The radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm is a novel steady-state visual evoked experimental paradigm, and the electroencephalography (EEG) evoked potential is different from the traditional luminance modulation paradigm. The signal energy is concentrated chiefly in the fundamental frequency, while the higher harmonic power is lower. Therefore, the conventional steady-state visual evoked potential recognition algorithms optimizing multiple harmonic response components, such as the extended canonical correlation analysis (eCCA) and task-related component analysis (TRCA) algorithm, have poor recognition performance under the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm. This paper proposes an extended binary subband canonical correlation analysis (eBSCCA) algorithm for the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm. For the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm, binary subband filtering was used to optimize the weighting coefficients of different frequency response signals, thereby improving the recognition performance of EEG signals. The results of offline experiments involving 13 subjects showed that the eBSCCA algorithm exhibits a better performance than the eCCA and TRCA algorithms under the stimulation of the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm. In the online experiment, the average recognition accuracy of 13 subjects was 88.68% ± 6.33%, and the average information transmission rate (ITR) was 158.77 ± 43.67 bits/min, which proved that the algorithm had good recognition effect signals evoked by the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm.
{"title":"An extended binary subband canonical correlation analysis detection algorithm oriented to the radial contraction-expansion motion steady-state visual evoked paradigm","authors":"Yuxue Zhao, Hongxin Zhang, Yuanzhen Wang, Chenxu Li, Ruilin Xu, Chen Yang","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050004","url":null,"abstract":"The radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm is a novel steady-state visual evoked experimental paradigm, and the electroencephalography (EEG) evoked potential is different from the traditional luminance modulation paradigm. The signal energy is concentrated chiefly in the fundamental frequency, while the higher harmonic power is lower. Therefore, the conventional steady-state visual evoked potential recognition algorithms optimizing multiple harmonic response components, such as the extended canonical correlation analysis (eCCA) and task-related component analysis (TRCA) algorithm, have poor recognition performance under the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm. This paper proposes an extended binary subband canonical correlation analysis (eBSCCA) algorithm for the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm. For the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm, binary subband filtering was used to optimize the weighting coefficients of different frequency response signals, thereby improving the recognition performance of EEG signals. The results of offline experiments involving 13 subjects showed that the eBSCCA algorithm exhibits a better performance than the eCCA and TRCA algorithms under the stimulation of the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm. In the online experiment, the average recognition accuracy of 13 subjects was 88.68% ± 6.33%, and the average information transmission rate (ITR) was 158.77 ± 43.67 bits/min, which proved that the algorithm had good recognition effect signals evoked by the radial contraction-expansion motion paradigm.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49347698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2021.9050022
Rong Zou, Jiajin Yuan
The development of adaptive emotion regulation (ER) plays a pivotal role in adolescent mental health and socio-emotional adaptation. Dispositional optimism, as an important protective factor for adolescent adjustment, may affect adolescent ER and subsequently influence adaptive outcomes. In this review, the changes and challenges, the role of ER in socio-emotional adjustment, and the developmental characteristics of implicit and explicit ER during adolescence are described. Subsequently, by employing the top-down model of personality, coping, and emotion, how dispositional optimism may affect psychological adjustment from the perspective of ER is analyzed. Furthermore, how the differences in adolescents’ dispositional optimism may be reflected by the differences in implicit ER is discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research are outlined.
{"title":"Implicit and explicit emotion regulation in adolescents with dispositional optimism","authors":"Rong Zou, Jiajin Yuan","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2021.9050022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2021.9050022","url":null,"abstract":"The development of adaptive emotion regulation (ER) plays a pivotal role in adolescent mental health and socio-emotional adaptation. Dispositional optimism, as an important protective factor for adolescent adjustment, may affect adolescent ER and subsequently influence adaptive outcomes. In this review, the changes and challenges, the role of ER in socio-emotional adjustment, and the developmental characteristics of implicit and explicit ER during adolescence are described. Subsequently, by employing the top-down model of personality, coping, and emotion, how dispositional optimism may affect psychological adjustment from the perspective of ER is analyzed. Furthermore, how the differences in adolescents’ dispositional optimism may be reflected by the differences in implicit ER is discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research are outlined.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42930387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2021.9050018
G. Soraya, Z. S. Ulhaq, Christian Peinado Garcia
Previous reports on the pathogenesis of age-related movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET), have demonstrated the potential implications of LINGO1 (leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein) gene. Although LINGO2 has a high degree of homology with LINGO1, but it is less characterized and the role of LINGO2 in the development of PD/ET remains unreported. Hence, this meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of LINGO2 in PD/ET pathogenesis. A total of 4 studies, which complied with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, were included in the meta-analysis. Analysis of the pooled odds ratio and confidence interval of the studies were performed for five genetic models, namely: allelic, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. No significant association was observed between the LINGO2 polymorphism and PD/ET, although subgroup analysis through conventional meta-analysis indicated that the recessive models of rs7033345 and rs10812774 are significantly associated with predisposition to ET in the Asian population. However, trial sequential analyses for both polymorphisms were unlikely to reveal any robust effect. Hence, studies with larger samples on this association are needed in the future to corroborate our results.
{"title":"Implication of the LINGO2 gene in the predisposition to movement disorders","authors":"G. Soraya, Z. S. Ulhaq, Christian Peinado Garcia","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2021.9050018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2021.9050018","url":null,"abstract":"Previous reports on the pathogenesis of age-related movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET), have demonstrated the potential implications of LINGO1 (leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein) gene. Although LINGO2 has a high degree of homology with LINGO1, but it is less characterized and the role of LINGO2 in the development of PD/ET remains unreported. Hence, this meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of LINGO2 in PD/ET pathogenesis. A total of 4 studies, which complied with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, were included in the meta-analysis. Analysis of the pooled odds ratio and confidence interval of the studies were performed for five genetic models, namely: allelic, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. No significant association was observed between the LINGO2 polymorphism and PD/ET, although subgroup analysis through conventional meta-analysis indicated that the recessive models of rs7033345 and rs10812774 are significantly associated with predisposition to ET in the Asian population. However, trial sequential analyses for both polymorphisms were unlikely to reveal any robust effect. Hence, studies with larger samples on this association are needed in the future to corroborate our results.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46954208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2021.9050019
Cheng Wang, Liangxing Zhou, Mei Mo, Xianglin Kong, Zhengbin Chai, Lei Deng, Junli Zhang, K. Cao, Chuanfei Wei, Li Xu, Juanli Chen, F. Han
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are the major polysaccharides extracted from L. barbarum, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating diseases. Studies have shown that LBPs have important biological activities, such as antioxidation, anti-aging, neuroprotection, immune regulation. LBPs inhibit oxidative stress, improve neurodegeneration and stroke-induced neural injury, increase proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cell, and promote neural regeneration. Here we have reviewed latest advances in the biomedical activities of LBPs and improved methods for the isolation, extraction, and purification of LBPs. Then, new discoveries to decrease oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis, inhibit aging progress, and improve neural repair in neurodegeneration and ischemic brain injury have been discussed in detail through in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies. Importantly, the molecular mechanisms of LBPs in playing neuroprotective roles are further explored. Lastly, we discuss the perspective of LBPs as biomedical compounds in TCM and modern medicine and provide the experimental and theoretical evidence to use LBPs for the treatment of aging-related neurological diseases and stroke-induced neural injuries.
{"title":"Research advances on antioxidation, neuroprotection, and molecular mechanisms of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides","authors":"Cheng Wang, Liangxing Zhou, Mei Mo, Xianglin Kong, Zhengbin Chai, Lei Deng, Junli Zhang, K. Cao, Chuanfei Wei, Li Xu, Juanli Chen, F. Han","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2021.9050019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2021.9050019","url":null,"abstract":"Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are the major polysaccharides extracted from L. barbarum, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating diseases. Studies have shown that LBPs have important biological activities, such as antioxidation, anti-aging, neuroprotection, immune regulation. LBPs inhibit oxidative stress, improve neurodegeneration and stroke-induced neural injury, increase proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cell, and promote neural regeneration. Here we have reviewed latest advances in the biomedical activities of LBPs and improved methods for the isolation, extraction, and purification of LBPs. Then, new discoveries to decrease oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis, inhibit aging progress, and improve neural repair in neurodegeneration and ischemic brain injury have been discussed in detail through in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies. Importantly, the molecular mechanisms of LBPs in playing neuroprotective roles are further explored. Lastly, we discuss the perspective of LBPs as biomedical compounds in TCM and modern medicine and provide the experimental and theoretical evidence to use LBPs for the treatment of aging-related neurological diseases and stroke-induced neural injuries.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46940677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2021.9050023
Y. Takaya, Hui Chen, Hirotomo Ten, K. Hoya, Chuan-lu Jiang, K. Oyama, Keisuke Onoda, Akira Matsuno
Objective: This study aimed to determine whether the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) determined by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could facilitate the malignancy grading of various gliomas. Methods: Sixty patients with a primary cerebral glioma underwent diffusion-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced (Gd) T1-weighted MRI using a 1.5-T MRI scanner. Scoring was performed based on signal intensities on DWI and Gd images. The mean and minimum ADC values were calculated, and Ki-67 staining was performed for each histological sample to evaluate their tumor proliferative potential. Then, the DWI, Gd, and combined scores were analyzed and compared with the Ki-67 staining index and malignant grade. The relationships among the mean and minimum ADC values, Ki-67 staining index, and malignant grade were also evaluated. Results: The minimum ADC was inversely correlated with the Ki-67 staining index, with a low minimum ADC suggestive of tumor malignancy. The qualitative evaluation of the D score of water molecule diffusion on DWI accurately reflected the pathological grades of gliomas, with an effectiveness that was at least as good as the quantitative analysis using the minimum ADC. The diagnostic value of Gd images in determining glioma malignancy grades was inferior to that of DWI. Conclusion: Both DWI and gadolinium-enhanced images of MRI should be considered essential for the diagnosis of tumor malignancy.
{"title":"Evaluation of the malignant potential of gliomas using diffusion-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","authors":"Y. Takaya, Hui Chen, Hirotomo Ten, K. Hoya, Chuan-lu Jiang, K. Oyama, Keisuke Onoda, Akira Matsuno","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2021.9050023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2021.9050023","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study aimed to determine whether the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) determined by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could facilitate the malignancy grading of various gliomas. Methods: Sixty patients with a primary cerebral glioma underwent diffusion-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced (Gd) T1-weighted MRI using a 1.5-T MRI scanner. Scoring was performed based on signal intensities on DWI and Gd images. The mean and minimum ADC values were calculated, and Ki-67 staining was performed for each histological sample to evaluate their tumor proliferative potential. Then, the DWI, Gd, and combined scores were analyzed and compared with the Ki-67 staining index and malignant grade. The relationships among the mean and minimum ADC values, Ki-67 staining index, and malignant grade were also evaluated. Results: The minimum ADC was inversely correlated with the Ki-67 staining index, with a low minimum ADC suggestive of tumor malignancy. The qualitative evaluation of the D score of water molecule diffusion on DWI accurately reflected the pathological grades of gliomas, with an effectiveness that was at least as good as the quantitative analysis using the minimum ADC. The diagnostic value of Gd images in determining glioma malignancy grades was inferior to that of DWI. Conclusion: Both DWI and gadolinium-enhanced images of MRI should be considered essential for the diagnosis of tumor malignancy.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45352410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2021.9050020
Jingling Chang, Linh L Chen, Xiangyu Li, J. Li
Meige syndrome is a neurological disorder discovered by Henry Meige a French neurologist. The initial clinical manifestations are blepharospasm in both eyes and the characteristic facial appearance of tiger face lines. The patient displays an abnormal facial expression. Trauma, psychological, endocrine, and pharmacological factors may play a role in secondary Meige syndrome. Here we describe these clinical signs with pictures.
{"title":"Tiger face: characteristic manifestations of Meige syndrome","authors":"Jingling Chang, Linh L Chen, Xiangyu Li, J. Li","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2021.9050020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2021.9050020","url":null,"abstract":"Meige syndrome is a neurological disorder discovered by Henry Meige a French neurologist. The initial clinical manifestations are blepharospasm in both eyes and the characteristic facial appearance of tiger face lines. The patient displays an abnormal facial expression. Trauma, psychological, endocrine, and pharmacological factors may play a role in secondary Meige syndrome. Here we describe these clinical signs with pictures.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43184053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2021.9050021
Yu-Fei Song, W. Chen, K. Gai, F. Lin, Wei Sun
Neural tissue-like constructs have important application potential in both neural tissue regeneration and individual medical treatment due to the ideal bioenvironment they provide for the growth of primary and stem cells. The biomaterials used in three-dimensional (3D) biomanufacturing techniques play a critical role in bioenvironment fabrication. They help optimize the manufacturing techniques and the long-term environment that supports cell structure and nutrient transmission. This paper reviews the current progress being made in the biomaterials utilized in neural cell cultures for in vitro bioenvironment construction. The following four requirements for biomaterials are evaluated: biocompatibility, porosity, supportability, and permeability. This study also summarizes the recent culture models based on primary neural cells. Furthermore, the biomaterials used for neural stem cell constructs are discussed. This study’s results indicate that compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures (with minimal biomaterial requirements), modulus 3D cultures greatly benefit from optimized biomaterials for long-term culturing.
{"title":"Culture models produced via biomanufacturing for neural tissue-like constructs based on primary neural and neural stem cells","authors":"Yu-Fei Song, W. Chen, K. Gai, F. Lin, Wei Sun","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2021.9050021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2021.9050021","url":null,"abstract":"Neural tissue-like constructs have important application potential in both neural tissue regeneration and individual medical treatment due to the ideal bioenvironment they provide for the growth of primary and stem cells. The biomaterials used in three-dimensional (3D) biomanufacturing techniques play a critical role in bioenvironment fabrication. They help optimize the manufacturing techniques and the long-term environment that supports cell structure and nutrient transmission. This paper reviews the current progress being made in the biomaterials utilized in neural cell cultures for in vitro bioenvironment construction. The following four requirements for biomaterials are evaluated: biocompatibility, porosity, supportability, and permeability. This study also summarizes the recent culture models based on primary neural cells. Furthermore, the biomaterials used for neural stem cell constructs are discussed. This study’s results indicate that compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures (with minimal biomaterial requirements), modulus 3D cultures greatly benefit from optimized biomaterials for long-term culturing.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45247140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2021.9050009
Yang-yang Feng, Shuang Bai, Gaigai Li, H. Nie, Shiling Chen, Chao Pan, Ping Zhang, Yingxin Tang, Na Liu, Zhouping Tang
Astrocytes are promising source cells to replace neurons lost to disease owing to a shared lineage and capacities for dedifferentiation and proliferation under pathological conditions. Reprogramming of astrocytes to neurons has been achieved by transcription factor modulation, but reprogramming in vitro or in vivo using small‐molecule drugs may have several advantages for clinical application. For instance, small molecules can be extensively characterized for efficacy, toxicity, and tumorigenicity in vitro; induce rapid initiation and subsequent reversal of transdifferentiation upon withdrawal, and obviate the need for exogenous gene transfection. Here we report a new astrocyte–neuron reprogramming strategy using a combination of small molecules (0.5 mM valproic acid, 1 μM RepSox, 3 μM CHIR99021, 2 μM I‐BET151, 10 μM ISX‐9, and 10 μM forskolin). Treatment with this drug combination gradually reduced expression levels of astroglial marker proteins (glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100), transiently enhanced expression of the neuronal progenitor marker doublecortin, and subsequently elevated expression of the mature neuronal marker NeuN in primary astrocyte cultures. These changes were accompanied by transition to a neuron‐like morphological phenotype and expression of multiple neuronal transcription factors. Further, this drug combination induced astrocyte‐to‐neuron transdifferentiation in a culture model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and upregulated many transdifferentiation‐associated signaling molecules in ICH model rats. In culture, the drug combination also reduced ICH model‐associated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production. Neurons derived from small‐molecule reprogramming of astrocytes in adult Sprague–Dawley rats demonstrated long‐term survival and maintenance of neuronal phenotype. This small‐molecule‐induced astrocyte‐to‐neuron transdifferentiation method may be a promising strategy for neuronal replacement therapy.
{"title":"Reprogramming rat astrocytes into neurons using small molecules for cell replacement following intracerebral hemorrhage","authors":"Yang-yang Feng, Shuang Bai, Gaigai Li, H. Nie, Shiling Chen, Chao Pan, Ping Zhang, Yingxin Tang, Na Liu, Zhouping Tang","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2021.9050009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2021.9050009","url":null,"abstract":"Astrocytes are promising source cells to replace neurons lost to disease owing to a shared lineage and capacities for dedifferentiation and proliferation under pathological conditions. Reprogramming of astrocytes to neurons has been achieved by transcription factor modulation, but reprogramming in vitro or in vivo using small‐molecule drugs may have several advantages for clinical application. For instance, small molecules can be extensively characterized for efficacy, toxicity, and tumorigenicity in vitro; induce rapid initiation and subsequent reversal of transdifferentiation upon withdrawal, and obviate the need for exogenous gene transfection. Here we report a new astrocyte–neuron reprogramming strategy using a combination of small molecules (0.5 mM valproic acid, 1 μM RepSox, 3 μM CHIR99021, 2 μM I‐BET151, 10 μM ISX‐9, and 10 μM forskolin). Treatment with this drug combination gradually reduced expression levels of astroglial marker proteins (glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100), transiently enhanced expression of the neuronal progenitor marker doublecortin, and subsequently elevated expression of the mature neuronal marker NeuN in primary astrocyte cultures. These changes were accompanied by transition to a neuron‐like morphological phenotype and expression of multiple neuronal transcription factors. Further, this drug combination induced astrocyte‐to‐neuron transdifferentiation in a culture model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and upregulated many transdifferentiation‐associated signaling molecules in ICH model rats. In culture, the drug combination also reduced ICH model‐associated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production. Neurons derived from small‐molecule reprogramming of astrocytes in adult Sprague–Dawley rats demonstrated long‐term survival and maintenance of neuronal phenotype. This small‐molecule‐induced astrocyte‐to‐neuron transdifferentiation method may be a promising strategy for neuronal replacement therapy.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46736889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2021.9050007
Yao Chen, Ting Fan
Pediatric patients are more likely to suffer from brain tumors. Surgical resection is often the optimal treatment. Perioperative management of pediatric brain tumor resection brings great challenges to anesthesiologists, especially for fluid therapy. In this case, the infant-patient was only 69-day-old, weighed 6 kg，but she was facing a gaint brain tumor (7.9 cm × 8.1 cm × 6.7 cm) excision. The infant was at great risks such as hemorrhagic shock, cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, coagulation dysfunction, etc. However, we tried to use the parameters obtained by bioreactance-based NICOM® device (Cheetah Medical) to guide the infant’s intraoperative fluid therapy, and successfully avoided these complications and achieved a good prognosis.
{"title":"Bioreactance-guided fluid therapy for excision of a giant brain tumor in an infant under general anesthesia: A case report and literature review","authors":"Yao Chen, Ting Fan","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2021.9050007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2021.9050007","url":null,"abstract":"Pediatric patients are more likely to suffer from brain tumors. Surgical resection is often the optimal treatment. Perioperative management of pediatric brain tumor resection brings great challenges to anesthesiologists, especially for fluid therapy. In this case, the infant-patient was only 69-day-old, weighed 6 kg，but she was facing a gaint brain tumor (7.9 cm × 8.1 cm × 6.7 cm) excision. The infant was at great risks such as hemorrhagic shock, cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, coagulation dysfunction, etc. However, we tried to use the parameters obtained by bioreactance-based NICOM® device (Cheetah Medical) to guide the infant’s intraoperative fluid therapy, and successfully avoided these complications and achieved a good prognosis.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46841886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2021.9050008
Qian Wu, Chao Pan, Yang Hu, Gaigai Li, Shiling Chen, Jie Jing, Jingfei Yang, Zhouping Tang
Background: Ferrous ion, a degradation product of hematomas, induces inflammatory reactions and other secondary injuries after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our study aimed to investigate the specific neuroprotective mechanism of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) on ferrous ion‐induced neural injury in vitro. Methods: ADSCs were co‐cultured with primary cortical neurons in a transwell system treated with ferrous sulfate to generate an in vitro ICH model. ADSCs and cortical neurons were cultured in the upper and lower chambers, respectively. Neuron apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in neuron culture medium were detected with commercial kits. In neurons, protein expression in phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) signaling pathway and apoptosis‐related proteins were detected by western blot. Results: ADSCs attenuated neural apoptosis, reduced MDA levels and NOS activity induced by ferrous sulfate. In neurons, IGF‐1 was increased, as were p‐PI3K, p‐Akt, Nrf2, HO‐1, and Bcl‐2 while cleaved caspase 3 was down‐regulated. Conclusions: ADSCs exert neuroprotective effects against ferrous iron‐induced neuronal damage by secreting IGF‐1 and increasing the levels of Akt‐dependent Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of adipose‐derived stem cells on ferrous sulfate‐induced neurotoxicity","authors":"Qian Wu, Chao Pan, Yang Hu, Gaigai Li, Shiling Chen, Jie Jing, Jingfei Yang, Zhouping Tang","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2021.9050008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2021.9050008","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ferrous ion, a degradation product of hematomas, induces inflammatory reactions and other secondary injuries after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our study aimed to investigate the specific neuroprotective mechanism of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) on ferrous ion‐induced neural injury in vitro. Methods: ADSCs were co‐cultured with primary cortical neurons in a transwell system treated with ferrous sulfate to generate an in vitro ICH model. ADSCs and cortical neurons were cultured in the upper and lower chambers, respectively. Neuron apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in neuron culture medium were detected with commercial kits. In neurons, protein expression in phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) signaling pathway and apoptosis‐related proteins were detected by western blot. Results: ADSCs attenuated neural apoptosis, reduced MDA levels and NOS activity induced by ferrous sulfate. In neurons, IGF‐1 was increased, as were p‐PI3K, p‐Akt, Nrf2, HO‐1, and Bcl‐2 while cleaved caspase 3 was down‐regulated. Conclusions: ADSCs exert neuroprotective effects against ferrous iron‐induced neuronal damage by secreting IGF‐1 and increasing the levels of Akt‐dependent Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43340146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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