibration and systematics control. We conduct the TES complex electrothermal-feedback response measurement with the DfMux readout system as follows. By injecting a single sideband signal, we induce modulation in TES power dissipation over a frequency range encompassing the detector response. The modulated current signal induced by TES heating effect is measured, allowing for the ETF response characterization of the detector. With the injection of an upper sideband, the TES readout current shows both an upper and a lower sideband. We model the upper and lower sideband complex ETF response and verify the model by fitting to experimental data. The model not only can fit for certain physical parameters of the detector, such as loop gain, temperature sensitivity, current sensitivity, and time constant, but also enables us to estimate the systematic effect introduced by the multiplexed readout. The method is therefore useful for in situ detector calibration and for estimating systematic effects during astronomical telescope observations, such as those performed by the upcoming LiteBIRD satellite.</p>","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-11DOI: 10.1007/s10909-024-03127-9
Megan Russell, Kana Sakaguri, Lindsay Ng Lowry, Tylor Adkins, Kam Arnold, Carlo Baccigalupi, Kevin T. Crowley, Tucker Elleflot, Nicole Farias, Masashi Hazumi, Jennifer Ito, Oliver Jeong, Adrian Lee, Michael Lew, Jacob Nelson, Praween Siritanasak, Tran Tsan
POLARBEAR-2b (PB-2b) is the second receiver in the Simons Array, a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiment. The Simons Array uses dichroic polarization sensitive lenslet-coupled sinuous antennas and transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers made of superconducting films. These bolometers are read out with frequency multiplexing electronics. PB-2b contains (sim) 7500 detectors in two bands at 90 and 150 GHz with arcminute resolution. The polarization of these detectors is modulated by a cryogenic continuously rotating half-wave plate. PB-2b was installed on its telescope in 2022 in the Atacama Desert at an altitude of 5.2 km. This paper will detail initial readout commissioning, test of a new loopgain monitoring method, and focusing the optics. Work is ongoing to commission the remaining ambient temperature readout electronics, measure detector time constants, and observe with the cryogenic half-wave plate spinning
{"title":"Deployment of POLARBEAR-2b","authors":"Megan Russell, Kana Sakaguri, Lindsay Ng Lowry, Tylor Adkins, Kam Arnold, Carlo Baccigalupi, Kevin T. Crowley, Tucker Elleflot, Nicole Farias, Masashi Hazumi, Jennifer Ito, Oliver Jeong, Adrian Lee, Michael Lew, Jacob Nelson, Praween Siritanasak, Tran Tsan","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03127-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03127-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>POLARBEAR-2b (PB-2b) is the second receiver in the Simons Array, a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiment. The Simons Array uses dichroic polarization sensitive lenslet-coupled sinuous antennas and transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers made of superconducting films. These bolometers are read out with frequency multiplexing electronics. PB-2b contains <span>(sim)</span> 7500 detectors in two bands at 90 and 150 GHz with arcminute resolution. The polarization of these detectors is modulated by a cryogenic continuously rotating half-wave plate. PB-2b was installed on its telescope in 2022 in the Atacama Desert at an altitude of 5.2 km. This paper will detail initial readout commissioning, test of a new loopgain monitoring method, and focusing the optics. Work is ongoing to commission the remaining ambient temperature readout electronics, measure detector time constants, and observe with the cryogenic half-wave plate spinning</p>","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1007/s10909-024-03141-x
Daniel Unger, Andreas Abeln, Thomas Elias Cocolios, Ofir Eizenberg, Christian Enss, Andreas Fleischmann, Loredana Gastaldo, César Godinho, Michael Heines, Daniel Hengstler, Paul Indelicato, Ashish Jadhav, Daniel Kreuzberger, Klaus Kirch, Andreas Knecht, Jorge Machado, Ben Ohayon, Nancy Paul, Randolf Pohl, Katharina von Schoeler, Stergiani Marina Vogiatzi, Frederik Wauters
The QUARTET collaboration aims to significantly improve the precision of the absolute nuclear charge radii of light nuclei from Li to Ne by using an array of metallic magnetic calorimeters to perform high-precision X-ray spectroscopy of low-lying states in muonic atoms. A proof-of-principle measurement with lithium, beryllium and boron is planned for fall 2023 at the Paul Scherrer Institute. We discuss the performance achieved with the maXs-30 detector module to be used. To place the detector close to the target chamber where the muon beam will impact the material under study, we have developed a new dilution refrigerator sidearm. We further discuss the expected efficiency given the transparency of the X-ray windows and the quantum efficiency of the detector. The expected muonic X-ray rate combined with the high resolving power and detection efficiency of the detector suggest that QUARTET will be able to study the de-excitation of light muonic atoms at an unprecedented level, increasing the relative energy resolution by up to a factor of 20 compared to conventional detector techniques.
QUARTET 合作项目旨在通过使用金属磁性量热仪阵列对介子原子中的低洼态进行高精度 X 射线光谱分析,大幅提高从锂到氖的轻核绝对核电荷半径的精度。计划于 2023 年秋季在保罗-舍勒研究所用锂、铍和硼进行原理验证测量。我们将讨论即将使用的 maXs-30 探测器模块的性能。为了将探测器放置在靠近μ介子束将撞击被研究材料的靶室附近,我们开发了一种新型稀释制冷机侧耳。考虑到 X 射线窗口的透明度和探测器的量子效率,我们进一步讨论了预期效率。预期的μ介子 X 射线速率与探测器的高分辨能力和探测效率相结合,表明 QUARTET 将能够以前所未有的水平研究轻μ介子原子的去激发,与传统探测器技术相比,相对能量分辨率最多可提高 20 倍。
{"title":"MMC Array to Study X-Ray Transitions in Muonic Atoms","authors":"Daniel Unger, Andreas Abeln, Thomas Elias Cocolios, Ofir Eizenberg, Christian Enss, Andreas Fleischmann, Loredana Gastaldo, César Godinho, Michael Heines, Daniel Hengstler, Paul Indelicato, Ashish Jadhav, Daniel Kreuzberger, Klaus Kirch, Andreas Knecht, Jorge Machado, Ben Ohayon, Nancy Paul, Randolf Pohl, Katharina von Schoeler, Stergiani Marina Vogiatzi, Frederik Wauters","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03141-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03141-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The QUARTET collaboration aims to significantly improve the precision of the absolute nuclear charge radii of light nuclei from Li to Ne by using an array of metallic magnetic calorimeters to perform high-precision X-ray spectroscopy of low-lying states in muonic atoms. A proof-of-principle measurement with lithium, beryllium and boron is planned for fall 2023 at the Paul Scherrer Institute. We discuss the performance achieved with the maXs-30 detector module to be used. To place the detector close to the target chamber where the muon beam will impact the material under study, we have developed a new dilution refrigerator sidearm. We further discuss the expected efficiency given the transparency of the X-ray windows and the quantum efficiency of the detector. The expected muonic X-ray rate combined with the high resolving power and detection efficiency of the detector suggest that QUARTET will be able to study the de-excitation of light muonic atoms at an unprecedented level, increasing the relative energy resolution by up to a factor of 20 compared to conventional detector techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the crosstalk between Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) pixels in a 24-pixel hard X-ray spectrometer array fabricated at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Analysis shows thermal cross talk, possibly associated with insufficient thermalization, and rare but larger in magnitude electrical crosstalk between specific perpetrator-victim pixel combinations, potentially due to defects in the bias wiring or microwave multiplexing circuit. We use a method based on group-triggering and averaging to isolate the crosstalk response despite only having access to X-ray photon illumination uniform across the entire array. This allows us to identify thermal and electrical crosstalk between pixel pairs in repeated measurements to the level of 1 part in 1000 or better. In the array under study, the magnitude of observed crosstalk is small but comparable to the resolving power of this pixel design ((E/Delta {}E sim) 1000 at 20 keV) and so potentially responsible for a degradation in energy resolution of the array at high incident photon rates. Having proven the methods to identify and quantify crosstalk in our setup, we can now consider mitigations.
我们研究了阿贡国家实验室先进光子源制造的 24 像素硬 X 射线光谱仪阵列中过渡边缘传感器 (TES) 像素之间的串扰。分析表明,热串扰可能与热化不充分有关,而特定 "肇事者-受害者 "像素组合之间的电串扰虽然罕见,但幅度较大,这可能是由于偏置布线或微波多路复用电路中的缺陷造成的。我们使用一种基于组触发和平均的方法来分离串扰响应,尽管我们只能获得整个阵列一致的 X 射线光子照明。这样,我们就能在重复测量中识别像素对之间的热串扰和电串扰,达到千分之一或更高的水平。在所研究的阵列中,观察到的串扰幅度很小,但与这种像素设计的分辨能力相当(在 20 keV 时为 1000),因此可能是阵列在高入射光子速率下能量分辨率下降的原因。在证明了识别和量化我们设置中的串扰的方法之后,我们现在可以考虑缓解措施了。
{"title":"Signatures of Thermal and Electrical Crosstalk in a Microwave Multiplexed Hard X-ray Transition Edge Sensor Array","authors":"Panthita Triamkitsawat, Tejas Guruswamy, Orlando Quaranta, Lisa Gades, Umeshkumar Patel, Antonino Miceli","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03109-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03109-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate the crosstalk between Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) pixels in a 24-pixel hard X-ray spectrometer array fabricated at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Analysis shows thermal cross talk, possibly associated with insufficient thermalization, and rare but larger in magnitude electrical crosstalk between specific perpetrator-victim pixel combinations, potentially due to defects in the bias wiring or microwave multiplexing circuit. We use a method based on group-triggering and averaging to isolate the crosstalk response despite only having access to X-ray photon illumination uniform across the entire array. This allows us to identify thermal and electrical crosstalk between pixel pairs in repeated measurements to the level of 1 part in 1000 or better. In the array under study, the magnitude of observed crosstalk is small but comparable to the resolving power of this pixel design (<span>(E/Delta {}E sim)</span> 1000 at 20 keV) and so potentially responsible for a degradation in energy resolution of the array at high incident photon rates. Having proven the methods to identify and quantify crosstalk in our setup, we can now consider mitigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LiteBIRD is a space mission aimed to measure the polarization signal of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). One of the telescopes of LiteBIRD is the low-frequency telescope which has two aluminum reflectors. The reflectors are designed with thin surfaces to minimize the weight of the reflectors. Due to the thinness of the surfaces, there is a potential risk of deformation due to machining and thermal stresses. We need to establish the fabrication methodology to achieve the required surface accuracy and maintain it throughout the operation period. This paper describes the fabrication and prototyping of the half-scaled reflector and the evaluation of the surface accuracy as a demonstration. We confirmed that we can achieve an accuracy of the reflector surface of less than 10 (upmu)m RMS. Additionally, the deformation after the thermal cycle test was less than 2 (upmu)m RMS. These meet our requirements for CMB observation.
{"title":"Development of the Half-Scaled Reflector of the LiteBIRD Low-Frequency Telescope","authors":"Shugo Oguri, Toru Kaga, Frederick Matsuda, Kazufusa Noda, Yasutaka Satou, Yutaro Sekimoto, Yuichi Togashi","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03113-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03113-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>LiteBIRD is a space mission aimed to measure the polarization signal of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). One of the telescopes of LiteBIRD is the low-frequency telescope which has two aluminum reflectors. The reflectors are designed with thin surfaces to minimize the weight of the reflectors. Due to the thinness of the surfaces, there is a potential risk of deformation due to machining and thermal stresses. We need to establish the fabrication methodology to achieve the required surface accuracy and maintain it throughout the operation period. This paper describes the fabrication and prototyping of the half-scaled reflector and the evaluation of the surface accuracy as a demonstration. We confirmed that we can achieve an accuracy of the reflector surface of less than 10 <span>(upmu)</span>m RMS. Additionally, the deformation after the thermal cycle test was less than 2 <span>(upmu)</span>m RMS. These meet our requirements for CMB observation.</p>","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.1007/s10909-024-03136-8
Maksim Tomchenko
From the time-dependent Gross equation, we find the quasiparticle dispersion law for a one-dimensional weakly interacting Bose gas with a non-point interatomic potential and zero boundary conditions (BCs). The result coincides with the dispersion law for periodic BCs, i.e., the Bogoliubov law (E_{B}(k) = sqrt{left( frac{hbar ^{2} k^2}{2,m}right) ^{2} + n_{0}nu (k)frac{hbar ^2 k^2}{m}}). In the case of periodic BCs, the dispersion law can be easily derived from Gross’ equation. However, for zero BCs, the analysis is not so simple.
{"title":"Dispersion Law for a One-Dimensional Weakly Interacting Bose Gas with Zero Boundary Conditions","authors":"Maksim Tomchenko","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03136-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03136-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From the time-dependent Gross equation, we find the quasiparticle dispersion law for a one-dimensional weakly interacting Bose gas with a non-point interatomic potential and zero boundary conditions (BCs). The result coincides with the dispersion law for periodic BCs, i.e., the Bogoliubov law <span>(E_{B}(k) = sqrt{left( frac{hbar ^{2} k^2}{2,m}right) ^{2} + n_{0}nu (k)frac{hbar ^2 k^2}{m}})</span>. In the case of periodic BCs, the dispersion law can be easily derived from Gross’ equation. However, for zero BCs, the analysis is not so simple.</p>","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140926094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Design Method of an Ultra-Wideband and Easy-to-Array Magic-T: A 6-14 GHz Scaled Model for a mm/submm Camera","authors":"Shuhei Inoue, Kah Wuy Chin, Shinsuke Uno, Kotaro Kohno, Yuka Niwa, Toyo Naganuma, Ryosuke Yamamura, Kazuki Watanabe, T. Takekoshi, Tai Oshima","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03150-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03150-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1007/s10909-024-03118-w
Louis H. Marting, Kenichi Karatsu, Akira Endo, Jochem J. A. Baselmans, Alejandro Pascual Laguna
Many superconducting on-chip filter-banks suffer from poor coupling to the detectors behind each filter. This is a problem intrinsic to the commonly used half-wavelength filter, which has a maximum theoretical coupling of 50 %. In this paper, we introduce a phase-coherent filter, called a directional filter, which has a theoretical coupling of 100 %. In order to study and compare different types of filter-banks, we first analyze the measured filter frequency scatter, losses, and spectral resolution of a DESHIMA 2.0 filter-bank chip. Based on measured fabrication tolerances and losses, we adapt the input parameters for our circuit simulations, quantitatively reproducing the measurements. We find that the frequency scatter is caused by nanometer-scale line width variations and that variances in the spectral resolution is caused by losses in the dielectric only. Finally, we include these realistic parameters in a full filter-bank model and simulate a wide range of spectral resolutions and oversampling values. For all cases, the directional filter-bank has significantly higher coupling to the detectors than the half-wave resonator filter-bank. The directional filter eliminates the need to use oversampling as a method to improve the total efficiency, instead capturing nearly all the power remaining after dielectric losses.
{"title":"Directional Filter Design and Simulation for Superconducting On-Chip Filter-Banks","authors":"Louis H. Marting, Kenichi Karatsu, Akira Endo, Jochem J. A. Baselmans, Alejandro Pascual Laguna","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03118-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03118-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many superconducting on-chip filter-banks suffer from poor coupling to the detectors behind each filter. This is a problem intrinsic to the commonly used half-wavelength filter, which has a maximum theoretical coupling of 50 %. In this paper, we introduce a phase-coherent filter, called a directional filter, which has a theoretical coupling of 100 %. In order to study and compare different types of filter-banks, we first analyze the measured filter frequency scatter, losses, and spectral resolution of a DESHIMA 2.0 filter-bank chip. Based on measured fabrication tolerances and losses, we adapt the input parameters for our circuit simulations, quantitatively reproducing the measurements. We find that the frequency scatter is caused by nanometer-scale line width variations and that variances in the spectral resolution is caused by losses in the dielectric only. Finally, we include these realistic parameters in a full filter-bank model and simulate a wide range of spectral resolutions and oversampling values. For all cases, the directional filter-bank has significantly higher coupling to the detectors than the half-wave resonator filter-bank. The directional filter eliminates the need to use oversampling as a method to improve the total efficiency, instead capturing nearly all the power remaining after dielectric losses.</p>","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140887362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1007/s10909-024-03117-x
Shannon M. Duff, Jason Austermann, James A. Beall, David P. Daniel, Johannes Hubmayr, Greg C. Jaehnig, Bradley R. Johnson, Dante Jones, Michael J. Link, Tammy J. Lucas, Rita F. Sonka, Suzanne T. Staggs, Joel Ullom, Yuhan Wang
The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background instrumentation suite in the Atacama Desert of Chile. More than 65,000 polarization-sensitive transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers will be fielded in the frequency range spanning 27 to 280 GHz, with three separate dichroic designs. The mid-frequency 90/150 GHz and ultra-high-frequency 220/280 GHz detector arrays, fabricated at NIST, account for 39 of 49 total detector modules and implement the feedhorn-fed orthomode transducer-coupled TES bolometer architecture. A robust production-level fabrication framework for these detector arrays and the monolithic DC/RF routing wafers has been developed, which includes single device prototyping, process monitoring techniques, in-process metrology, and cryogenic measurements of critical film properties. Application of this framework has resulted in timely delivery of nearly 100 total superconducting focal plane components to SO with (88%) of detector wafers meeting nominal criteria for integration into a detector module: a channel yield (>95%) and (T_{textrm{c}}) in the targeted range.
{"title":"The Simons Observatory: Production-Level Fabrication of the Mid- and Ultra-High-Frequency Wafers","authors":"Shannon M. Duff, Jason Austermann, James A. Beall, David P. Daniel, Johannes Hubmayr, Greg C. Jaehnig, Bradley R. Johnson, Dante Jones, Michael J. Link, Tammy J. Lucas, Rita F. Sonka, Suzanne T. Staggs, Joel Ullom, Yuhan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03117-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03117-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background instrumentation suite in the Atacama Desert of Chile. More than 65,000 polarization-sensitive transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers will be fielded in the frequency range spanning 27 to 280 GHz, with three separate dichroic designs. The mid-frequency 90/150 GHz and ultra-high-frequency 220/280 GHz detector arrays, fabricated at NIST, account for 39 of 49 total detector modules and implement the feedhorn-fed orthomode transducer-coupled TES bolometer architecture. A robust production-level fabrication framework for these detector arrays and the monolithic DC/RF routing wafers has been developed, which includes single device prototyping, process monitoring techniques, in-process metrology, and cryogenic measurements of critical film properties. Application of this framework has resulted in timely delivery of nearly 100 total superconducting focal plane components to SO with <span>(88%)</span> of detector wafers meeting nominal criteria for integration into a detector module: a channel yield <span>(>95%)</span> and <span>(T_{textrm{c}})</span> in the targeted range.</p>","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140887365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-04DOI: 10.1007/s10909-024-03126-w
John C. Groh, Zeeshan Ahmed, Shawn W. Henderson, Johannes Hubmayr, John A. B. Mates, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Joel Ullom, Cyndia Yu
Transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers are broadly used for background-limited astrophysical measurements from the far-infrared to mm-waves. Many planned future instruments require increasingly large detector arrays, but their scalability is limited by their cryogenic readout electronics. Microwave SQUID multiplexing offers a highly capable scaling solution through the use of inherently broadband circuitry, enabling readout of hundreds to thousands of channels per microwave line. As with any multiplexing technique, the channelization mechanism gives rise to electrical crosstalk which must be understood and controlled so as to not degrade the instrument sensitivity. Here, we explore implications relevant for TES bolometer array applications, focusing in particular on upcoming mm-wave observatories such as the Simons Observatory and AliCPT. We model the relative contributions of the various underlying crosstalk mechanisms, evaluate the difference between fixed tone and tone-tracking readout systems, and discuss ways in which crosstalk nonlinearity will complicate on-sky measurements.
{"title":"Crosstalk Effects in Microwave SQUID Multiplexed TES Bolometer Readout","authors":"John C. Groh, Zeeshan Ahmed, Shawn W. Henderson, Johannes Hubmayr, John A. B. Mates, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Joel Ullom, Cyndia Yu","doi":"10.1007/s10909-024-03126-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03126-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers are broadly used for background-limited astrophysical measurements from the far-infrared to mm-waves. Many planned future instruments require increasingly large detector arrays, but their scalability is limited by their cryogenic readout electronics. Microwave SQUID multiplexing offers a highly capable scaling solution through the use of inherently broadband circuitry, enabling readout of hundreds to thousands of channels per microwave line. As with any multiplexing technique, the channelization mechanism gives rise to electrical crosstalk which must be understood and controlled so as to not degrade the instrument sensitivity. Here, we explore implications relevant for TES bolometer array applications, focusing in particular on upcoming mm-wave observatories such as the Simons Observatory and AliCPT. We model the relative contributions of the various underlying crosstalk mechanisms, evaluate the difference between fixed tone and tone-tracking readout systems, and discuss ways in which crosstalk nonlinearity will complicate on-sky measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":641,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Low Temperature Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140887618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}