Objective: We investigated changes in cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics to explore the treatment mechanisms of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected from 20 patients with PD and 20 normal controls (NC). Each patient with PD received successive multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment and tACS treatment over a one-year interval. Individual functional brain network mapping and co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis were performed to characterize cortico–subcortical dynamics. Results: The same tACS electrode placement stimulated different proportions of functional brain networks across the participants. CAP analysis revealed that the visual network, attentional network, and default mode network co-activated with the thalamus, accumbens, and amygdala, respectively. The pattern characterized by the de-activation of the visual network and the activation of the thalamus showed a significantly low amplitude in the patients with PD than in NCs, and this amplitude increased after tACS treatment. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of cortico–subcortical CAPs was significantly higher in patients with PD than in NCs and decreased after tACS treatment. Conclusions: This study investigated cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics in patients with PD and further revealed the tACS treatment mechanism. These findings contribute to understanding cortico– subcortical dynamics and exploring noninvasive neuromodulation targets of cortico–subcortical circuits in brain diseases, such as PD, Alzheimer’s disease, and depression.
{"title":"Cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics in Parkinson’s disease can be modulated by transcranial alternating current stimulation","authors":"Tiantian Liu, Zilong Yan, Ziteng Han, Jian Zhang, Boyan Fang, Tianyi Yan","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2023.9050009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2023.9050009","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: We investigated changes in cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics to explore the treatment mechanisms of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected from 20 patients with PD and 20 normal controls (NC). Each patient with PD received successive multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment and tACS treatment over a one-year interval. Individual functional brain network mapping and co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis were performed to characterize cortico–subcortical dynamics. Results: The same tACS electrode placement stimulated different proportions of functional brain networks across the participants. CAP analysis revealed that the visual network, attentional network, and default mode network co-activated with the thalamus, accumbens, and amygdala, respectively. The pattern characterized by the de-activation of the visual network and the activation of the thalamus showed a significantly low amplitude in the patients with PD than in NCs, and this amplitude increased after tACS treatment. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of cortico–subcortical CAPs was significantly higher in patients with PD than in NCs and decreased after tACS treatment. Conclusions: This study investigated cortico–subcortical spatiotemporal dynamics in patients with PD and further revealed the tACS treatment mechanism. These findings contribute to understanding cortico– subcortical dynamics and exploring noninvasive neuromodulation targets of cortico–subcortical circuits in brain diseases, such as PD, Alzheimer’s disease, and depression.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43749822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2023.9050007
Yan Niu, N. Zhang, Mengni Zhou, Lan Yang, Jie Sun, Xue-Qing Cheng, Yanan Li, Lefan Guo, Jie Xiang, Bin Wang
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are two of the most frequent mental disorders. These disorders exhibit similar psychotic symptoms, making diagnosis challenging and leading to misdiagnosis. Yet, the network complexity changes driving spontaneous brain activity in SZ and BD patients are still unknown. Functional entropy (FE) is a novel way of measuring the dispersion (or spread) of functional connectivities inside the brain. The FE was utilized in this study to examine the network complexity of the resting-state fMRI data of SZ and BD patients at three levels, including global, modules, and nodes. At three levels, the FE of SZ and BD patients was considerably lower than that of normal control (NC). At the intra-module level, the FE of SZ was substantially higher than that of BD in the cingulo-opercular network. Moreover, a strong negative association between FE and clinical measures was discovered in patient groups. Finally, we classified using the FE features and attained an accuracy of 66.7% (BD vs. SZ vs. NC) and an accuracy of 75.0% (SZ vs. BD). These findings proposed that network connectivity’s complexity analyses using FE can provide important insights for the diagnosis of mental illness.
精神分裂症(SZ)和双相情感障碍(BD)是两种最常见的精神障碍。这些疾病表现出类似的精神病症状，使诊断具有挑战性并导致误诊。然而，在SZ和BD患者中，驱动自发脑活动的网络复杂性变化尚不清楚。功能熵(Functional entropy, FE)是一种测量大脑内部功能连接分散(或扩散)的新方法。本研究利用FE从全局、模块和节点三个层面对SZ和BD患者静息状态fMRI数据的网络复杂度进行了检测。在三个水平上，SZ和BD患者的FE明显低于正常对照(NC)。在模内水平，SZ在扣眼-眼窝网络中的FE明显高于BD。此外，在患者组中发现FE与临床措施之间存在强烈的负相关。最后，我们使用FE特征进行分类，准确率为66.7% (BD vs. SZ vs. NC)，准确率为75.0% (SZ vs. BD)。这些发现表明，利用神经网络连接的复杂性分析可以为精神疾病的诊断提供重要的见解。
{"title":"The altered network complexity of resting-state functional brain activity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients","authors":"Yan Niu, N. Zhang, Mengni Zhou, Lan Yang, Jie Sun, Xue-Qing Cheng, Yanan Li, Lefan Guo, Jie Xiang, Bin Wang","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2023.9050007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2023.9050007","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are two of the most frequent mental disorders. These disorders exhibit similar psychotic symptoms, making diagnosis challenging and leading to misdiagnosis. Yet, the network complexity changes driving spontaneous brain activity in SZ and BD patients are still unknown. Functional entropy (FE) is a novel way of measuring the dispersion (or spread) of functional connectivities inside the brain. The FE was utilized in this study to examine the network complexity of the resting-state fMRI data of SZ and BD patients at three levels, including global, modules, and nodes. At three levels, the FE of SZ and BD patients was considerably lower than that of normal control (NC). At the intra-module level, the FE of SZ was substantially higher than that of BD in the cingulo-opercular network. Moreover, a strong negative association between FE and clinical measures was discovered in patient groups. Finally, we classified using the FE features and attained an accuracy of 66.7% (BD vs. SZ vs. NC) and an accuracy of 75.0% (SZ vs. BD). These findings proposed that network connectivity’s complexity analyses using FE can provide important insights for the diagnosis of mental illness.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45530057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2023.9050006
Jagannathan Rangarajan, Udaya Kumar
{"title":"High amplitude high frequency oscillations during posttraumatic epileptogenesis","authors":"Jagannathan Rangarajan, Udaya Kumar","doi":"10.26599/bsa.2023.9050006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2023.9050006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41589750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2023.9050003
Mengdie Wang, Yan Zhang
The real-time, noninvasive, nonionizing, high spatiotemporal resolution, and flexibility characteristics of molecular fluorescence imaging provide a uniquely powerful approach to imaging and monitoring the physiology and pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Currently, various fluorescence probes have been synthesized with the aim of improving quantitative and quantitative studies of the pathologic processes of ischemic stroke in living animals. In this review, we present an overview of current activatable fluorescence probes for the imaging and diagnosis of ischemic stroke in animal models. We categorize the probes based on their activatable signals from the biomarkers associated with ischemic stroke, and we present representative examples of their functional mechanisms. Finally, we briefly discuss future perspectives in this field.
{"title":"Activatable molecular fluorescence probes for the imaging and detection of ischemic stroke","authors":"Mengdie Wang, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2023.9050003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2023.9050003","url":null,"abstract":"The real-time, noninvasive, nonionizing, high spatiotemporal resolution, and flexibility characteristics of molecular fluorescence imaging provide a uniquely powerful approach to imaging and monitoring the physiology and pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Currently, various fluorescence probes have been synthesized with the aim of improving quantitative and quantitative studies of the pathologic processes of ischemic stroke in living animals. In this review, we present an overview of current activatable fluorescence probes for the imaging and diagnosis of ischemic stroke in animal models. We categorize the probes based on their activatable signals from the biomarkers associated with ischemic stroke, and we present representative examples of their functional mechanisms. Finally, we briefly discuss future perspectives in this field.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46549242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2022.9050020
Liang Zhou, Xiaohui Sun, Jingjing Duan
Excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance is essential for normal neural development, behavior and cognition. E/I imbalance leads to a variety of neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) regulate AMPAR-mediated excitatory and GABAAR-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission, suggesting that NMDARs play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the E/I balance. In this review, we briefly introduced NMDARs, AMPARs and GABAARs, summarized the current studies on E/I balance mediated by NMDARs, and discussed the current advances in NMDAR-mediated AMPAR and GABAAR development. Specifically, we analyzed the role of NMDAR subunits in the establishment and maintenance of E/I balance, which may provide new therapeutic strategies for the recovery of E/I imbalance in neurological disorders.
{"title":"NMDARs regulate the excitatory-inhibitory balance within neural circuits","authors":"Liang Zhou, Xiaohui Sun, Jingjing Duan","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050020","url":null,"abstract":"Excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance is essential for normal neural development, behavior and cognition. E/I imbalance leads to a variety of neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) regulate AMPAR-mediated excitatory and GABAAR-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission, suggesting that NMDARs play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the E/I balance. In this review, we briefly introduced NMDARs, AMPARs and GABAARs, summarized the current studies on E/I balance mediated by NMDARs, and discussed the current advances in NMDAR-mediated AMPAR and GABAAR development. Specifically, we analyzed the role of NMDAR subunits in the establishment and maintenance of E/I balance, which may provide new therapeutic strategies for the recovery of E/I imbalance in neurological disorders.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41594261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2023.9050002
Weijin Si, J. Gong, Xiaofei Yang
Recently, substrate stiffness has been involved in the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. However, the role and function of substrate stiffness remain unclear. Here, we review known effects of substrate stiffness on nerve cell morphology and function in the central and peripheral nervous systems and their involvement in pathology. We hope this review will clarify the research status of substrate stiffness in nerve cells and neurological disorder.
{"title":"Substrate stiffness in nerve cells","authors":"Weijin Si, J. Gong, Xiaofei Yang","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2023.9050002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2023.9050002","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, substrate stiffness has been involved in the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. However, the role and function of substrate stiffness remain unclear. Here, we review known effects of substrate stiffness on nerve cell morphology and function in the central and peripheral nervous systems and their involvement in pathology. We hope this review will clarify the research status of substrate stiffness in nerve cells and neurological disorder.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47460008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2023.9050004
Qian Zhang, Yaming Jiu
The global economy and public health are currently under enormous pressure since the outbreak of COVID-19. Apart from respiratory discomfort, a subpopulation of COVID-19 patients exhibits neurological symptoms such as headache, myalgia, and loss of smell. Some have even shown encephalitis and necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy. The cytoskeleton of nerve cells changes drastically in these pathologies, indicating that the cytoskeleton and its related proteins are closely related to the pathogenesis of nervous system diseases. In this review, we present the up-to-date association between host cytoskeleton and coronavirus infection in the context of the nervous system. We systematically summarize cytoskeleton-related pathogen-host interactions in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, hoping to contribute to the development of clinical treatment in COVID-19 patients.
{"title":"The regulation of host cytoskeleton during SARS-CoV-2 infection in the nervous system","authors":"Qian Zhang, Yaming Jiu","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2023.9050004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2023.9050004","url":null,"abstract":"The global economy and public health are currently under enormous pressure since the outbreak of COVID-19. Apart from respiratory discomfort, a subpopulation of COVID-19 patients exhibits neurological symptoms such as headache, myalgia, and loss of smell. Some have even shown encephalitis and necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy. The cytoskeleton of nerve cells changes drastically in these pathologies, indicating that the cytoskeleton and its related proteins are closely related to the pathogenesis of nervous system diseases. In this review, we present the up-to-date association between host cytoskeleton and coronavirus infection in the context of the nervous system. We systematically summarize cytoskeleton-related pathogen-host interactions in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, hoping to contribute to the development of clinical treatment in COVID-19 patients.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47825495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2023.9050005
Shangbang Gao, Yan Zhang
Human brain is composed by 10 billion of neurons
人脑是由100亿个神经元组成的
{"title":"Neuronal excitation regulation and beyond","authors":"Shangbang Gao, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2023.9050005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2023.9050005","url":null,"abstract":"Human brain is composed by 10 billion of neurons","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48217435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2023.9050001
Xiaohui Sun
Large-conductance calcium- and voltage-dependent potassium (BK) channels are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and participate in various physiological and pathological processes such as neurotransmission and cerebral ischemia. BK channels comprise up to four pore-forming α subunits and zero to four accessory subunits. Although microglial BK currents were initially recorded 27 years ago, their roles have long been elusive. Studies have demonstrated that BK channels modulate the activation, phagocytosis, and probably migration of microglia and have associated microglial BK channels with many neurological diseases, including neuropathic pain and stroke. This review summarizes the available information regarding the biophysical, functional, and pathological aspects of microglial BK channels and discusses future directions of research into these channels.
{"title":"BK channels in microglia","authors":"Xiaohui Sun","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2023.9050001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2023.9050001","url":null,"abstract":"Large-conductance calcium- and voltage-dependent potassium (BK) channels are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and participate in various physiological and pathological processes such as neurotransmission and cerebral ischemia. BK channels comprise up to four pore-forming α subunits and zero to four accessory subunits. Although microglial BK currents were initially recorded 27 years ago, their roles have long been elusive. Studies have demonstrated that BK channels modulate the activation, phagocytosis, and probably migration of microglia and have associated microglial BK channels with many neurological diseases, including neuropathic pain and stroke. This review summarizes the available information regarding the biophysical, functional, and pathological aspects of microglial BK channels and discusses future directions of research into these channels.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42148782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.26599/BSA.2022.9050021
Peter Iacobelli
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the foremost variant of dementia, has been associated with a menagerie of risk factors, many of which are considered to be modifiable. Among these modifiable risk factors is circadian rhythm, the chronobiological system that regulates sleep‐wake cycles, food consumption timing, hydration timing, and immune responses amongst many other necessary physiological processes. Circadian rhythm at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is tightly regulated in the human body by a host of biomolecular substances, principally the hormones melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin. In addition, photic information projected along afferent pathways to the SCN and peripheral oscillators regulates the synthesis of these hormones and mediates the manner in which they act on the SCN and its substructures. Dysregulation of this cycle, whether induced by environmental changes involving irregular exposure to light, or through endogenous pathology, will have a negative impact on immune system optimization and will heighten the deposition of Aβ and the hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein. Given these correlations, it appears that there is a physiologic association between circadian rhythm dysregulation and AD. This review will explore the physiology of circadian dysregulation in the AD brain, and will propose a basic model for its role in AD‐typical pathology, derived from the literature compiled and referenced throughout.
{"title":"Circadian dysregulation and Alzheimer’s disease: A comprehensive review","authors":"Peter Iacobelli","doi":"10.26599/BSA.2022.9050021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2022.9050021","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the foremost variant of dementia, has been associated with a menagerie of risk factors, many of which are considered to be modifiable. Among these modifiable risk factors is circadian rhythm, the chronobiological system that regulates sleep‐wake cycles, food consumption timing, hydration timing, and immune responses amongst many other necessary physiological processes. Circadian rhythm at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is tightly regulated in the human body by a host of biomolecular substances, principally the hormones melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin. In addition, photic information projected along afferent pathways to the SCN and peripheral oscillators regulates the synthesis of these hormones and mediates the manner in which they act on the SCN and its substructures. Dysregulation of this cycle, whether induced by environmental changes involving irregular exposure to light, or through endogenous pathology, will have a negative impact on immune system optimization and will heighten the deposition of Aβ and the hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein. Given these correlations, it appears that there is a physiologic association between circadian rhythm dysregulation and AD. This review will explore the physiology of circadian dysregulation in the AD brain, and will propose a basic model for its role in AD‐typical pathology, derived from the literature compiled and referenced throughout.","PeriodicalId":67062,"journal":{"name":"Brain Science Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43910306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：