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Separating effects of spatial location and microhabitat density on perceived predation risk in small mammals 空间位置和微栖息地密度对小型哺乳动物感知捕食风险的分离影响
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00365-y
K. N. Denny, K. N. Bilodeau, C. A. Dumont, Z. H. Olson

Prey animals must balance the benefits of foraging in a particular area with their risk of predation in that area and often prioritize indirect cues to predation risk over direct cues of predators when making decisions about foraging under the risk of predation. Researchers using giving-up density (GUD) as a metric to assess perceived predation risk have found that it is affected by microhabitat, with certain animals willing to spend more time foraging (i.e., lower GUD) in relatively dense microhabitats and less time foraging (i.e., higher GUD) in relatively open microhabitats. This phenomenon has been attributed to those animals perceiving less predation risk when near or under shelter. However, the measurement has often confounded microhabitat density with distance from shelter in species without conspicuous dens. We measured GUD in foraging small mammals while experimentally manipulating microhabitat density and controlling for spatial location of the forager. Small mammals increased foraging (i.e., decreased GUD) as expected when we increased microhabitat density, but they did so despite those manipulations being randomly permuted spatially over the course of four rounds of data collection. Our results indicate that experimentally controlling for the potentially confounding effect of the forager’s distance to a safe location, such as dens, nests, or other shelters, did not remove the effect of microhabitat density on perceived predation risk. Thus, our results suggest that an animal’s perception of risk is likely mediated by both their location in their home range and the microhabitat at that location. We provide suggestions for further work.

被捕食的动物必须平衡在特定地区觅食的好处和在该地区被捕食的风险,在决定是否在被捕食的风险下觅食时,往往优先考虑捕食风险的间接线索而不是捕食者的直接线索。研究人员使用放弃密度(GUD)作为评估感知捕食风险的指标,发现它受到微生境的影响,某些动物愿意在相对密集的微生境中花费更多的时间觅食(即较低的GUD),而在相对开放的微生境中花费更少的时间觅食(即较高的GUD)。这一现象归因于那些动物在靠近或躲在避难所时感受到的被捕食风险较小。然而,在没有明显洞穴的物种中,测量经常混淆微栖息地密度和距离庇护所的距离。通过实验控制微生境密度和觅食者的空间位置,测量了觅食小型哺乳动物的GUD。当我们增加微生境密度时,小型哺乳动物的觅食量增加(即GUD降低),这与我们预期的一样,但在四轮数据收集过程中,这些操作在空间上是随机排列的。我们的研究结果表明,通过实验控制觅食者到安全地点(如洞穴、巢穴或其他庇护所)的距离的潜在混淆效应,并不能消除微生境密度对感知捕食风险的影响。因此,我们的研究结果表明,动物对风险的感知可能是由它们在其家园范围内的位置和该位置的微栖息地介导的。并对今后的工作提出建议。
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引用次数: 2
Orientation of Belminus triatomines to cockroaches and cockroaches’ fecal volatiles: an ethological approach 三角蝽蝽对蟑螂和蟑螂粪便挥发物的取向:一种行为学方法
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00361-2
Fernando Otálora-Luna, Oscar Páez-Rondón, Elis Aldana, Claudia Magaly Sandoval Ramírez

Most triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) are hematophagous, though Belminus species can live off of cockroach hemolymph to complete their life cycle. In this work, we described the fixed action pattern (FAP) employed by B. ferroae to identify, approach, and suck on a living cockroach. The FAP described here is composed of the following stereotyped behaviors: (1) visual and/or olfactory detection of the cockroach, (2) reaching, (3) cautious approach, (4) antennal exploration, (5) extension of the proboscis, (6) piercing to sedate, (7) walking away and waiting (postsedation behavior), (8) second cautious approach, (9) extension of the proboscis, (10) piercing to suck hemolymph. The FAP sequence observed suggests that Belminus bugs are not predators like the rest of reduviids (assassin bugs)—but are kleptophagous ectoparasites, since they do not attack and kill a prey but rather steal hemolymph from its invertebrate host. Based on these ethological observations, we propose kleptophagy as a trait that naturally groups the Belminus species into the Triatominae subfamily. In order to identify chemicals cues that could elicit such FAP, we examined the behavior of B. corredori, B. ferroae, and B. herreri in response to the cockroaches’ odor, fresh cockroach feces and fresh rodent wastes. The last two sources were tested based on the assumption that abundant chemicals near host refuges could serve as cues for host orientation. We found that the cockroach odor emanating from a box significantly attracted B. corredori and B. herreri in a still air olfactometer. The three Belminus species approached the captive cockroach after 1 h, but avoided to climb the box. Odors emanating from the cockroach feces attracted B. corredori and B. ferroae in a Y-olfactometer. Triatomines and their hosts have intimately shared the same refuge for millions of years; certain molecules occur across invertebrate and vertebrate refuges and are recurrent in human abodes, thus plausibly explaining how these bugs can readily switch to the domestic habitat, while keeping with their kleptophagous nature.

大多数三角蝽(半翅目:红蝇科:三角蝽科)是食血的,尽管Belminus的种类可以依靠蟑螂的血淋巴来完成它们的生命周期。在这项工作中,我们描述了铁芽孢杆菌识别、接近和吮吸活蟑螂的固定动作模式(FAP)。这里描述的FAP由以下刻板行为组成:(1)视觉和/或嗅觉检测蟑螂,(2)到达,(3)谨慎接近,(4)触角探索,(5)伸出喙,(6)刺穿镇静,(7)走开并等待(镇静后行为),(8)第二次谨慎接近,(9)伸出喙,(10)刺穿吸血淋巴。观察到的FAP序列表明,Belminus虫不像其他的reduviids(刺客虫)那样是掠食性外寄生虫,因为它们不攻击和杀死猎物,而是从它的无脊椎宿主那里窃取血淋巴。基于这些行为学观察,我们提出盗食是一种自然将Belminus物种归为Triatominae亚科的特征。为了确定可能引发这种FAP的化学线索,我们研究了B. corredori、B. ferroae和B. herreri对蟑螂气味、新鲜蟑螂粪便和新鲜啮齿动物粪便的反应。最后两种来源的测试是基于这样一种假设,即宿主避难所附近的大量化学物质可以作为宿主定向的线索。在静空气嗅探仪中,我们发现盒子散发出的蟑螂气味对小蠊和小蠊有明显的吸引作用。1 h后,三种Belminus接近捕获的蟑螂,但避免爬上盒子。用y型嗅觉仪检测蟑螂粪便散发的气味,可吸引corredi芽孢杆菌和铁芽孢杆菌。千百年来,三角蝽和它们的宿主亲密地生活在同一个避难所;某些分子出现在无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的避难所,并在人类的住所中反复出现,因此合理地解释了这些虫子如何能够在保持其偷窃性的同时轻易地转向家养栖息地。
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引用次数: 0
Reproductive behavior of Spix’s Whiptails in the wild: understanding the costs and benefits of mate-guarding 斯皮克斯鞭尾在野外的繁殖行为:了解配偶保护的成本和收益
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00360-9
Raul Fernandes Dantas Sales, Eliza Maria Xavier Freire

Across animal taxa, females of non-territorial species have potential opportunities to mate with multiple partners; hence, the primary mechanism available for males to ensure paternity is to guard the receptive female after copulation and repel other males. Hypothetically, mate-guarding is costly for males in terms of energy acquisition and increased risk of injury, and beneficial for females in terms of decreased harassment by other males and an increase in available foraging time. Here, we provide a detailed description of mating behavior and test these hypotheses in the Spix’s Whiptail (Ameivula ocellifera). Mating behavior is characterized by the following events: (1) a male courts a female in the entrance of her burrow; (2) if courtship is accepted by the female, a consensual copulation occurs; (3) after copulation the male accompanies the female during her daily activity, being aggressive towards other males; (4) when the female returns to the burrow, the companion male remains vigilant at the entrance and repels rival males. Besides the mate-guarding strategy, alternative mating tactics are adopted by some males that do not guard females after courtship and consensual copulation, while others try to copulate opportunistically with a female without prior courtship. Companion males spent more time vigilant, less time actively foraging, and captured less prey when compared to solitary males. Accompanied females captured prey in a similar proportion to solitary females but spent more time vigilant and less time foraging. Companion males won 100% of their interactions with rival males, chasing them away from the females. Accompanied females hence did not suffer harassment from other males when companion males were close. Our results evidence energetic costs of mate-guarding for males but not increased risk of injuries. By accepting mate-guarding, females do not appear to have energetic gains and lose the advantage of cryptic mate choice but can benefit from access to high-quality males and protection from harassment.

在动物分类群中,非领地物种的雌性具有与多个伴侣交配的潜在机会;因此,雄性确保父权的主要机制是在交配后保护接受交配的雌性,并排斥其他雄性。假设,从获取能量和增加受伤风险的角度来看,雄性保护配偶是昂贵的,而从减少其他雄性骚扰和增加可用觅食时间的角度来看,雌性保护配偶是有益的。在这里,我们提供了交配行为的详细描述,并在Spix的鞭尾(Ameivula ocelllifera)中验证了这些假设。交配行为主要表现为:(1)雄性向雌性在地洞入口处求爱;(2)求偶被雌鸟接受的,发生双方自愿的交配;(3)交配后,雄性伴雌性日常活动,对其他雄性具有攻击性;(4)当雌性返回洞穴时,雄性同伴在洞口保持警惕,并击退敌对的雄性。除了保护配偶的策略外,一些雄性在求爱和双方同意的交配后不保护雌性,而另一些雄性则试图在没有求爱的情况下与雌性进行机会性交配。与孤独的雄性相比,伴侣雄性花更多的时间保持警惕,更少的时间主动觅食,捕获的猎物也更少。有同伴的雌性与单独的雌性捕获猎物的比例相似,但它们花更多的时间保持警惕,花更少的时间觅食。雄性伴侣在与竞争对手的互动中赢得了100%的胜利,把它们从雌性身边赶走。因此,当雄性伴侣靠近时,被陪伴的雌性不会受到其他雄性的骚扰。我们的研究结果证明了雄性保护配偶的能量消耗,但没有增加受伤的风险。通过接受配偶保护,雌性似乎不会获得精力上的收益,也不会失去选择配偶的优势,而是可以从获得高质量的雄性和免受骚扰的保护中获益。
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引用次数: 1
Behavioural repeatability in Sardinian warblers (Sylvia melanocephala): larger individuals are more aggressive 撒丁岛莺(Sylvia melanocephala)的行为可重复性:体型较大的个体更具攻击性
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00358-3
Patrícia Beltrão, Carlos Godinho, Rui Lourenço, Pedro Filipe Pereira

Birds can behave aggressively towards conspecifics to defend a territory and to compete for access to food and mates. The effects of phenotypes, such as sex and age, in aggressive behaviour have not yet been fully understood. Moreover, differences in aggression levels can reflect alternative behavioural strategies (i.e. proactive–reactive axis). We aimed to understand the relation between aggressive behaviour and different phenotypes (i.e. age, sex, body size) and between behaviours present in the proactive–reactive axis (i.e. aggression, exploration and fear). We studied the behaviour of a highly territorial species that shows sexual dimorphism, the Sardinian warbler (Sylvia melanocephala), using four behavioural tests: mirror, exploration, predation and tonic immobility. The tests measured respectively aggression, exploration and fear (the last two). Our results showed that the studied behaviours were not related to each other, suggesting an absence of the proactive–reactive axis. Only body size was found to predict aggressive behaviour, which might signal fighting ability in this species. Males and females did not differ in their aggression levels, suggesting that both sexes might play a role in territory defence. These results may reflect the importance of territorial defence in both sexes for species evolution.

鸟类会对同种动物表现出攻击性,以保卫自己的领地,并争夺食物和配偶。性别和年龄等表现型对攻击性行为的影响尚未完全了解。此外,攻击水平的差异可以反映不同的行为策略(即主动-反应轴)。我们旨在了解攻击行为与不同表型(即年龄、性别、体型)之间的关系,以及存在于主动-反应轴(即攻击、探索和恐惧)中的行为之间的关系。我们研究了撒丁岛莺(Sylvia melanocephala)这种具有高度领地性的物种的行为,这种物种表现出性别二态性,我们使用了四种行为测试:镜像、探索、捕食和补性静止。这些测试分别测量了攻击性、探索性和恐惧(后两者)。我们的研究结果表明,所研究的行为彼此不相关,表明缺乏主动-反应轴。只有体型可以预测攻击行为,这可能是这个物种战斗能力的信号。雄性和雌性在攻击水平上没有差异,这表明两性都可能在领土防御中发挥作用。这些结果可能反映了两性在物种进化中领土防御的重要性。
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引用次数: 6
Does voluntary wheel running exist in Neotropical wild mammals? 在新热带野生哺乳动物中是否存在自愿转轮?
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00359-2
Peter van Lunteren, Marnix A. Groenewold, Gabor Pozsgai, Joseph Sarvary

Running wheels are frequently used to improve the welfare of captive animals, increase environmental enrichment, and, by doing so, reduce stereotypic behaviors. With the exception of a single investigation, all previous scientific literature investigating wheel running behavior has been based on animals in captive environments. This specific study reported that free-ranging animals in the Netherlands voluntary run in wheels placed in nature. Our study explores that same line of investigation, examining whether wild animals will voluntarily use running wheels in a natural area in Paraguay in comparison to the urban and semi-urban settings in the Netherlands. Of the 1857 small mammal visits we recorded, only two occasions showed evidence of what could be considered as wheel running behavior; over 100-fold fewer than previously reported. The potential reasons for the observed difference in wheel running activity, such as different species pool or seasonality, are discussed. The difference, however, is expected to be due to the much lower probability of Neotropical mammals in a remote natural site encountering man-made objects and experiencing urbanization-related behavioral patterns.

跑步轮经常被用来改善圈养动物的福利,增加环境的丰富性,并通过这样做,减少刻板印象的行为。除了一项调查外,以前所有研究轮子跑行为的科学文献都是基于圈养环境中的动物。这项具体的研究报告了荷兰自由放养的动物自愿在放置在大自然中的轮子上奔跑。我们的研究探索了同样的调查路线,检查野生动物是否会在巴拉圭的自然区域自愿使用跑步轮,并将其与荷兰的城市和半城市环境进行比较。在我们记录的1857次小型哺乳动物的访问中,只有两次显示出可以被认为是轮子跑行为的证据;比之前报道的少了100多倍。讨论了不同物种池或季节因素等可能导致轮滑活动差异的原因。然而,这种差异预计是由于新热带哺乳动物在偏远的自然地点遇到人造物体和经历城市化相关行为模式的可能性要低得多。
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引用次数: 1
Affiliation among subadult males varies between populations of long-tailed macaques 亚成年雄性在长尾猕猴种群中的隶属关系各不相同
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00356-5
Jeffrey V. Peterson, Agustín Fuentes, I. Nengah Wandia

The patterns of affiliative interactions between subadult males are not well known. In female philopatric species, like long-tailed macaques, such relationships may be important in fully understanding socioecological contexts and processes. Subadult males have particularly important relationships with other males, often associated with the challenges of dispersal. This study assesses the patterns of affiliation among subadult males by comparing data from two allopatric populations. We collected over 400 hours of behavioral data on 27 total subadult male long-tailed macaques in Bali, Indonesia. We found that patterns of affiliation between subadult males measured by dyadic interaction rates and individual interaction rate composites varied between these populations. We observed significant variation across three domains of affiliative behavior: (1) resting in spatial proximity, (2) allogrooming, and (3) affiliative gesture exchanges. In each context, the subadult males of one population exhibited higher rates of affiliation than the other. We conclude patterns of affiliation between subadult males, and the importance of maintaining those relationships, respond to variation in socioecological contexts that may be population-specific rather than species-specific.

亚成年男性之间的亲和互动模式尚不清楚。在雌性爱心物种中,如长尾猕猴,这种关系对于充分理解社会生态背景和过程可能很重要。亚成年雄性与其他雄性有着特别重要的关系,通常与分散的挑战有关。本研究通过比较两个异域种群的数据来评估亚成年雄性的隶属关系模式。我们收集了印度尼西亚巴厘岛27只亚成年雄性长尾猕猴400多个小时的行为数据。我们发现亚成年雄性之间的联系模式通过二元相互作用率和个体相互作用率复合来衡量,在这些种群之间存在差异。我们观察到亲和行为在三个领域的显著差异:(1)在空间接近中休息,(2)异体修饰,(3)亲和手势交换。在每种情况下,一个种群的亚成年雄性比另一个种群表现出更高的隶属率。我们得出结论,亚成年雄性之间的联系模式,以及维持这些关系的重要性,对社会生态环境的变化做出反应,这些变化可能是种群特异性的,而不是物种特异性的。
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引用次数: 1
On nest-site copying, owner aggression, and mimicry: the adaptive significance of interspecific information use in a landscape of fear 巢址复制、所有者攻击和模仿:恐惧环境下种间信息使用的适应性意义
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00357-4
Mylene M. Mariette

There is increasing evidence for species using information from heterospecifics to assess predation risk or habitat quality. Notably, a series of influential studies, using geometric symbols added to nest boxes, has shown that migratory flycatchers copy tits’ apparent nest-site preferences and settle in nest boxes bearing the same symbol as tits’ nest boxes. This “Selective Interspecific Information Use” hypothesis was recently challenged by the “Owner Aggression” hypothesis, stating that nest occupancy patterns are instead driven by tits aggressively excluding flycatchers from particular empty boxes to use as potential re-nesting sites after nest predation. Here, I propose the “Adaptive Interspecific Information Use” hypothesis, which outlines the predicted fitness benefits of nest-site copying or rejecting, and, importantly, provides an explanation for inconsistent experimental results to date. Indeed, neither previous hypotheses satisfactorily explains why flycatchers switch from copying to avoiding tits’ preferences, when tits’ clutch sizes are small or tits are at the laying stage. Adding to the recent debate, I show how predictable changes in nest predators’ search image and tits’ anti-predator behaviour may explain this variation. Indeed, incubating tit species aggressively defend their nest against nest predators, including by emitting snake-like vocalisations, which may generally deter predators from boxes bearing a tit nest symbol. By contrast, the undefended tit nests—which occur during laying before incubation starts, or potentially in individuals with small clutches—are easy prey that predators may specifically target. If predators cue on tit nests’ symbol, I therefore predict that, to reduce predation risk throughout the season, flycatchers may switch from avoiding the symbol of undefended tit nests to preferring the symbol of tits incubating large clutches. I propose experiments to test these predictions. Overall, considering nest-site copying in the landscape of fear framework, rather than invalidating the Selective Interspecific Information Use hypothesis, may be key to understand its evolution.

越来越多的证据表明,物种利用来自异种的信息来评估捕食风险或栖息地质量。值得注意的是,一系列有影响力的研究表明,在巢箱上添加几何符号,迁徙的捕蝇鸟会模仿山雀对筑巢地点的明显偏好,并在带有与山雀巢箱相同符号的巢箱中定居。这种“选择性种间信息使用”假说最近受到了“所有者侵略”假说的挑战,该假说认为,巢占用模式是由山雀积极地将捕蝇鸟从特定的空盒子中排除出去,以便在鸟巢捕食后作为潜在的重新筑巢地点。在这里,我提出了“适应性种间信息使用”假说,它概述了预测的巢址复制或拒绝的适应性好处,并且重要的是,为迄今为止不一致的实验结果提供了解释。事实上,以前的假设都不能令人满意地解释为什么当山雀的卵数很小或山雀处于产卵阶段时,捕蝇鸟会从模仿山雀的偏好转向避免山雀的偏好。加上最近的争论,我展示了巢捕食者搜索图像和山雀反捕食者行为的可预测变化如何解释这种变化。事实上,孵化中的山雀物种会积极地保护它们的巢穴免受巢穴捕食者的攻击,包括发出像蛇一样的声音,这通常会阻止捕食者靠近带有山雀巢穴标志的盒子。相比之下,不设防的山雀巢——在孵化开始前的产卵期间,或者可能在小窝的个体中——很容易成为捕食者的目标。因此,我预测,如果捕食者对山雀巢穴的标志有所察觉,为了降低整个季节的捕食风险,捕蝇者可能会从避开没有防御的山雀巢穴的标志转向更喜欢山雀孵化大窝的标志。我提出了一些实验来验证这些预测。总之,在恐惧框架的背景下考虑巢址复制,而不是否定选择性种间信息使用假说,可能是理解其进化的关键。
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引用次数: 0
Do wild tamarins reconcile? Two case reports from moustached tamarins 野生绢毛猴能和解吗?两例胡子绢毛猴病例报告
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00355-6
Eckhard W. Heymann

Mechanisms of conflict resolution, e.g. reconciliation, have been reported from a number of group-living animals, particularly primates. However, whether or not conflict resolution occurs in the cooperatively breeding callitrichids (marmosets and tamarins) remains a matter of debate. Captive studies provide contrasting evidence for the occurrence of reconciliation, and no evidence has been previously available for wild groups. Here, I present data on post-conflict behaviour in wild moustached tamarins, Saguinus mystax, which suggest that reconciliation occurs among wild callitrichids, too. However, reconciliation seems to occur very rarely among these primates, probably due to the generally peaceful nature of their social relations.

据报道,一些群体性动物,特别是灵长类动物,都有解决冲突的机制,例如和解。然而,冲突的解决是否发生在合作繁殖的愈伤组织(狨和罗望子)中仍然是一个有争议的问题。圈养研究为和解的发生提供了对比证据,以前没有野生群体的证据。在这里,我提供了野生小胡子罗望子(Saguinus mystax)冲突后行为的数据,这表明野生愈伤组织之间也会和解。然而,这些灵长类动物之间的和解似乎很少发生,可能是因为它们的社会关系总体上是和平的。
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引用次数: 2
Do wild tamarins reconcile? Two case reports from moustached tamarins 野生绢毛猴能和解吗?两例胡子绢毛猴病例报告
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00355-6
E. Heymann
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引用次数: 0
Mental gland secretions as a social cue in gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus): tortoise presence stimulates and maintains social behaviour with chemical cues 精神腺分泌物作为地鼠龟的社交线索:乌龟的存在通过化学线索刺激和维持社交行为
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-020-00353-8
Meghan D. Kelley, Mary T. Mendonça

Multimodal signalling reinforces specific messages in communication. In gopher tortoises, similar to other reptilian species, visualization of conspecific and chemical exudates from the skin may serve as a multimodal display advertising information about conspecific species, sex, or individual qualities, but this has not been fully elucidated. For gopher tortoises, one such possible source of chemical cues could be secretions from seasonally enlarged mental glands (MG). Here, we used both sexes of gopher tortoises in a paired choice presentation of MG secretions vs. distilled (DI) water on resin tortoise models to assess visual presence with tortoise-specific secretions. We examined behaviours to treatments to examine if MG secretions are recognizable olfactory cues and if visual cues alone are sufficient to maintain social interactions using a simple visual presentation vs. a complex visual and olfactory presentation. Tortoises of both sexes spent more total time (p < 0.001) and performed a greater number of behaviours (p < 0.001) towards the MG-treated model, relative to the neutral control (DI-treated model), suggesting that olfactory MG secretions are also required, along with visual presence of a tortoise, to engage in social behaviours. Our results are among the first for this species suggesting that pheromone usage may drive social interactions in social behaviours.

多模态信号强化了通信中的特定信息。在地鼠龟中,与其他爬行动物物种类似,皮肤上的同种和化学渗出物的可视化可能作为一种多模式的展示广告信息,关于同种、性别或个体品质,但这还没有完全阐明。对于地鼠龟来说,一种可能的化学线索来源可能是季节性增大的精神腺(MG)的分泌物。在这里,我们使用两性地鼠龟在树脂龟模型上进行MG分泌物和蒸馏水(DI)的配对选择,以评估龟特异性分泌物的视觉存在。我们检查了治疗行为,以检查MG分泌物是否是可识别的嗅觉线索,以及单独的视觉线索是否足以维持使用简单的视觉呈现与复杂的视觉和嗅觉呈现的社会互动。相对于中性对照(di处理模型),两性龟在MG处理模型中花费的总时间(p < 0.001)和执行的行为数量(p < 0.001)更多,这表明嗅觉MG分泌物也需要,以及乌龟的视觉存在,才能参与社会行为。我们的研究结果是该物种的第一个研究结果,表明信息素的使用可能会推动社会行为中的社会互动。
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引用次数: 3
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