Petroleum Exploration and Development最新文献

{"title":"Lithofacies types, sedimentary cycles, and facies models of saline lacustrine hybrid sedimentary rocks: A case study of Neogene in Fengxi area, Qaidam Basin, NW China","authors":"Guangyong SONG ,&nbsp;Zhanguo LIU ,&nbsp;Yanqing WANG ,&nbsp;Guohui LONG ,&nbsp;Chao ZHU ,&nbsp;Senming LI ,&nbsp;Mingzhi TIAN ,&nbsp;Qi SHI ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan XIA ,&nbsp;Qingshun GONG","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60556-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60556-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The saline lacustrine hybrid sedimentary rocks are complex in lithology and unknown for their sedimentary mechanisms. The hybrid sedimentary rocks samples from the Neogene upper Ganchaigou Formation to lower Youshashan Formation (N₁–N₂¹) in the Fengxi area Qaidam Basin, were investigated through core-log and petrology-geochemistry cross-analysis by using the core, casting thin section, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, logging, and carbon/oxygen isotopic data. The hybrid sedimentary rocks in the Fengxi area, including terrigenous clastic rock and lacustrine carbonate rock, were deposited in a shallow lake environment far from the source, or occasionally in a semi-deep lake environment, with 5 lithofacies types and 6 microfacies types recognized. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions reveal that the formation of sedimentary cycles is controlled by a climate-driven compensation-undercompensation cyclic mechanism. A sedimentary cycle model of hybrid sedimentary rocks in an arid and saline setting is proposed. According to this model, in the compensation period, the lake level rises sharply, and microfacies such as mud flat, sand-mud flat and beach are developed, with physical subsidence as the dominant sedimentary mechanism; in the undercompensation period, the lake level falls slowly, and microfacies such as lime-mud flat, lime-dolomite flat and algal mound/mat are developed, with chemical-biological process as the dominant sedimentary mechanism. In the saline lacustrine sedimentary system, lacustrine carbonate rock is mainly formed along with regression, the facies change is not interpreted by the accommodation believed traditionally, but controlled by the temporary fluctuation of lake water chemistry caused by climate change. The research results update the interpreted high-resolution sequence model and genesis of hybrid sedimentary rocks in the saline lacustrine basin and provide a valuable guidance for exploring unconventional hydrocarbons of saline lacustrine facies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 1507-1520"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation conditions of deep to ultra-deep large composite buried-hill hydrocarbon reservoirs in offshore Bohai Bay Basin, China","authors":"Changgui XU ,&nbsp;Haifeng YANG ,&nbsp;Feilong WANG ,&nbsp;Jingsong PENG","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60550-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60550-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on the data from 3D seismic surveys, drilling, sidewall coring, thin sections, and tests, this paper analyzes Meso-Cenozoic geotectonic dynamics, buried-hill reservoir characteristics, and differential enrichment patterns of oil and gas in the buried hills, as well as case studies of typical reservoirs, to systematically discuss the conditions required for the formation of buried-hills and reservoirs and accumulations in the large oil and gas fields in deep to ultra-deep composite buried hills in the Bohai Sea.. The key findings are as follows. First, deep to ultra-deep composite buried hills developed in the offshore Bohai Bay Basin primarily due to the double-episode destruction of the North China Craton in the Yanshanian and Himalayan. The Tanlu Fault's activity and the destruction of the North China Craton worked together to create the destruction center, which moved and converged episodically from the Bohai Bay Basin's margins towards the Bozhong Sag. This led to the formation of two development zones for composite buried hills and an orderly process of mountain-building within the offshore Bohai Bay Basin and subsequently two development zones for composite buried hills, i.e. the middle and inner rim zones within the Bozhong Depression. Second, under the coupling of favorable lithologies and multi-stage structures, the middle and inner rim zones are favorable for the formation of reservoirs in fluid dissolution-pore/fracture zones underlying the weathering crust. Third, Massive hydrocarbons were produced along the middle and inner rim zones during the Episode II craton destruction, which caused overpressure. These hydrocarbons then moved to and accumulated in the composite buried hills. Excellent conditions for the accumulation of hydrocarbons are still present in the interior and lower portions of these buried hills. These results encourage a change in buried hill research to investigate composite buried hills in three dimensions. It should be noted that the multi-stage volcanic structures in the inner rim zone of the Sag and the deep to ultra-deep composite buried hill interiors in the middle rim zone are significant successor areas for further Bohai Sea exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 1421-1434"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern and exploration prospect of Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation shale gas in Sichuan Basin, SW China","authors":"Rui YONG ,&nbsp;Xuewen SHI ,&nbsp;Chao LUO ,&nbsp;Kesu ZHONG ,&nbsp;Wei WU ,&nbsp;Majia ZHENG ,&nbsp;Yuran YANG ,&nbsp;Yanyou LI ,&nbsp;Liang XU ,&nbsp;Yiqing ZHU ,&nbsp;Yifan HE ,&nbsp;Liqing CHEN ,&nbsp;Weiming YU","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60549-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60549-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shale of the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin is characterized by large burial depth and high maturity, but the shale gas enrichment pattern is still unclear. Based on the detailed characterization of Deyang-Anyue aulacogen, analysis of its depositional environments, together with reconstruction of shale gas generation and enrichment evolution against the background of the Leshan-Longnüsi paleouplift, the aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern was elucidated. It is revealed that the Deyang-Anyue aulacogen controls the depositional environment of the Qiongzhusi Formation, where high-quality sedimentary facies and thick strata are observed. Meanwhile, the Leshan-Longnüsi paleouplift controls the maturity evolution of the shale in the Qiongzhusi Formation, with the uplift located in a high position and exhibiting a moderate degree of thermal evolution and a high resistivity. The aulacogen-uplift overlap area is conducive to the enrichment of shale gas during the deposition, oil generation, gas generation, and oil-gas adjustment stage, which also has a joint control on the development of reservoirs, resulting in multiple reservoirs of high quality and large thickness. Based on the aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern and combination, four types of shale gas play are identified, and the sweet spot evaluation criteria for the Qiongzhusi Formation is established. Accordingly, a sweet spot area of 8 200 km² in the aulacogen is determined, successfully guiding the deployment of Well Zi 201 with a high-yield industrial gas flow of 73.88×10⁴ m³/d. The new geological insights on the aulacogen-uplift enrichment pattern provide a significant theoretical basis for the exploration and breakthrough of deep to ultra-deep Cambrian shale gas, highlighting the promising exploration prospect in this domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 1402-1420"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Episodic thrusting and sequence-sedimentary responses and their petroleum geological significance in Kuqa foreland basin, NW China","authors":"Haijun YANG ,&nbsp;Suyun HU ,&nbsp;Xianzhang YANG ,&nbsp;Mingyi HU ,&nbsp;Huiwen XIE ,&nbsp;Liang ZHANG ,&nbsp;Ling LI ,&nbsp;Lu ZHOU ,&nbsp;Guowei ZHANG ,&nbsp;Haoyu LUO ,&nbsp;Qingjie DENG","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60552-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60552-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study integrates field outcrop profiles, drilling cores, 2D seismic profiles, and 3D seismic data of key areas to analyze the Triassic tectonic-sequence stratigraphy in the Kuqa foreland basin, and investigates the impact of episodic thrust structures on sedimentary evolution and source rock distribution. (1) The Kuqa foreland basin has experienced stages of initial strong, weakened activities, relaxation and inactivity of episodic thrusting, resulting in the identification of 4 second-order sequences (Ehebulake Formation, Karamay Formation, Huangshanjie Formation, Taliqike Formation) and 11 third-order sequences (SQ1–SQ11) in the Triassic strata. Each sequence or secondary sequence displays a “coarse at the bottom and fine at the top” pattern due to the influence of secondary episodic thrust activity. (2) The episodic thrusting is closely linked to regional sequence patterns, deposition and source rock formation and distribution. The sedimentary evolution in the Triassic progresses from fan delta to braided river delta, lake, braided river delta, and meandering river delta, corresponding to the initial strong to the inactivity stages of episodic thrusting. The development stage of thick, coarse-grained sandy conglomerate reservoirs aligns with the strong to weakened thrust activities, while the source rock formation period coincides with the relaxation to inactivity stages. (3) Controlled by the intensity and stages of episodic thrust activity, the nearly EW trending thrust fault significantly thickened the footwall source rock during the Huangshanjie Formation, becoming the development center of Triassic source rock, and experienced multiple overthrust nappes in the soft stratum of the source rock, showing “stacked style” distribution. (4) The deep layers of the Kuqa foreland basin have the foundation and conditions necessary for the formation of substantial gas reservoirs, capable of forming various types of reservoirs such as self-generating and self-storing lithology, lower generating and upper storing fault block-lithology, and stratigraphic unconformity. This area holds significant importance for future gas exploration efforts aimed at enhancing reserves and production capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 1451-1464"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of microbubble vibration in water-gas dispersion system enhancing microscopic oil displacement efficiency","authors":"Moxi ZHANG ,&nbsp;Xinglong CHEN ,&nbsp;Weifeng LYU ,&nbsp;Haishui HAN","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60561-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60561-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two etching models, the spherical-rod standard pore channel and the pore structure, were used to conduct displacement experiments in the water-gas dispersion system to observe the morphological changes and movement characteristics of microbubbles. Additionally, numerical simulation methods were employed for quantitative analysis of experimental phenomena and oil displacement mechanisms. In the experiment, it was observed that microbubble clusters can disrupt the pressure equilibrium state of fluids within the transverse pores, and enhancing the overall fluid flow; bubbles exhibit a unique expansion-contraction vibration phenomenon during the flow process, which is unobservable in water flooding and gas flooding processes. Bubble vibration can accelerate the adsorption and expansion of oil droplets, and promote the emulsification of crude oil, thereby improving microscopic oil displacement efficiency. Combining experimental data with numerical simulation analysis of bubble vibration effects, it was found that microbubble vibrations exhibit characteristics of a sine function, and the energy release process follows an exponential decay pattern; compared to the gas drive front interface, microbubbles exhibit a significant “rigidity” characteristic; the energy released by microbubble vibrations alters the stability of the seepage flow field, resulting in significant changes to the flow lines; during the oil displacement process, the vast number of microbubbles can fully exert their vibrational effects, facilitating the migration of residual oil and validating the mechanism of the water-gas dispersion system enhancing microscopic oil displacement efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 1574-1586"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolution and significance of “Green Energy Transition” in the context of new quality productive forces: A discussion on theoretical understanding of “Energy Triangle”","authors":"Caineng ZOU ,&nbsp;Shixiang LI ,&nbsp;Bo XIONG ,&nbsp;Hanlin LIU ,&nbsp;Feng MA","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60564-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60564-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering the demands, situations and trends in respect to global climate change, carbon neutrality and energy transition, the achievements and significance of the global green energy transition and the new energy revolution of China are summarized, and the “Energy Triangle” theory is proposed. The research indicates that the energy technology revolution is driving a dual transformation in global energy: the black “shale oil and gas revolution” in North America and the green “new energy revolution” in China. The green energy revolution of China has achieved significant milestones in wind-solar-hydrogen-energy storage technologies, leading the world in photovoltaic and wind power. The country has developed the world’s largest, most comprehensive, and competitive new energy innovation, industrial and value chains, along with the largest clean power supply system globally. New quality productive forces represent the green productive forces. The green “new energy revolution” of China has accelerated the transformation of its energy structure and the global shift towards clean energy, promoting a new win-win model for the global green and low-carbon transition. Under the backdrop of a carbon-neutral goal-driven energy transition, the “Energy Triangle” theory within the framework of new quality productive forces explains the correlation and development of energy security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability throughout the evolution from fossil fuels to new energy systems, culminating in an energy revolution. Compared to the global energy resource endowment, the energy resources of China are characterized by abundant coal, limited oil and gas, and unlimited wind and photovoltaic energy. Moving forward, the energy strategies of China will focus on the advancement of technologies to clean coal for carbon emission reduction, increase gas output while stabilizing oil production, increase green energy while enhancing new energy, and achieve intelligent integration. Vigorously developing new energy is an essential step in maintaining the energy security of China, and establishing a carbon-neutral “super energy system” is a necessary choice. It is crucial to enhance the international competitiveness of China in new energy development, promote high-quality energy productive forces, support the country’s transition to an “energy power”, and strive for “energy independence”.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 1611-1627"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture initiation and propagation in soft hydraulic fracturing of hot dry rock","authors":"Xiaoxia ZHOU,&nbsp;Gensheng LI,&nbsp;Zhengchao MA,&nbsp;Zhongwei HUANG,&nbsp;Xu ZHANG,&nbsp;Shouceng TIAN,&nbsp;Wenchao ZOU,&nbsp;Tianyu WANG","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60563-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60563-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By considering the thermo poroelastic effects of rock, the constitutive relationship of fatigue deterioration of rock under cyclic loading, elastic-brittle failure criteria and wellbore stress superposition effects, a thermal-hydraulic-mechanical- fatigue damage coupled model for fracture propagation during soft hydraulic fracturing in hot dry rock (HDR) was established and validated. Based on this model, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the fracture initiation and propagation characteristics in HDR under the combined effects of different temperatures and cyclic loading. The results are obtained in three aspects. First, cyclic injection, fluid infiltration, pore pressure accumulation, and rock strength deterioration collectively induce fatigue damage of rocks during soft hydraulic fracturing. Second, the fracture propagation pattern of soft hydraulic fracturing in HDR is jointly controlled by temperature difference and cyclic loading. A larger temperature difference generates stronger thermal stress, facilitating the formation of complex fracture networks. As cyclic loading decreases, the influence range of thermal stress expands. When the cyclic loading is 90%<em>p</em>_b and 80%<em>p</em>_b (where <em>p</em>_b is the breakdown pressure during conventional hydraulic fracturing), the stimulated reservoir area increases by 88.33% and 120%, respectively, compared to conventional hydraulic fracturing (with an injection temperature of 25 °C). Third, as cyclic loading is further reduced, the reservoir stimulation efficiency diminishes. When the cyclic loading decreases to 70%<em>p</em>_b, the fluid pressure far away from the wellbore cannot reach the minimum breakdown pressure of the rock, resulting in no macroscopic hydraulic fractures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 1598-1610"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of phase-transition heat on fracture temperature in self-propping phase-transition fracturing technology","authors":"Nanlin ZHANG ,&nbsp;Fushen LIU ,&nbsp;Liangliang JIANG ,&nbsp;Zhifeng LUO ,&nbsp;Yiwen JU ,&nbsp;Pingli LIU ,&nbsp;Liqiang ZHAO ,&nbsp;Yuxin PEI","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60562-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60562-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal flux curve of phase-transition fluid (PF) was tested using differential scanning calorimetry, based on which a reaction kinetics model was established to reflect the relationship between phase transition conversion rate, temperature and time. A temperature field model for fractures and rock matrix considering phase transition heat was then constructed, and its reliability was verified using previously established temperature field models. Additionally, the new model was used to study the effects of different injection parameters and phase-transition fracturing performance parameters on the temperature variations in fractures and matrix. The study indicates that, at different positions and times, the cooling effect of the injected cold fluid and the exothermic effect during the phase transition alternately dominate the temperature within the fracture. At the initial stage of fracturing fluid injection, the temperature within the fracture is high, and the phase transition rate is rapid, resulting in a significant impact of exothermic phase transition on the reservoir rock temperature. In the later stage of injection, the fracture temperature decreases, the phase transition exothermic rate slows, and the cooling effect of the fracturing fluid on the reservoir rock intensifies. Phase transition heat significantly affects the temperature of the fracture. Compared to cases where phase transition heat is not considered, when it is taken into account, the temperature within the fracture increases to varying degrees at the end of fluid injection. As the phase transition heat increases from 20 J/g to 60 J/g, the maximum temperature rise in the fracture increases from 2.1 °C to 6.2 °C. The phase transition heat and PF volume fraction are positively correlated with fracture temperature changes, while specific heat capacity is negatively correlated with temperature changes. With increasing injection time, the temperature and phase transition rate at the fracture opening gradually decrease, and the location of the maximum phase transition rate and temperature difference gradually shifts from the fracture opening to about 10 m from the opening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 1587-1597"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of hierarchic slope-break zones on grain shoal reservoirs and favorable exploration zones: A case study of Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the south slope of Leshan-Longnüsi paleouplift, Sichuan Basin, SW China","authors":"Tao MA ,&nbsp;Xiucheng TAN ,&nbsp;Bing LUO ,&nbsp;Yuan HE ,&nbsp;Qiang XU ,&nbsp;Maoxuan HUANG ,&nbsp;Qirui LI ,&nbsp;Hongyu LONG ,&nbsp;Anping HU","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60557-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60557-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on 2D and 3D seismic data and well logging data, this paper studies the distribution of well-seismic stratigraphic filling and shoal controlled reservoirs of Upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the south slope of Leshan-Longnüsi paleouplift in the Sichuan Basin, to reveal the genetic relationship between stratigraphic filling, paleogeomorphology and large-scale grain shoal. (1) The Xixiangchi Formation in the study area is overlapped and filled gradually to the Leshan-Longnüsi paleouplift, but gets thin sharply due to truncation only near the denudation pinch-out line of the paleouplift. Two overlap slope break belts and one erosion slope break belt are identified, and the Xixiangchi Formation is divided into 4 members from bottom to top. (2) The filling pattern of the overlapping at the base and erosion at the top indicates that the thickness of Xixiangchi Formation can reflect the pre-depositional paleogeomorphology, and reveals that the studied area has a monoclinal geomorphic feature of plunging to southeast and being controlled by multistage slope break belts. (3) The large-scale grain shoals and shoal controlled reservoirs are developed longitudinally in the third and fourth members of the Xixiangchi Formation, and laterally in the vicinity of the multistage overlap slope break belts. (4) Overlap slope break belts are closely related to northwest trending reverse faults. The western margin of the South China Plate converging with the Qiangtang-Himalaya massif in the middle -late Cambrian resulted in the rapid uplift of the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Plate and expanding toward southeast, leaving gradually plunging multistage slope breaks and large-scale northeast grain shoal reservoir belts. Considering oil and gas test results, it is predicted that the favorable exploration zone of the grain shoal controlled reservoirs covers an area of 3 340 km².</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 1521-1535"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surrogate model for reservoir performance prediction with time-varying well control based on depth generative network","authors":"Yanchun LI ,&nbsp;Deli JIA ,&nbsp;Suling WANG ,&nbsp;Ruyi QU ,&nbsp;Meixia QIAO ,&nbsp;He LIU","doi":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60541-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1876-3804(25)60541-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a novel intelligent method for defining and solving the reservoir performance prediction problem within a manifold space, fully considering geological uncertainty and the characteristics of reservoirs performance under time-varying well control conditions, creating a surrogate model for reservoir performance prediction based on Conditional Evolutionary Generative Adversarial Networks (CE-GAN). The CE-GAN leverages conditional evolution in the feature space to direct the evolution of the generative network in previously uncontrollable directions, and transforms the problem of reservoir performance prediction into an image evolution problem based on permeability distribution, initial reservoir performance and time-varying well control, thereby enabling fast and accurate reservoir performance prediction under time-varying well control conditions. The experimental results in basic (egg model) and actual water-flooding reservoirs show that the model predictions align well with numerical simulations. In the basic reservoir model validation, the median relative residuals for pressure and oil saturation are 0.5% and 9.0%, respectively. In the actual reservoir model validation, the median relative residuals for both pressure and oil saturation are 4.0%. Regarding time efficiency, the surrogate model after training achieves approximately 160-fold and 280-fold increases in computational speed for the basic and actual reservoir models, respectively, compared with traditional numerical simulations. The reservoir performance prediction surrogate model based on the CE-GAN can effectively enhance the efficiency of production optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":67426,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Exploration and Development","volume":"51 5","pages":"Pages 1287-1300"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}