Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341564
M. Marcus
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF2) is a ferroelectric polymer which can be used in a variety of piezoelectric and pyroelectric transducers. Application classes for PVF2 are reviewed, and figures of merit are given along with comparisons to other materials. It is shown that thickness, orientation and polarization anisotropy of PVF2 transducer films should be different for use in diverse applications. Design criteria are presented for a variety of applications including flexure mode transducers and pyroelectric detectors based on PVF2. A review is given of the commercialized applications or PVF2.
{"title":"Applications of polyvinylidene fluoride films","authors":"M. Marcus","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341564","url":null,"abstract":"Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF2) is a ferroelectric polymer which can be used in a variety of piezoelectric and pyroelectric transducers. Application classes for PVF2 are reviewed, and figures of merit are given along with comparisons to other materials. It is shown that thickness, orientation and polarization anisotropy of PVF2 transducer films should be different for use in diverse applications. Design criteria are presented for a variety of applications including flexure mode transducers and pyroelectric detectors based on PVF2. A review is given of the commercialized applications or PVF2.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"33 1","pages":"724-731"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81770510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341522
Sun Xi-ming, Shi Ling-sheng
Triboelectricity, which is a kind of old and well known phenomena, has been used as a method of charging of polymer electrets(1). G.M. Sessler has shown that this method has not been used extensively, mostly because of lack of accurate reproducibility(2) R. Gerhard-Multhaupt mentioned in his recent paper that triboelectricity will probably be used as a simple and safe charging method(3). We used "The Arrangement of Triboelectrometer and Auto-measuring Recorder" which was assembled by us to charge polymer such as LDPE, PS and teflon PEP foils. In this paper we discuss effects of some factors such as fimes of friction (n), normal pressure (p), frictional separate velocity (v) and relative humidity (RH) at RT. The results of our experiments have shown that charging electret by using suitable frictional materials is controllable, reproduceable and relatively uniform.
摩擦电是一种古老而广为人知的现象，已被用作聚合物驻极体的充电方法(1)。G.M. Sessler已经证明，这种方法没有被广泛使用，主要是因为缺乏精确的可重复性(2)R. Gerhard-Multhaupt在他最近的论文中提到，摩擦电可能会被用作一种简单而安全的充电方法(3)。我们用自己组装的“The Arrangement of Triboelectrometer and Auto-measuring Recorder”对LDPE, PS和teflon PEP箔等聚合物进行了充电。本文讨论了摩擦次数(n)、法向压力(p)、摩擦分离速度(v)和相对湿度(RH)等因素对驻极体充电的影响。实验结果表明，采用合适的摩擦材料对驻极体充电具有可控性、可重复性和相对均匀性。
{"title":"Studies on charging op polymer foils by triboelectricity","authors":"Sun Xi-ming, Shi Ling-sheng","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341522","url":null,"abstract":"Triboelectricity, which is a kind of old and well known phenomena, has been used as a method of charging of polymer electrets(1). G.M. Sessler has shown that this method has not been used extensively, mostly because of lack of accurate reproducibility(2) R. Gerhard-Multhaupt mentioned in his recent paper that triboelectricity will probably be used as a simple and safe charging method(3). We used \"The Arrangement of Triboelectrometer and Auto-measuring Recorder\" which was assembled by us to charge polymer such as LDPE, PS and teflon PEP foils. In this paper we discuss effects of some factors such as fimes of friction (n), normal pressure (p), frictional separate velocity (v) and relative humidity (RH) at RT. The results of our experiments have shown that charging electret by using suitable frictional materials is controllable, reproduceable and relatively uniform.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"110 1","pages":"456-462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76208031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341496
R. Capelletti, M. G. Bridelli, M. Friggeri, G. Ruani, R. Foldvari, L. Kovács, A. Watterich
ITC technique is exploited to search dipolar defects, induced in LiF by Ti, whose valence state is not well known. ITC spectra (78–350 K) exhibit at least one peak at 235 K: 1) its amplitude increases with nominal Ti-concentration and annealing temperature; 2) its shape does not depend on thermal treatment nor on Ti-concentration nor on the dopant type (TİO2 or Li2TiF6);3) it is not a single peak; 4) it is very weak in air grown crystals. Critical analysis of ITC data compared with optical and EPR spectra suggest that Ti3+ compensated by two cation vacancies is responsible for 235 K peak.
{"title":"I.V.V. Dipoles in LiF:Ti","authors":"R. Capelletti, M. G. Bridelli, M. Friggeri, G. Ruani, R. Foldvari, L. Kovács, A. Watterich","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341496","url":null,"abstract":"ITC technique is exploited to search dipolar defects, induced in LiF by Ti, whose valence state is not well known. ITC spectra (78–350 K) exhibit at least one peak at 235 K: 1) its amplitude increases with nominal Ti-concentration and annealing temperature; 2) its shape does not depend on thermal treatment nor on Ti-concentration nor on the dopant type (TİO2 or Li2TiF6);3) it is not a single peak; 4) it is very weak in air grown crystals. Critical analysis of ITC data compared with optical and EPR spectra suggest that Ti3+ compensated by two cation vacancies is responsible for 235 K peak.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"42 1","pages":"294-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87882416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341476
J. J. del Val, Á. Alegría, J. Colmenero, C. Lacabanne
Thermally Stimulated Creep and Depolarization Current measurements have been carried out on pure PVC. Results from β relaxation point out the same origin for mechanical and dielectric spectra and a compensation laws analysis leads to two different relaxation times distributions. Kinetic studies performed by the two techniques in the glass transition region denote a high degree of cooperativity of the involved molecular motions. Depolarization spectrum shows a high temperature peak, not formed in the mechanical one, whose evolution with the poling field allows to assign it to a non-dipolar process associated to the movement of free charge carriers.
{"title":"Comparative thermally stimulated creep and depolarization currents study in PVC","authors":"J. J. del Val, Á. Alegría, J. Colmenero, C. Lacabanne","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341476","url":null,"abstract":"Thermally Stimulated Creep and Depolarization Current measurements have been carried out on pure PVC. Results from β relaxation point out the same origin for mechanical and dielectric spectra and a compensation laws analysis leads to two different relaxation times distributions. Kinetic studies performed by the two techniques in the glass transition region denote a high degree of cooperativity of the involved molecular motions. Depolarization spectrum shows a high temperature peak, not formed in the mechanical one, whose evolution with the poling field allows to assign it to a non-dipolar process associated to the movement of free charge carriers.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"124 1","pages":"175-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87976765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341509
R. Nath, Ashok Kumar
Polarity reversal transient currents in cellulose acetate films have been studied as a function of field, thickness and temperature. The current peaks have been observed in the current-time characteristics and these peaks may be attributed to the space charge injection from electrodes. The dependence of the transient current on thickness (I α d−3)of the sample justifies the existence of SCLC. The carrier mobility ∼(8.5 ± 0.05) × 10−10 cm2 V−1 s−1 has been estimated at room temperature. The mobility in iodine doped (2 /. wt/wt) sample has been found to be ∼ 9.5×10−8 cm2 V−1 s−1. The sign of the injected carriers is determined by using blocking electrode method.
{"title":"Polarity reversal current transient investigations in cellulose acetate films","authors":"R. Nath, Ashok Kumar","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341509","url":null,"abstract":"Polarity reversal transient currents in cellulose acetate films have been studied as a function of field, thickness and temperature. The current peaks have been observed in the current-time characteristics and these peaks may be attributed to the space charge injection from electrodes. The dependence of the transient current on thickness (I α d<sup>−3</sup>)of the sample justifies the existence of SCLC. The carrier mobility ∼(8.5 ± 0.05) × 10<sup>−10</sup> cm<inf>2</inf> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> has been estimated at room temperature. The mobility in iodine doped (2 /. wt/wt) sample has been found to be ∼ 9.5×10<sup>−8</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. The sign of the injected carriers is determined by using blocking electrode method.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"72 4","pages":"370-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91462666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341560
P.-N. Martin, M. Bernard
The recent application of electrets in the dosimetry brought them some more interest. In order to find for them the application in radio-diagnostics, we did study the electret charge evolution inside and on interfaces of two media irradiated with cobalt 60 γ rays.
{"title":"Charge dynamics of an electret inside a medium and at the interface of two media subjected to γ-rays from a Co60 source","authors":"P.-N. Martin, M. Bernard","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341560","url":null,"abstract":"The recent application of electrets in the dosimetry brought them some more interest. In order to find for them the application in radio-diagnostics, we did study the electret charge evolution inside and on interfaces of two media irradiated with cobalt 60 γ rays.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"58 1","pages":"702-707"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91392652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341552
Yiqin Zhou, Han-Chuan Wu, Jixiang Chang
TSC spectra of the thermo-relaxation of frozen-in dipoles and space charges from PET irradiated by 60CO have been investigated. The total dose ranged over Mrad at dose rates from 10 to 850 rad/sec. It was observed the current peaks of space charges undergo a max value with increasing of irradiation doses, and finally tend almost to a constant at various dose rates. Authors suppose two processes, namely, the excitation new carrier by ionization irradiation and annihilation electrons by oxygen diffusion, are presented, This can be used as a method for distinguishing main species of carrier in polymer-electrects.
{"title":"γ-Irradiation effect on TSC from polyester films","authors":"Yiqin Zhou, Han-Chuan Wu, Jixiang Chang","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341552","url":null,"abstract":"TSC spectra of the thermo-relaxation of frozen-in dipoles and space charges from PET irradiated by 60CO have been investigated. The total dose ranged over Mrad at dose rates from 10 to 850 rad/sec. It was observed the current peaks of space charges undergo a max value with increasing of irradiation doses, and finally tend almost to a constant at various dose rates. Authors suppose two processes, namely, the excitation new carrier by ionization irradiation and annihilation electrons by oxygen diffusion, are presented, This can be used as a method for distinguishing main species of carrier in polymer-electrects.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"93 1","pages":"653-658"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83465752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341497
E. Marchal
For polystyrene, independent measurements of dielectric relaxation time T determined from the TSD p peak and of conductivity a show that the relation στ= εoε holds. Space charge p peaks are known to be hard to reproduce in TSD experiments. Factors such as electrode− sample contact, applied voltage, sample preparation and number of free charge carriers are examined separately and lead to consistent results. In polystyrene containing 1% sodium acetate segregation occurs at high temperature and the ρ peak resembles that of the parent polystyrene. When the salt is well dispersed this is no longer the case.
{"title":"Some factors affecting the location of the (above Tg) peak in thermally stimulated depolarization currents in polystyrene","authors":"E. Marchal","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341497","url":null,"abstract":"For polystyrene, independent measurements of dielectric relaxation time T determined from the TSD p peak and of conductivity a show that the relation στ= ε<inf>o</inf>ε holds. Space charge p peaks are known to be hard to reproduce in TSD experiments. Factors such as electrode<sup>−</sup> sample contact, applied voltage, sample preparation and number of free charge carriers are examined separately and lead to consistent results. In polystyrene containing 1% sodium acetate segregation occurs at high temperature and the ρ peak resembles that of the parent polystyrene. When the salt is well dispersed this is no longer the case.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"18 1","pages":"299-304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91186223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341601
C. Bhatnagar, M. Khare, G. Meenakshi
Thermally Stimulated Discharge Current (T3DC) in the case of polyvinylidene fluoride film treated chermomagneticaüly has been studied at different linear heating rates, preparing then at various polarizing fields (H7) and Temperatures (TF). TSDC spectra consists of two peaks at different temperatures (i) 60° to 70° and (ii) 190° to 196° termed as α-and ρ-peaks respectively. The values of activation energy calculated by two different methods show the existence of two tips of traps. TSDC with different heating rates suggests that low heating rates are preferable. The effect of thickness and storage tine has also been studied.
{"title":"Thermally stimulated current behaviour of polyvinylidene fluoride films on thermomagnetic treatment","authors":"C. Bhatnagar, M. Khare, G. Meenakshi","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341601","url":null,"abstract":"Thermally Stimulated Discharge Current (T3DC) in the case of polyvinylidene fluoride film treated chermomagneticaüly has been studied at different linear heating rates, preparing then at various polarizing fields (H<inf>7</inf>) and Temperatures (T<inf>F</inf>). TSDC spectra consists of two peaks at different temperatures (i) 60° to 70° and (ii) 190° to 196° termed as α-and ρ-peaks respectively. The values of activation energy calculated by two different methods show the existence of two tips of traps. TSDC with different heating rates suggests that low heating rates are preferable. The effect of thickness and storage tine has also been studied.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"84 1","pages":"952-957"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74191728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ISE.1985.7341518
O. P. Puri
It is proposed to study the mechanism of the formation and decay of electrets in some non-polar inorganic polycrystalline and amorphous dielectrics. The formation of electrets in these materials under different conditions of sample temperatures polarizing fields and cooling rates will be experimentally pursued. The decay of these electrets both in the open circuit and closed circuit conditions are to be observed (with improved methods whenever possible). An extension of the Swann-Gubkin theory to a more elaborate microscopic theory in agreement with the experimental observations will be sought.
{"title":"X-ray analysis of electrets","authors":"O. P. Puri","doi":"10.1109/ISE.1985.7341518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISE.1985.7341518","url":null,"abstract":"It is proposed to study the mechanism of the formation and decay of electrets in some non-polar inorganic polycrystalline and amorphous dielectrics. The formation of electrets in these materials under different conditions of sample temperatures polarizing fields and cooling rates will be experimentally pursued. The decay of these electrets both in the open circuit and closed circuit conditions are to be observed (with improved methods whenever possible). An extension of the Swann-Gubkin theory to a more elaborate microscopic theory in agreement with the experimental observations will be sought.","PeriodicalId":6451,"journal":{"name":"1985 5th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 5)","volume":"107 1","pages":"422-426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85214615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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