: Urban public space is one of the most important public goods supplied by the local government. Most of urban public spaces are managed by local administration department and rely on annual public expenditure. Once the local government runs into fiscal crisis, some of the public spaces will be impacted by the unreliable management and maintenance, and ruined till they lose basic public service function and become danger zones dragging down the local social and economic development. This paper takes American urban public spaces run by nonprofit organization (NPO) as examples to illustrate how the NPO-run model acting as one of the important supplements to the government-run model, improving the comprehensive quality of public spaces and promoting the downtown revitalization of American cities. With the intention of enriching management models for public space in China, this paper provides deep knowledge of two influential NPO-run models: business improvement district model and urban park conservancy model, with two typical cases for each model: Bryant Park in New York and Forest Park in St. Louis. After giving a brief introduction of public goods theory and social background study, the adaptability and management objectives of the two different models are analyzed in detail, and it provides reference to the differentiated public space management in the related district renewal in China.
{"title":"Research on the NPO-run Model of American Urban Public Spaces","authors":"Linjing Huang, Yi Wang","doi":"10.22217/upi.2018.278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22217/upi.2018.278","url":null,"abstract":": Urban public space is one of the most important public goods supplied by the local government. Most of urban public spaces are managed by local administration department and rely on annual public expenditure. Once the local government runs into fiscal crisis, some of the public spaces will be impacted by the unreliable management and maintenance, and ruined till they lose basic public service function and become danger zones dragging down the local social and economic development. This paper takes American urban public spaces run by nonprofit organization (NPO) as examples to illustrate how the NPO-run model acting as one of the important supplements to the government-run model, improving the comprehensive quality of public spaces and promoting the downtown revitalization of American cities. With the intention of enriching management models for public space in China, this paper provides deep knowledge of two influential NPO-run models: business improvement district model and urban park conservancy model, with two typical cases for each model: Bryant Park in New York and Forest Park in St. Louis. After giving a brief introduction of public goods theory and social background study, the adaptability and management objectives of the two different models are analyzed in detail, and it provides reference to the differentiated public space management in the related district renewal in China.","PeriodicalId":67440,"journal":{"name":"国际城市规划","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49023308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Responding to current impetus for urban-rural integration in China, planning has been regarded as an effective approach to achieve this goal, and advanced experiences from abroad are favoured among scholars. This paper establishes a conceptual model underpinned by institutional theory. By comparing China with Australia in terms of planning policies, the paper explores the main similitudes and distinctive divergences with respect to definitions of urban and rural areas, developments, local authority operation, planning system and financial support for infrastructure construction. The contribution of this paper is, first of all, to make up for vacancies in relevant domestic literature to a certain extent; secondly, to clarify the institutional differences in planning administration between China and Australia and even the Commonwealth countries, which can help us to avoid cognitive mistakes and deepen understanding of foreign construction achievements. Finally and more importantly, urban-rural equivalence doctrine demonstrated by this paper implies an optional path for China’s integrational urbanization. 关键词: 城乡融合;规划管理;制度性差异;认知误区;
{"title":"The Institutional Difference Between Chinese and Australian Planning Policies from the Perspective of Urban-Rural Integration, and What Can It Tell Us?","authors":"Lianfeng Qiu","doi":"10.22217/upi.2018.487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22217/upi.2018.487","url":null,"abstract":"Responding to current impetus for urban-rural integration in China, planning has been regarded as an effective approach to achieve this goal, and advanced experiences from abroad are favoured among scholars. This paper establishes a conceptual model underpinned by institutional theory. By comparing China with Australia in terms of planning policies, the paper explores the main similitudes and distinctive divergences with respect to definitions of urban and rural areas, developments, local authority operation, planning system and financial support for infrastructure construction. The contribution of this paper is, first of all, to make up for vacancies in relevant domestic literature to a certain extent; secondly, to clarify the institutional differences in planning administration between China and Australia and even the Commonwealth countries, which can help us to avoid cognitive mistakes and deepen understanding of foreign construction achievements. Finally and more importantly, urban-rural equivalence doctrine demonstrated by this paper implies an optional path for China’s integrational urbanization. 关键词: 城乡融合;规划管理;制度性差异;认知误区;","PeriodicalId":67440,"journal":{"name":"国际城市规划","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45857343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rural landscape conservation is one important issue of Chinese Rural Revitalization strategy, but fast urbanization has affected rural landscapes in the last four decades. This paper, based on the field works in 480 villages of 13 provinces and many local villages in the last few years in China and abroad , analyzes the landscape conservation challenges of regional characteristics, spatial landscape, agricultural context and social cultural landscapes, and advances that rural landscape is facing forces of diversities disappearing, architecture-urbanization, built-up landscape-disordering and artificializing, agricultural landscape-deecologing and de-countrysiding and rural community destructuring. Some genetic factors are explored including urban and industry culture invading, improper government intervening, shortage of rural value cognition, lack of public participation and lagging of rural theory. Finally, some conservation agendas, mainly based on Korean, Japanese and European experience, are put forward including reconstructing cultural confidence, fusion of the time and the past, emphasizing villagers dominant role, playing social organizations’ role, reuniting scattered resources, supporting systematically, being based on national conditions, legislating, strongthen theoretical studies and propping up rural landscape maintaining. 关键词: 中国乡村;风貌困境;成因辨析;立法;保护策略
{"title":"Discussions on the Dilemmas, Causes and Conservation Suggestions of Rural Landscape in China Based on the Field Studies","authors":"Li Zhang, Lijuan Wang, Renxi Li","doi":"10.22217/upi.2018.408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22217/upi.2018.408","url":null,"abstract":"Rural landscape conservation is one important issue of Chinese Rural Revitalization strategy, but fast urbanization has affected rural landscapes in the last four decades. This paper, based on the field works in 480 villages of 13 provinces and many local villages in the last few years in China and abroad , analyzes the landscape conservation challenges of regional characteristics, spatial landscape, agricultural context and social cultural landscapes, and advances that rural landscape is facing forces of diversities disappearing, architecture-urbanization, built-up landscape-disordering and artificializing, agricultural landscape-deecologing and de-countrysiding and rural community destructuring. Some genetic factors are explored including urban and industry culture invading, improper government intervening, shortage of rural value cognition, lack of public participation and lagging of rural theory. Finally, some conservation agendas, mainly based on Korean, Japanese and European experience, are put forward including reconstructing cultural confidence, fusion of the time and the past, emphasizing villagers dominant role, playing social organizations’ role, reuniting scattered resources, supporting systematically, being based on national conditions, legislating, strongthen theoretical studies and propping up rural landscape maintaining. 关键词: 中国乡村;风貌困境;成因辨析;立法;保护策略","PeriodicalId":67440,"journal":{"name":"国际城市规划","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48274540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The archaeological site is extremely fragile in the face of fast urbanization. How to protect the archaeological site during the urbanization is not only an issue for China nowadays, but also a problem for Western countries before. The preservation of the “Archaeological Zone” in Rome began since the early 19th century. The conservation zone was officially settled in the late 19th century but fell into fragmentation due to the impact of the two world wars and urbanization. This process was alleviated since the second half of the 20th century. The study case fully embodies the conflict between archaeological site protection and city development, which can provide China’s current site protection planning with great value.
{"title":"Coexistence and Conflict Between Archaeological Site Preservation and City Development: The Study of Rome Monumental Zone’s 100-Year History of Preservation","authors":"Qianru Du","doi":"10.22217/upi.2017.571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22217/upi.2017.571","url":null,"abstract":": The archaeological site is extremely fragile in the face of fast urbanization. How to protect the archaeological site during the urbanization is not only an issue for China nowadays, but also a problem for Western countries before. The preservation of the “Archaeological Zone” in Rome began since the early 19th century. The conservation zone was officially settled in the late 19th century but fell into fragmentation due to the impact of the two world wars and urbanization. This process was alleviated since the second half of the 20th century. The study case fully embodies the conflict between archaeological site protection and city development, which can provide China’s current site protection planning with great value.","PeriodicalId":67440,"journal":{"name":"国际城市规划","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41718986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In parallel with the rapid development of Highspeed Rail networks around the world, High-speed Rail stations have begun to play an increasingly active role in cities. Experiences from Europe, Japan and China demonstrate that High-speed Rail stations shape the land use, urban quality, economic development and spatial layout of cities where they sit. By emphasising functional integration and a participatory planning process, strategic planning helps maximize the positive influence of Highspeed Rail stations on urban development. 关键词: 高速铁路车站;城市发展;城市空间变化;
{"title":"Functional Integration and Strategic Planning: A Review of Studies on High-speed Rail Station and Urban Development","authors":"Yuelong Yang, Sunsheng Han","doi":"10.22217/upi.2017.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22217/upi.2017.235","url":null,"abstract":"In parallel with the rapid development of Highspeed Rail networks around the world, High-speed Rail stations have begun to play an increasingly active role in cities. Experiences from Europe, Japan and China demonstrate that High-speed Rail stations shape the land use, urban quality, economic development and spatial layout of cities where they sit. By emphasising functional integration and a participatory planning process, strategic planning helps maximize the positive influence of Highspeed Rail stations on urban development. 关键词: 高速铁路车站;城市发展;城市空间变化;","PeriodicalId":67440,"journal":{"name":"国际城市规划","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45982027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simon Marvin, Junyan Yang, Y. Zheng, J. Rutherford
{"title":"Correlation, Mechanism, Control: Research on High-density Urban Pedestrian Suitability Environment Construction Based on Micro-climate Assessment","authors":"Simon Marvin, Junyan Yang, Y. Zheng, J. Rutherford","doi":"10.22217/upi.2019.387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22217/upi.2019.387","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":67440,"journal":{"name":"国际城市规划","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47506457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International urban planning theory in the 20th century has remarkable characteristics of cross-cultural communication. After 1949, the “Soviet Model” of urban planning came to China through top-down promotion. At the same time, the “European and American Experience” of modern urban planning did not be withdrawn. By collecting historical texts and archives, this paper reveals the opposition of planning theory and practice between the Soviet Model and the European and American Experience from 1949 to 1952, and investigates the deep logic of paradigm transformation. Looking back on this period of history can reflect the initial settings of many levels of modern urban planning in China, and it is easier to understand the internal factors of success or failure of today’s urban planning. This subversive paradigm shift and its rich historical information can also provide the historical dimension of concern for the current land and space planning reform. 关键词: 中国现代城市规划;苏联模式;欧美经验;范式转换;
{"title":"Paradigm Shift from West to Soviet: Investigation and Enlightenment on the Origin of Chinese Modern Urban Planning","authors":"Hao Xu, Baihao Li","doi":"10.22217/upi.2019.449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22217/upi.2019.449","url":null,"abstract":"International urban planning theory in the 20th century has remarkable characteristics of cross-cultural communication. After 1949, the “Soviet Model” of urban planning came to China through top-down promotion. At the same time, the “European and American Experience” of modern urban planning did not be withdrawn. By collecting historical texts and archives, this paper reveals the opposition of planning theory and practice between the Soviet Model and the European and American Experience from 1949 to 1952, and investigates the deep logic of paradigm transformation. Looking back on this period of history can reflect the initial settings of many levels of modern urban planning in China, and it is easier to understand the internal factors of success or failure of today’s urban planning. This subversive paradigm shift and its rich historical information can also provide the historical dimension of concern for the current land and space planning reform. 关键词: 中国现代城市规划;苏联模式;欧美经验;范式转换;","PeriodicalId":67440,"journal":{"name":"国际城市规划","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44537397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How to develop small towns in underdeveloped areas has been a key problem in the process of urbanization in China, more and more small towns are facing shrinking problems, with population declining and vitality losing. This article tries to clarify the specific strategies and significance through case study on a small town in Hokkaido, which has been undergoing such problems for a long time. In a planning era of population decline, the local government carried out a series of measures including the relocation of public housing from the suburbs to the center to inducing population migration, reduction and utilization of vacant housing strategy, compact city strategies attempting to “smart shrink” the spread city. This adaptive way of coping with shrinkage has some enlightenment for the optimization of the stock of underdeveloped small towns in China. Small towns should pay attention to the integration of urban and rural development, improve the compactness of the city, and improve the city's livability. 关键词: 小城镇;人口减少;日本公营住宅;城乡一体化;存量优化
{"title":"Strategies Coping with Shrinkage of Small Towns in Japan: Case Study of Kamishihoro in Hokkaido, Japan","authors":"F. Lu, Lijing Yang","doi":"10.22217/upi.2017.258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22217/upi.2017.258","url":null,"abstract":"How to develop small towns in underdeveloped areas has been a key problem in the process of urbanization in China, more and more small towns are facing shrinking problems, with population declining and vitality losing. This article tries to clarify the specific strategies and significance through case study on a small town in Hokkaido, which has been undergoing such problems for a long time. In a planning era of population decline, the local government carried out a series of measures including the relocation of public housing from the suburbs to the center to inducing population migration, reduction and utilization of vacant housing strategy, compact city strategies attempting to “smart shrink” the spread city. This adaptive way of coping with shrinkage has some enlightenment for the optimization of the stock of underdeveloped small towns in China. Small towns should pay attention to the integration of urban and rural development, improve the compactness of the city, and improve the city's livability. 关键词: 小城镇;人口减少;日本公营住宅;城乡一体化;存量优化","PeriodicalId":67440,"journal":{"name":"国际城市规划","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47752130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The unique culture and urban features are necessary to be a famous city. It is significant to maintain the city's local identity under the trend of the convergence of globalization. And it benefits to improve the competitiveness of the city. Singapore and New York are two typical international cities with diverse cultures and unique features. It should be attributed to the urban planning guidance such as effective technical methods, programmed management and different policy for the identity areas during the process of redevelopment. At the moment, Shenzhen is in full access to the redevelopment period. The lack of protection oriented management, regional and the imperfect technology method in the valued area has really influenced the urban features. So this article summarizes the successful experience of Singapore and New York, which can provide useful reference for Shenzhen to set up the identity area conservation system and urban planning management strategy.
{"title":"The Experiences of Urban Planning Management in Singapore and NYC Identity Areas， and Enlightenment for Shenzhen","authors":"Bingbing Liu, Zejian Wang","doi":"10.22217/upi.2017.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22217/upi.2017.267","url":null,"abstract":": The unique culture and urban features are necessary to be a famous city. It is significant to maintain the city's local identity under the trend of the convergence of globalization. And it benefits to improve the competitiveness of the city. Singapore and New York are two typical international cities with diverse cultures and unique features. It should be attributed to the urban planning guidance such as effective technical methods, programmed management and different policy for the identity areas during the process of redevelopment. At the moment, Shenzhen is in full access to the redevelopment period. The lack of protection oriented management, regional and the imperfect technology method in the valued area has really influenced the urban features. So this article summarizes the successful experience of Singapore and New York, which can provide useful reference for Shenzhen to set up the identity area conservation system and urban planning management strategy.","PeriodicalId":67440,"journal":{"name":"国际城市规划","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45837999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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