In the oil and gas industry, water is essential element since it exists in most of the stages, starting from drilling operations, then production processes including injecting in the reservoir to maintain the pressure, and finally disposing the produced water from the reservoir. Therefore, it is very important to understand the water in the petroleum industry with its different types and study its effects on the reservoirs as well as the downhole and surface equipment. Most of the studies and literature reviews focused on the oil and gas properties. In fact, understanding the properties of the water is as important as the oil and gas properties. Water is always present in the oil and gas fields during production, injection or disposal. Therefore, it has a direct impact on the productivity and overall efficiency of the field and the entire development project. This paper is going to illustrate and focus on several objectives. First, it elaborates the importance of the water in the oil and gas fields. Then, it includes a comprehensive overview of different types of water in the petroleum industry including a summary about of their properties. The main two types that the paper focuses on are the produced water and the injected water. It clarifies the effects of both of them on the reservoir, well completions and facilities. After that, the paper touches bases on the common problems and issues caused by water along with a brief summary of steps needed by the operators to follow in order to solve them. In addition to that, the common monitoring procedures and tests that are usually followed to observe the quality of the water are going to be presented. Finally, couples of solutions used by operators are reviewed to solve the problem of excessive water production after the water breakthrough in the field.
{"title":"Importance of Water Chemistry in Oil and Gas Operations—Properties and Composition","authors":"A. Taha, M. Amani","doi":"10.4236/ijoc.2019.91003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ijoc.2019.91003","url":null,"abstract":"In the oil and gas industry, water is essential element since it exists in most of the stages, starting from drilling operations, then production processes including injecting in the reservoir to maintain the pressure, and finally disposing the produced water from the reservoir. Therefore, it is very important to understand the water in the petroleum industry with its different types and study its effects on the reservoirs as well as the downhole and surface equipment. Most of the studies and literature reviews focused on the oil and gas properties. In fact, understanding the properties of the water is as important as the oil and gas properties. Water is always present in the oil and gas fields during production, injection or disposal. Therefore, it has a direct impact on the productivity and overall efficiency of the field and the entire development project. This paper is going to illustrate and focus on several objectives. First, it elaborates the importance of the water in the oil and gas fields. Then, it includes a comprehensive overview of different types of water in the petroleum industry including a summary about of their properties. The main two types that the paper focuses on are the produced water and the injected water. It clarifies the effects of both of them on the reservoir, well completions and facilities. After that, the paper touches bases on the common problems and issues caused by water along with a brief summary of steps needed by the operators to follow in order to solve them. In addition to that, the common monitoring procedures and tests that are usually followed to observe the quality of the water are going to be presented. Finally, couples of solutions used by operators are reviewed to solve the problem of excessive water production after the water breakthrough in the field.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47738575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonathan R. Valdéz-Camacho, José Domingo Rivera-Ramírez, J. Escalante
A simple, efficient and low-cost methodology for the synthesis of α-aryl-α,β-unsaturated esters using paraformaldehyde as a source of carbon was developed. Factors that control reaction yields such as temperature, concentration and reaction time were evaluated. A mechanism is proposed based on experimental structures of the intermediates.
{"title":"Studies and Mechanism of Olefination Reaction in Aryl-Enolates with Paraformaldehyde","authors":"Jonathan R. Valdéz-Camacho, José Domingo Rivera-Ramírez, J. Escalante","doi":"10.4236/IJOC.2019.91002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJOC.2019.91002","url":null,"abstract":"A simple, efficient and low-cost methodology for the synthesis of α-aryl-α,β-unsaturated esters using paraformaldehyde as a source of carbon was developed. Factors that control reaction yields such as temperature, concentration and reaction time were evaluated. A mechanism is proposed based on experimental structures of the intermediates.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46917950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Some new asymmetric thioethers 5 and 4-thiazolidinones 6 have been obtained from condensation of 5-formyl-3-(pyridin-4'-yl)-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b] indole (3) with halogenated aromatic amines followed by addition of thiophenol and/or cycloaddition with thiolactic acids in nonpolar solvents. Structures of the products confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral measurements. The new systems obtained were evaluated as antifungal agents.
{"title":"Synthesis of Some New Thioethers and 4-Thiazolidinones Bearing 3-(Pyridine-4'-yl)-1,2,4-Triazino[5,6-b]Indole Moiety as Antifungal Agents","authors":"W. A. Bawazir","doi":"10.4236/IJOC.2019.91004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJOC.2019.91004","url":null,"abstract":"Some new asymmetric thioethers 5 and 4-thiazolidinones 6 have been obtained from condensation of 5-formyl-3-(pyridin-4'-yl)-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b] indole (3) with halogenated aromatic amines followed by addition of thiophenol and/or cycloaddition with thiolactic acids in nonpolar solvents. Structures of the products confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral measurements. The new systems obtained were evaluated as antifungal agents.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45366990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nadim S. Russel, Punam K. Paul, M. R. Karim, B. Song
Here we have synthesized cancer targeting drug delivery system that contains β-cyclodextrin as a drug carrier and folic acid as a targeting ligand. Folic acid was selected as a cancer targeting ligand because folic acid receptors are highly expressed in a variety of tumor types. β-cyclodextrin and folic acid were connected through a linker [1,10-phenanthroline or 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural]. β-cyclodextrin and folic acid were attached to the linker by formation of Schiffbase and ester, respectively. Our targeted synthetic products were confirmed by NMR, Mass and IR spectroscopy. We anticipate that our synthetic products can confer cancer cell-specific drug delivery as well as desired properties such as nanoparticle formation.
{"title":"Synthesis of Folate-Appended β-Cyclodextrin Using Phenanthroline as Linker for Cancer Targeting Drug Delivery","authors":"Nadim S. Russel, Punam K. Paul, M. R. Karim, B. Song","doi":"10.4236/IJOC.2019.91005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJOC.2019.91005","url":null,"abstract":"Here we have synthesized cancer targeting drug delivery system that contains β-cyclodextrin as a drug carrier and folic acid as a targeting ligand. Folic acid was selected as a cancer targeting ligand because folic acid receptors are highly expressed in a variety of tumor types. β-cyclodextrin and folic acid were connected through a linker [1,10-phenanthroline or 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural]. β-cyclodextrin and folic acid were attached to the linker by formation of Schiffbase and ester, respectively. Our targeted synthetic products were confirmed by NMR, Mass and IR spectroscopy. We anticipate that our synthetic products can confer cancer cell-specific drug delivery as well as desired properties such as nanoparticle formation.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49143260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Ota, Tomohiro Nakada, Takumi Shintani, Y. Kamitori, E. Okada*
Our previous research showed that aliphatic amines were put in order of high reactivity as “ethylamine > ammonia > t-butylamine > diethylamine” on the aromatic nucleophilic substitution of 1-dimetylamino-2,4-bis(trifluoroacetyl)-naphthalene 1 in acetonitrile. The DFT calculation study (B3LYP/6-31G* with solvation model) for the reactions of 1 with above four amines rationally explained the difference of each amines reactivity based on the energies of their Meisenheimer complexes 3 which are assumed to formed as the reaction intermediates in the course of the reaction giving the corresponding N-N exchange products 2. Intramolecular hydrogen bond between amino proton in 1-amino group and carbonyl oxygen in 2-trifluoroacetyl group stabilizes Meisenheimer complexes 3 effectively, and accelerates the substitution reaction from 1 to 2. Our calculation results also predicted that the above order of amines is also true if less polar toluene is used as a solvent instead of acetonitrile even though more enhanced conditions are required.
{"title":"Computational Study for the Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction on 1-Dimethylamino-2,4-bis(trifluoroacetyl)-naphthalene with Amines","authors":"N. Ota, Tomohiro Nakada, Takumi Shintani, Y. Kamitori, E. Okada*","doi":"10.4236/IJOC.2018.83020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJOC.2018.83020","url":null,"abstract":"Our previous research showed that aliphatic amines were put in order of high reactivity as “ethylamine > ammonia > t-butylamine > diethylamine” on the aromatic nucleophilic substitution of 1-dimetylamino-2,4-bis(trifluoroacetyl)-naphthalene 1 in acetonitrile. The DFT calculation study (B3LYP/6-31G* with solvation model) for the reactions of 1 with above four amines rationally explained the difference of each amines reactivity based on the energies of their Meisenheimer complexes 3 which are assumed to formed as the reaction intermediates in the course of the reaction giving the corresponding N-N exchange products 2. Intramolecular hydrogen bond between amino proton in 1-amino group and carbonyl oxygen in 2-trifluoroacetyl group stabilizes Meisenheimer complexes 3 effectively, and accelerates the substitution reaction from 1 to 2. Our calculation results also predicted that the above order of amines is also true if less polar toluene is used as a solvent instead of acetonitrile even though more enhanced conditions are required.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":"8 1","pages":"273-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44155338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple route to synthesize novel fluorinated fused hetero-polycyclic nitrogen systems containing a pyrazolotriazine moiety (5,8,11) have been deduced from cyclization of 2-aminothiocarbonyl-5-arylidene-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)one (2) with diethoxy-phosphine, diethyl carbonate and/or diethyl oxalate in boil THF followed by cyclo condensation with aryl sulfonic acid hydrazide in EtOH/piperidine and finally fluorination with trifluoroethyl acetate. Structures of the products have been established from their elemental analysis and spectral measurements. The antimicrobial activity of the targets has also been evaluated.
{"title":"Synthesis of New Fluorinated Fused Heteropolycyclic Nitrogen Systems Containing a Pyrazolotriazine Moiety as Antimicrobial Agents Part I","authors":"L. Taib, Sofiyah A. Adibani","doi":"10.4236/IJOC.2018.81013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJOC.2018.81013","url":null,"abstract":"A simple route to synthesize novel fluorinated fused hetero-polycyclic nitrogen systems containing a pyrazolotriazine moiety (5,8,11) have been deduced from cyclization of 2-aminothiocarbonyl-5-arylidene-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)one (2) with diethoxy-phosphine, diethyl carbonate and/or diethyl oxalate in boil THF followed by cyclo condensation with aryl sulfonic acid hydrazide in EtOH/piperidine and finally fluorination with trifluoroethyl acetate. Structures of the products have been established from their elemental analysis and spectral measurements. The antimicrobial activity of the targets has also been evaluated.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"176-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44786884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viktor Ilkei, Kornél Faragó, Zsuzsanna Sánta, M. Dékány, L. Hazai, C. Szántay, G. Kalaus
Sessiline is an alkaloid which is recently isolated from the fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. The molecule contains two five-membered heterocyclic units joined together by an acylaminocarbinol-ether type bond. Here, we describe the first, simple synthesis of sessiline from 5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which are prepared from succinimide and furfuryl alcohol, respectively. The coupling reaction takes place on moderate heating under neat conditions.
{"title":"The First Synthesis of Sessiline","authors":"Viktor Ilkei, Kornél Faragó, Zsuzsanna Sánta, M. Dékány, L. Hazai, C. Szántay, G. Kalaus","doi":"10.4236/IJOC.2014.45033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJOC.2014.45033","url":null,"abstract":"Sessiline \u0000is an alkaloid which is recently isolated from the fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. The molecule \u0000contains two five-membered heterocyclic units joined together by an acylaminocarbinol-ether \u0000type bond. Here, we describe the first, simple synthesis of sessiline from 5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which are prepared from succinimide \u0000and furfuryl alcohol, respectively. The coupling reaction takes place on moderate \u0000heating under neat conditions.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":"04 1","pages":"309-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70721929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chunguang Han, H. Doi, J. Kimura, Y. Nakao, Masaaki Suzuki
11C-labeled C1-C10 partial structure of kulokekahilide-2 (1) was successfully synthesized based on Pd0-mediated rapid C-[11C]methylation using [11C]methyl iodide and pinacol alkenylboronate. The preparation of organoboron intermediate via olefin cross-metathesis is also a crucial procedure for the synthesis of 11C-labeling C1-C10 dihy-droxy acid moiety of 1.
{"title":"11 C-Labeling of the C(1)-C(10) Dihydroxy Acid Moiety for the Study on the Synthesis of Kulokekahilide-2 PET Tracer","authors":"Chunguang Han, H. Doi, J. Kimura, Y. Nakao, Masaaki Suzuki","doi":"10.4236/IJOC.2014.44029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJOC.2014.44029","url":null,"abstract":"11C-labeled C1-C10 partial structure of kulokekahilide-2 (1) was successfully synthesized based on Pd0-mediated rapid C-[11C]methylation using [11C]methyl iodide and pinacol alkenylboronate. The preparation of organoboron intermediate via olefin cross-metathesis is also a crucial procedure for the synthesis of 11C-labeling C1-C10 dihy-droxy acid moiety of 1.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":"04 1","pages":"269-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70721522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cleavage reaction of 1-acylhydantoin by an amine in tetrahydrofuran at elevated temperature provided the corre-sponding amide and hydantoin in high yield. It was found that the addition of diethylaluminum chloride accelerated the cleavage reaction rate. The amide yield depended on the steric hindrance of the amine.
{"title":"Convenient Cleavage Reaction of 1-Acylhydantoin to Amide","authors":"Junichiro Yamaguchi, K. Abe, T. Narushima","doi":"10.4236/IJOC.2013.33025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJOC.2013.33025","url":null,"abstract":"A cleavage reaction of 1-acylhydantoin by an amine in tetrahydrofuran at elevated temperature provided the corre-sponding amide and hydantoin in high yield. It was found that the addition of diethylaluminum chloride accelerated the cleavage reaction rate. The amide yield depended on the steric hindrance of the amine.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":"2013 1","pages":"194-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4236/IJOC.2013.33025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70718916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Al-Masum, Baillie W. Lott, Nazanin Ghazialsharif
After purging air through the mixture of aldehydes and amino alcohols and microwaved the reaction mixture at 50°C for minutes gave the corresponding oxazinanes, and oxazolidines in excellent yields.
通过醛和氨基醇的混合物吹气，在50℃下微波反应几分钟，得到相应的恶唑烷和恶唑烷，收率很高。
{"title":"An Efficient Reaction Process for the Synthesis of Oxazinanes, and Oxazolidines in the Presence of Air","authors":"Mohammad Al-Masum, Baillie W. Lott, Nazanin Ghazialsharif","doi":"10.4236/IJOC.2012.24049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/IJOC.2012.24049","url":null,"abstract":"After purging air through the mixture of aldehydes and amino alcohols and microwaved the reaction mixture at 50°C for minutes gave the corresponding oxazinanes, and oxazolidines in excellent yields.","PeriodicalId":64796,"journal":{"name":"有机化学国际期刊(英文)","volume":"43 1","pages":"362-365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70716278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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