Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518980
Mingda Yang, Jim Ji, B. Guo
In this study, we investigate the use of an image-based metric, black-to-white ratio (BWR), to quantify the soiling loss of a photovoltaic reference cell under different soiling conditions. BWRs extracted from the solar panel image and a surrogate checker pattern are correlated with the PV cell soiling loss measured via short circuit current method. A linear correlation was found between the BWR and the soiling loss of the PV reference cell. In addition, the surface dust loading estimated from the BWR agreed well with the PV reference cell’s soiling loss and dust potency information. However, it was found that BWR extracted from the lab PV cell is subject to over exposure and uncertainty, which calls for using field-size PV panel or the checkered board pattern as a surrogate. The results further demonstrated the utility of image-based soiling quantification and its feasibility for use in the field.
{"title":"Image-Based PV Soiling Loss Quantification under Laboratory Conditions","authors":"Mingda Yang, Jim Ji, B. Guo","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518980","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigate the use of an image-based metric, black-to-white ratio (BWR), to quantify the soiling loss of a photovoltaic reference cell under different soiling conditions. BWRs extracted from the solar panel image and a surrogate checker pattern are correlated with the PV cell soiling loss measured via short circuit current method. A linear correlation was found between the BWR and the soiling loss of the PV reference cell. In addition, the surface dust loading estimated from the BWR agreed well with the PV reference cell’s soiling loss and dust potency information. However, it was found that BWR extracted from the lab PV cell is subject to over exposure and uncertainty, which calls for using field-size PV panel or the checkered board pattern as a surrogate. The results further demonstrated the utility of image-based soiling quantification and its feasibility for use in the field.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"42 1","pages":"2264-2269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79222758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9519102
T. S. Vaas, B. Pieters
Detailed monitoring the reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules often relies on analyzing the standard solar cell parameters over time. However, with current-voltage (I-V) sweeps available to determine the solar cell parameters, much information is lost if only four standard values (Voc, Isc, Vmpp, Impp) are used for further analysis. In this paper we present extended solar cell parameters which allow a compact and standardized description of a complete I-V characteristic. Furthermore, the extended solar cell parameters are readily combined with the IEC60891 norm to obtain a temperature and irradiation dependent I-V model. We demonstrate that using this model also more subtle changes in the shape of the I-V characteristics can be effectively monitored.
{"title":"Application of Extended Solar Cell Parameters to monitoring of IV characteristics","authors":"T. S. Vaas, B. Pieters","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9519102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9519102","url":null,"abstract":"Detailed monitoring the reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules often relies on analyzing the standard solar cell parameters over time. However, with current-voltage (I-V) sweeps available to determine the solar cell parameters, much information is lost if only four standard values (Voc, Isc, Vmpp, Impp) are used for further analysis. In this paper we present extended solar cell parameters which allow a compact and standardized description of a complete I-V characteristic. Furthermore, the extended solar cell parameters are readily combined with the IEC60891 norm to obtain a temperature and irradiation dependent I-V model. We demonstrate that using this model also more subtle changes in the shape of the I-V characteristics can be effectively monitored.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"1560-1564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83477938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518928
Zachery R Wylie, Peter Ruffolo, Rory M Campagna, Jeffrey A. Christians
Halide perovskite solar cell stability has understandably become the major topic of discussion with regard to commercialization. Efforts have succeeded in making materials and devices which pass standard silicon durability tests, but accurate prediction of lifetime using accelerated degradation tests requires deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. We track the kinetics of the perovskite to non-perovskite phase transition which is found in many of these materials using a prototypical cesium lead halide compounds. Further exploration of this phase transition should lead to better predictions of material and device stability.
{"title":"Measuring Phase Changes to Predict Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Degradation","authors":"Zachery R Wylie, Peter Ruffolo, Rory M Campagna, Jeffrey A. Christians","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518928","url":null,"abstract":"Halide perovskite solar cell stability has understandably become the major topic of discussion with regard to commercialization. Efforts have succeeded in making materials and devices which pass standard silicon durability tests, but accurate prediction of lifetime using accelerated degradation tests requires deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. We track the kinetics of the perovskite to non-perovskite phase transition which is found in many of these materials using a prototypical cesium lead halide compounds. Further exploration of this phase transition should lead to better predictions of material and device stability.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0226-0228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83518200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518938
I. Slauch, Saurabh Vishwakarma, J. Tracy, W. Gambogi, R. Meier, Farhan Rahman, James Y. Hartley, M. Bertoni
The architecture of a photovoltaic module directly influences its mechanical stability, affecting cell crack propagation and contributing to the existence and distribution of stresses. Herein, we evaluate cell deflection using X-Ray Topography (XRT) and compare resulting stresses using both thin-plate theory and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Countering the common belief, we show that glass/glass module architectures exhibit higher bending induced cell stresses during module fabrication. These residual stresses superimpose with stresses experienced in the field and may lead to more frequent cell breakage.
{"title":"Manufacturing Induced Bending Stresses: Glass-Glass vs. Glass-Backsheet","authors":"I. Slauch, Saurabh Vishwakarma, J. Tracy, W. Gambogi, R. Meier, Farhan Rahman, James Y. Hartley, M. Bertoni","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518938","url":null,"abstract":"The architecture of a photovoltaic module directly influences its mechanical stability, affecting cell crack propagation and contributing to the existence and distribution of stresses. Herein, we evaluate cell deflection using X-Ray Topography (XRT) and compare resulting stresses using both thin-plate theory and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Countering the common belief, we show that glass/glass module architectures exhibit higher bending induced cell stresses during module fabrication. These residual stresses superimpose with stresses experienced in the field and may lead to more frequent cell breakage.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"94 1","pages":"1943-1948"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83683814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518822
M. Yun, Yeon Hyang Sim, D. Y. Lee, S. Cha
The strategies for PV have been watt-per-cost concepts and it changes to consider energy-yield-per-watt for more energy per installed PV according to expanded PV applications. Bifacial solar cells have received attention from these demands. In this study, as new concept for bifacial technology in urban environment needs, we have proposed automated sun trackable and shape transformable 2-D tessellated bifacial module at the sun position that can be applied to at any curved surface, and change their shapes according to AOI to receive more solar energy and maximize power output without external helps. With this introduced self-shape-transformable 2-D tessellated bifacial module with intervals and reflector, 47% enhanced power output obtained compared to flat module. At high AOI, power output is higher than flat module so it is significant meaningful in application in urban environment.
{"title":"Enhancement Electricity Producion in Same Ground Area by Curved Tessellated Bifacial Si Solar Cells","authors":"M. Yun, Yeon Hyang Sim, D. Y. Lee, S. Cha","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518822","url":null,"abstract":"The strategies for PV have been watt-per-cost concepts and it changes to consider energy-yield-per-watt for more energy per installed PV according to expanded PV applications. Bifacial solar cells have received attention from these demands. In this study, as new concept for bifacial technology in urban environment needs, we have proposed automated sun trackable and shape transformable 2-D tessellated bifacial module at the sun position that can be applied to at any curved surface, and change their shapes according to AOI to receive more solar energy and maximize power output without external helps. With this introduced self-shape-transformable 2-D tessellated bifacial module with intervals and reflector, 47% enhanced power output obtained compared to flat module. At high AOI, power output is higher than flat module so it is significant meaningful in application in urban environment.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0573-0575"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86213720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518825
Shivani Gohri, Jaya Madan, R. Pandey, Rajnish Sharma
CZTSSe is one of the emerging materials in the field of solar cell owing to large absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, and relatively inexpensive production process. Around 12.6% efficiency has been reported for CZTSSe based solar cell in the literature. Surface recombination at the back contact of the solar cell has been considered to be an important limiting factor for the constrained values of efficiency. One of the possible ways to overcome this limitation is to introduce a back surface layer (BSF) in the cell. We in this paper report our results and analyze the same for possible adoption of the BSF layer of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) material in a CZTSSe based solar cell. The results show significant enhancement in open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current density (JSC) and fill factor (FF) due to introduction of BSF which increases its power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 12.57% to 17.20%. All the simulations in this research work are performed using SCAPS-1D simulator. Present research work may be an important step toward suggesting CZTSSe based solar cell structures with higher values of efficiency than currently being reported in the literature.
{"title":"Assessment of WSe2 based BSF layer on CZTSSe solar cell using SCAPS-1D","authors":"Shivani Gohri, Jaya Madan, R. Pandey, Rajnish Sharma","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518825","url":null,"abstract":"CZTSSe is one of the emerging materials in the field of solar cell owing to large absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, and relatively inexpensive production process. Around 12.6% efficiency has been reported for CZTSSe based solar cell in the literature. Surface recombination at the back contact of the solar cell has been considered to be an important limiting factor for the constrained values of efficiency. One of the possible ways to overcome this limitation is to introduce a back surface layer (BSF) in the cell. We in this paper report our results and analyze the same for possible adoption of the BSF layer of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) material in a CZTSSe based solar cell. The results show significant enhancement in open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current density (JSC) and fill factor (FF) due to introduction of BSF which increases its power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 12.57% to 17.20%. All the simulations in this research work are performed using SCAPS-1D simulator. Present research work may be an important step toward suggesting CZTSSe based solar cell structures with higher values of efficiency than currently being reported in the literature.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"41 1","pages":"2020-2022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82673452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518746
Mathilde Fievez, E. Fayard, C. Roux, Wei Lin Leong, M. Manceau, S. Cros, S. Berson
While impressive efficiency progress has been achieved for perovskite-based solar cells, process upscaling represents one of the main remaining hurdles to commercial applications. In this contribution, the development of a scalable method to process perovskite layers in air is presented. Combining gas-quenching and optimized precursors stoichiometry, pinholes-free films were obtained via low temperature solution processing. When integrated in single junction devices, power conversion efficiency > 18% was achieved on 10 cm2 devices.
{"title":"Tuning Precursors Ink Stoichiometry for High Efficiency Scalable Perovskite Photovoltaics","authors":"Mathilde Fievez, E. Fayard, C. Roux, Wei Lin Leong, M. Manceau, S. Cros, S. Berson","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518746","url":null,"abstract":"While impressive efficiency progress has been achieved for perovskite-based solar cells, process upscaling represents one of the main remaining hurdles to commercial applications. In this contribution, the development of a scalable method to process perovskite layers in air is presented. Combining gas-quenching and optimized precursors stoichiometry, pinholes-free films were obtained via low temperature solution processing. When integrated in single junction devices, power conversion efficiency > 18% was achieved on 10 cm2 devices.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0287-0289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88567534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9519114
Manvika Singh, P. Procel, Indra Syifai, Rik van Heerden, A. Weeber, M. Zeman, R. Santbergen, O. Isabella
The study of a two-terminal (2T) perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cell requires accurate and concurrent description of photons absorption and tunnelling-mediated charge transport. By analysing current collection across the device heterointerfaces, we investigated the effect of (i) perovskite thickness on the short-circuit current density (Jsc) of the tandem device and (ii) temperature on devices performance. We deployed an advanced opto-electrical modelling framework based on optical sub-models from GenPro4 and on self-consistent fundamental semiconductor equations implemented in TCAD Sentaurus . Using these simulations of perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cells, an in-depth analysis of the physics of current contribution of supporting layers has been carried out. Solving numerically the fundamental equations of semiconductors, we theoretically show for the first time that electron-hole pairs photo-generated in the TRJ can be collected, effectively boosting Jsc values well beyond (photocurrent density) Jph levels. In addition, a temperature-based study of these perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cells has been performed to evaluate the temperature coefficient which is useful for their energy yield simulations.
{"title":"On current collection from supporting layers in perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cells","authors":"Manvika Singh, P. Procel, Indra Syifai, Rik van Heerden, A. Weeber, M. Zeman, R. Santbergen, O. Isabella","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9519114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9519114","url":null,"abstract":"The study of a two-terminal (2T) perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cell requires accurate and concurrent description of photons absorption and tunnelling-mediated charge transport. By analysing current collection across the device heterointerfaces, we investigated the effect of (i) perovskite thickness on the short-circuit current density (Jsc) of the tandem device and (ii) temperature on devices performance. We deployed an advanced opto-electrical modelling framework based on optical sub-models from GenPro4 and on self-consistent fundamental semiconductor equations implemented in TCAD Sentaurus . Using these simulations of perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cells, an in-depth analysis of the physics of current contribution of supporting layers has been carried out. Solving numerically the fundamental equations of semiconductors, we theoretically show for the first time that electron-hole pairs photo-generated in the TRJ can be collected, effectively boosting Jsc values well beyond (photocurrent density) Jph levels. In addition, a temperature-based study of these perovskite/c-Si tandem solar cells has been performed to evaluate the temperature coefficient which is useful for their energy yield simulations.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0303-0305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88794618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518827
S. Pelland, A. Gagné, Mahmoud A. Allam, D. Turcotte, N. Ninad
A model for interpolating irradiance data in space and time is developed using cloud motion vectors. It is tested using two networks of photodiodes in Eastern Canada that measure irradiance at time scales of milliseconds and spatial scales of tens of meters. The model captures network-average variability with skill scores of up to 86% compared to nearest neighbor interpolation. We provide case studies showing how to use this model to study inverter response to rapid irradiance fluctuations. We also use AC power measurements from an inverter collocated with one of the photodiode networks to benchmark our approach and the wavelet variability model.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Interpolation of High Frequency Irradiance Data for Inverter Testing","authors":"S. Pelland, A. Gagné, Mahmoud A. Allam, D. Turcotte, N. Ninad","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518827","url":null,"abstract":"A model for interpolating irradiance data in space and time is developed using cloud motion vectors. It is tested using two networks of photodiodes in Eastern Canada that measure irradiance at time scales of milliseconds and spatial scales of tens of meters. The model captures network-average variability with skill scores of up to 86% compared to nearest neighbor interpolation. We provide case studies showing how to use this model to study inverter response to rapid irradiance fluctuations. We also use AC power measurements from an inverter collocated with one of the photodiode networks to benchmark our approach and the wavelet variability model.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"123 1","pages":"0211-0218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77047623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518821
Jacob F Leaver, K. Durose, J. Major
The interdiffusion of CdTe and CdSe at the window layer interface to form alloyed CdSexTe1−x (CST) layers has been shown to improve the efficiency of CdTe photovoltaic devices, and there is evidence from the literature that Se passivates defects in these devices, particularly at grain boundaries. This work investigates the importance of the Cl treatment by comparing untreated, air-annealed and Cl treated CST devices to determine whether the Cl treatment is required for CST devices. We show that the Cl treatment increases Se diffusion and is still necessary for efficient CST devices, although it is not clear whether the efficiency gains are due to the effects of greater Se diffusion or the usual benefits of the Cl treatment on CdTe photovoltaics.
{"title":"Annealing and Treatment Effects on Se Diffusion in CdTe Photovoltaics","authors":"Jacob F Leaver, K. Durose, J. Major","doi":"10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518821","url":null,"abstract":"The interdiffusion of CdTe and CdSe at the window layer interface to form alloyed CdSexTe1−x (CST) layers has been shown to improve the efficiency of CdTe photovoltaic devices, and there is evidence from the literature that Se passivates defects in these devices, particularly at grain boundaries. This work investigates the importance of the Cl treatment by comparing untreated, air-annealed and Cl treated CST devices to determine whether the Cl treatment is required for CST devices. We show that the Cl treatment increases Se diffusion and is still necessary for efficient CST devices, although it is not clear whether the efficiency gains are due to the effects of greater Se diffusion or the usual benefits of the Cl treatment on CdTe photovoltaics.","PeriodicalId":6788,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"42 1","pages":"1187-1191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77203884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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