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The environment matters: season and female contact affect the behavior of captive Addax nasomaculatus male antelope 环境因素:季节和雌性接触会影响圈养的鼻马角雄性羚羊的行为
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00419-3
Matías Villagrán, Mariana Ceva, Ariane Machiñena, Mariana Perdomo, Lucas Berro, Cesar Echaides, Juan Pablo Damián

The addax antelope (Addax nasomaculatus) is a species under serious threat of extinction, as it is more abundant in captivity than in the wild. However, little is known about its basic biology. The aims of this study were to determine how locomotor, feeding, aggressive, marking, and sexual behavior of male addax allocated in all-male groups vary with season and with female contact (i.e., biostimulation). The study was conducted in captive conditions, in two groups of adult males: one with no-physical contact with females, aside from visual and olfactory interactions (CF group, n = 4), and another group completely isolated from females (IF group, n = 4). The frequency of behaviors was recorded during the daytime, 4 days per season (total time of observation = 256 h). Lying, standing, walking, aggressive, marking, grazing, and ruminating behaviors as well as water and supplement consumptions varied with season (all p < 0.05). The lying, walking, marking, grazing, and ruminating behaviors were more frequently observed for CF than IF males (all p < 0.05). Also, all behaviors, except for marking, varied with the interaction between the group and seasons (all p < 0.05). Sexual behavior was extremely scarce, so it was not possible to analyze how it varied with seasons and the group. The present study suggests that management program and housing conditions, especially in ex situ breeding plans, should consider the influence of the season and the sociosexual context on the behavior of addax males.

阿达克斯羚羊(addax nasomaculatus)是一个面临严重灭绝威胁的物种,因为它在人工饲养的数量比野生的要多。然而,人们对其基本生物学知之甚少。本研究的目的是确定在全雄性组中分配的雄性addax的运动、摄食、攻击、标记和性行为如何随季节和雌性接触(即生物刺激)而变化。该研究在圈养条件下进行,分为两组成年雄性:一组除了视觉和嗅觉互动外,与雌性没有任何身体接触(CF组,n = 4),另一组与雌性完全隔离(IF组,n = 4)。在白天记录行为频次,每季节4天(观察总时间256 h)。躺卧、站立、行走、攻击、标记、放牧和反刍行为以及水分和补充物的消耗随季节而变化(p < 0.05)。CF组的躺卧、行走、标记、放牧和反刍行为比IF组的多(p < 0.05)。除打标外,其他行为均随种群与季节的交互作用而变化(p < 0.05)。性行为极其稀少,因此不可能分析它是如何随季节和群体而变化的。本研究表明,管理方案和生境条件,特别是在迁地繁殖计划中,应考虑季节和社会性别背景对addax雄性行为的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Unique spatial behavior of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) in the open mountains of Mt. Fuji 在富士山的开阔山区,日本卷尾猴(Capricornis crispus)的独特空间行为
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00418-4
Hayato Takada

The Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) exhibits spatial behavior adapted to forest habitats with relatively stable food supply and climatic conditions, such as sedentary habits, small home ranges, and little seasonal variation in habitat selection. However, investigations have not previously been conducted in open mountainous habitats with high seasonal variability. Therefore, I examined spatial behavior of the Japanese serow in an open mountainous region of Mt. Fuji, central Japan, based on GPS location data. These mountain-dwelling serows had much larger annual home ranges (female: 316.5 ha, male: 373.1 ha) compared with forest-dwelling populations. Spring and summer home range sizes were the largest, and winter home range size was the smallest, ranging from 20.3%–56.1% of maximum. Limited forage and harsh climatic conditions in winter seemed to drive such energy-minimizing behavioral strategies. Selection of vegetation types and elevation varied seasonally, likely because of changes in forage availability and climate conditions. These spatial behaviors in mountain-dwelling serows resemble those of several related mountain ungulates, implying that these behaviors are adaptations to highly seasonal open mountainous habitats. My findings suggest that the main factors affecting spatial behavior are habitat characteristics, such as climate, forage abundance, and seasonality. These findings provide support for an ecological pattern in ungulate spatial behavior whereby closed habitats promote small and stable home ranges, whereas open habitats promote large and seasonally fluctuating home ranges.

日本山羊(Capricornis crispus)表现出适应食物供应和气候条件相对稳定的森林栖息地的空间行为,如久坐习性、活动范围小、栖息地选择的季节性变化小。然而,以前没有在季节性变化大的山地开阔生境中进行调查。因此,我基于GPS定位数据,研究了日本中部富士山开阔山区的日本雪的空间行为。与森林种群相比,这些山地种群的年活动范围更大(雌性:316.5公顷,雄性:373.1公顷)。春、夏季住宅面积最大,冬季住宅面积最小,占最大面积的20.3% ~ 56.1%。有限的饲料和冬季恶劣的气候条件似乎推动了这种能量最小化的行为策略。植被类型和海拔的选择随季节而变化,可能是由于草料供应和气候条件的变化。山地动物的这些空间行为类似于一些相关的山地有蹄类动物,这意味着这些行为是对高度季节性的山地开放栖息地的适应。研究结果表明,影响空间行为的主要因素是生境特征,如气候、牧草丰度和季节性。这些发现为有蹄类动物空间行为的生态模式提供了支持,即封闭栖息地促进小而稳定的家园范围,而开放栖息地促进大而季节性波动的家园范围。
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引用次数: 2
Individual features influence the choice to attack in the southern lapwing Vanellus chilensis, but the opponent type dictates how the interaction goes 个体特征影响了南部折翼Vanellus chilensis的攻击选择,但对手类型决定了相互作用的方式
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00416-6
Henrique Cardoso Delfino

The fight or flight decision (i.e., engage in or evade from an interaction) is one of the most important for animals, occurring in many different ecological contexts and dictating the occurrence of agonistic encounters that could lead to injuries or even death. The southern lapwing Vanellus chilensis is one of the most conspicuous bird species from South America, living in the natural grasslands but frequently found in rural and urban area. The species is known by its typical vocalization and its patterns of aggression and territoriality, considered exaggerated, creating a cultural prejudice towards the species. To better understand the agonistic interaction process in the species, we used general linear models to verify the influence of individual characteristics, environmental characteristics, and opponent features on five different response variables related to the interactions: the time of alert behavior display, probability to attack and evade, total duration of the interaction, and the Behavioral Diversity Index (BDI) of each interaction. Despite the models showing that for each response variables the predictors had different importance and weights, it was possible to note that individual features like age, breeding status, and month impact directly the probability to evade or attack, while the opponent species and distance better explained the other variables related to the interaction. The results also showed that the southern lapwings increase the intensity of responses and sensibility to intruder during the breeding season, displaying a trade-off between self-preservation and the protection of the offspring that is present in other bird species.

战斗或逃跑的决定(即参与或逃避相互作用)是动物最重要的决定之一,发生在许多不同的生态环境中,并决定了可能导致受伤甚至死亡的激烈相遇的发生。南田凫Vanellus chilensis是南美洲最常见的鸟类之一,生活在天然草原上,但也经常出现在农村和城市地区。该物种以其典型的发声方式和侵略和领土的模式而闻名,被认为是夸张的,造成了对该物种的文化偏见。为了更好地理解物种间的竞争相互作用过程,我们使用一般线性模型验证了个体特征、环境特征和对手特征对与相互作用相关的五个不同反应变量的影响:警戒行为显示时间、攻击和逃避概率、相互作用总持续时间和每次相互作用的行为多样性指数(BDI)。尽管模型显示,对于每个响应变量,预测因子具有不同的重要性和权重,但可以注意到,年龄、繁殖状态和月份等个体特征直接影响逃避或攻击的概率,而对手物种和距离更好地解释了与相互作用相关的其他变量。结果还表明,在繁殖季节,南田凫对入侵者的反应强度和敏感性都有所增强,表现出与其他鸟类一样的自我保护和保护后代之间的权衡。
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引用次数: 0
Epimeletic behavior in a free-ranging female Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) 自由放养的雌性利索海豚(grpus griseus)的附生行为
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00417-5
Séverine Methion, Olga Mosca, Bruno Díaz López

Abstract

Here, we describe the epimeletic behavior of an adult Risso’s dolphin towards a deceased newborn calf of the same species across several days with photographs, acoustic monitoring, and video recordings. Boat-based observation surveys were conducted from April 2014 to October 2021 along the southern coast of Galicia (northwest Spain) as part of a longitudinal study on the ecology of cetacean species. On September 21, 2020, an adult Risso’s dolphin was observed carrying a dead newborn calf in coastal waters. This presumed mother was further sighted with her deceased calf on September 23 and 24 (20 km and 40 km from the first observation site, respectively) and with other adult individuals on September 30, probably after having lost or finally abandoned the carcass. The presumed mother supported the corpse for at least 5 days, which may have had potential consequences for the female health. As direct observations are scarce in the wild, this type of report provides valuable information to better document the occurrence of care-giving behavior in highly mobile marine top predators.

在这里,我们通过照片、声音监测和视频记录,描述了一只成年里索海豚对同一物种的一只死去的新生幼崽的附生行为。2014年4月至2021年10月,在加利西亚(西班牙西北部)南部海岸进行了船载观测调查,作为鲸类物种生态学纵向研究的一部分。2020年9月21日,一只成年里索海豚在沿海水域被观察到携带着一只死去的新生幼崽。在9月23日和24日(分别距离第一个观察点20公里和40公里)和9月30日与其他成年个体在一起,可能是在失去或最终抛弃尸体之后。假定的母亲抚养尸体至少5天,这可能对女性的健康产生潜在影响。由于野外的直接观察很少,这种类型的报告提供了有价值的信息,可以更好地记录高度移动的海洋顶级捕食者看护行为的发生。
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引用次数: 0
Non-aggressive inter-group interactions in wild Northern Gray gibbons (Hylobates funereus) 野生北方灰长臂猿(Hylobates funereus)的非攻击性群体间相互作用
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00415-7
Yoichi Inoue, Waidi Sinun, Kazuo Okanoya

Gibbons exhibit territorial behavior, and mated pairs defend exclusive territories. However, reports on contacts with neighbors near or outside the respective range boundaries are scarce because observing unhabituated neighboring groups is difficult. Studies of encounters have yielded a wide range of observations (aggressive, neutral, communicative, or affiliative) across gibbon species and geographic regions. As it is important to understand behavioral ecology and social relationships among gibbon groups, we studied three Northern Gray gibbon groups (Hylobates funereus) in the Danum Valley Conservation Area (DVCA), Malaysia and observed their interactions with neighboring groups. From 2001 to 2020, three groups were followed for 162 days (2236.4 h), and we observed 30 instances of encounters at the range boundary or intrusions between a study group and a respective neighboring group. Neutral or communicative encounters were observed in most cases, with the exception of one instance of aggressive encounter (chasing). Gibbons interacted through particular vocalizations (termed songs) in many cases. We report details of some characteristic interactions among gibbon groups during encounters at the range boundary or intrusions. Regarding intrusions, we observed an unusual instance where a neighboring group intruded deep into the study group’s territory, and the neighboring group did not respond to the songs of the resident group. Considering that no physical fighting occurred during encounters or intrusions, gibbon groups in the DVCA seem to be non-aggressive toward each other. We briefly discuss possible explanations for such non-aggressive relationships among gibbon groups.

长臂猿表现出领土行为,交配对捍卫专属领地。然而,关于在各自的范围边界附近或之外与邻居接触的报道很少,因为观察不习惯的邻居群体是困难的。对相遇的研究产生了广泛的观察结果(攻击性、中性、交流性或亲缘性),跨越了长臂猿物种和地理区域。为了了解长臂猿类群之间的行为生态学和社会关系,我们对马来西亚Danum Valley Conservation Area (DVCA)的3个北方灰长臂猿类群(hyloates funereus)进行了研究,并观察了它们与邻近类群的相互作用。从2001年到2020年,我们对三个研究组进行了162天(2236.4 h)的随访,观察到30例研究组与相邻组之间在范围边界或入侵处的相遇。在大多数情况下,中性或交流的遭遇被观察到,除了一次攻击性的遭遇(追逐)。在许多情况下,长臂猿通过特定的发声(称为歌曲)进行互动。我们报告了长臂猿群在范围边界或入侵相遇时的一些特征相互作用的细节。关于入侵,我们观察到一个不寻常的例子,一个邻近的群体侵入了学习小组的领地深处,而邻近的群体对常驻群体的歌声没有反应。考虑到在遭遇或入侵时没有发生肢体冲突,DVCA中的长臂猿群体似乎对彼此没有攻击性。我们简要地讨论了长臂猿群体之间这种非攻击性关系的可能解释。
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引用次数: 0
Underground environment increases the differentiation of personality traits between male and female plateau zokors (Eospalax baileyi) 地下环境增加了高原鼢鼠雌雄人格特征的分化
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00414-8
Baohui Yao, Ibrahim M. Hegab, Yukun Kang, Yuchen Tan, Degang Zhang, Junhu Su

Animal personality is defined as behavior that is consistent across time and context. Ecological and evolutionary pressures might exert sexually dimorphic effects on personality traits. In this study, variations in docility and exploratory behaviors of male and female plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) in two populations from different geographical sites were quantified during their breeding season, using bag and open field test. We observed significant repeatability of behaviors in the bag and open field test, except for sniffing behavior in zokors from TZ site. We found that sex influences the personality traits of plateau zokors more than geographical variation in both the bag and open field test. Females had a higher docility than males in the bag test. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of considering plateau zokors’ sex and personality traits when assessing their fitness, behavior, or suitability for behavioral future research work.

动物的个性被定义为在不同时间和环境下保持一致的行为。生态和进化压力可能对人格特征产生两性二态效应。本研究采用袋试验和野外试验的方法,对高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)两个不同地理地点种群的温顺性和探索行为的变化进行了定量分析。我们观察到除TZ地点的动物嗅探行为外,袋内和野外试验的行为具有显著的重复性。结果表明,性别对高原鼢鼠人格特征的影响大于地理差异。在袋子试验中,雌性比雄性更温顺。这项研究的结果强调了在评估高原鼢鼠的适应性、行为或对未来行为研究工作的适应性时,考虑其性别和人格特征的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Changes in salivary cortisol and testosterone levels in male chimpanzees during the process of reunion with group members 雄性黑猩猩在与群体成员团聚过程中唾液皮质醇和睾酮水平的变化
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00412-w
Nobuyuki Kutsukake, Migaku Teramoto, Seijiro Honma, Yusuke Mori, Takafumi Ishida, Toshikazu Hasegawa

The impact of re-introduction of a temporally separated individual to a group on social integration and hormone levels is an important topic in terms of the management and welfare of captive animals. Using two cases in which a temporally separated male re-joined an all-male group of captive chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, we investigated how social reunion affected social interactions and salivary steroid hormone levels (C, cortisol; T, testosterone). In both cases, social reunion was conducted over three stages, separation, acclimation, and reunion. In both cases, behavioral observations revealed increased agonism and tension reduction after the reunion, suggesting that the reunion induced reformation of social relationships. In both cases, the separated male showed an increased C level at the acclimation stage, in which the separated male was moved to its original indoor room and released solely into an outdoor compound. The T level did not vary among males or stages, but increased for the re-joined male after reunion in one of the two cases. This study suggests that the relationships between hormones and behavior during a reunion could be affected by multiple factors and that special attention should be paid to the acclimation rather than characteristics of social reunion, to ensure the success of member reunion.

在圈养动物的管理和福利方面,暂时分离的个体重新引入群体对社会融合和激素水平的影响是一个重要的话题。在两个案例中,一只暂时分离的雄性黑猩猩重新加入了一个全雄性的圈养黑猩猩群体,即Pan troglodytes,我们研究了社会团聚如何影响社会互动和唾液类固醇激素水平(C,皮质醇;T,睾酮)。在这两种情况下,社会团聚都经历了三个阶段:分离、适应和团聚。在这两种情况下,行为观察显示,团聚后激动情绪增加,紧张情绪减少,这表明团聚引发了社会关系的改革。两种情况下,分离雄虫在驯化阶段均表现出升高的C水平,在驯化阶段,分离雄虫被移到原来的室内房间,单独释放到室外化合物中。T水平在不同的雄性和阶段之间没有变化,但在两种情况中有一种情况下,重新加入的雄性在团聚后增加了。本研究表明,团聚过程中激素与行为之间的关系可能受到多种因素的影响,为了确保成员团聚的成功,应特别注意适应而不是社会团聚的特征。
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引用次数: 1
A conceptual framework for the analysis of animal behaviour: an hierarchical script-episodes-gestures structure 动物行为分析的概念框架:分级脚本-情节-手势结构
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00413-9
David Eilam
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引用次数: 0
Altruistic behavior in mother-calf pairs of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and the possible role of the social bond: a preliminary study 宽吻海豚母子对的利他行为及其社会纽带的可能作用:初步研究
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-023-00411-x
Bigiani Stefano, Nobili Caterina, Pilenga Cristina

Abstract

In this study, we tested two mother-calf pairs of bottlenose dolphins in a helping task. Specifically, we provided dolphins with an enrichment tool based on the rope-pulling task paradigm to obtain a resource. The calves were unable to solve the task and get the resource on their own, and then we evaluated whether their mothers helped them. Moreover, we also evaluated whether the social bond strength among mother and calf, measured with the simple ratio index, may play an important role in determining altruistic behaviors. Our findings show that mothers performed altruistic behaviors toward their calves only when they had a strong social bond with them. Indeed, only a mother had a strong social bond with her calf, and only she acted altruistically. Moreover, as her calf grew, their social bond weakened and the mother stopped performing altruistic behaviors. As a result, our data seem to suggest the strength of social bonds has an important role in determining altruism.

摘要:在本研究中,我们测试了两对宽吻海豚母子在帮助任务中的表现。具体来说,我们为海豚提供了一个基于拉绳任务范式的富集工具来获取资源。幼崽无法自己完成任务并获得资源,然后我们评估它们的母亲是否帮助了它们。此外,我们还评估了母子之间的社会纽带强度(用简单比率指数衡量)是否在决定利他行为中起重要作用。我们的研究结果表明,母亲只有在与幼崽有强烈的社会关系时,才会对它们表现出利他行为。事实上,只有母亲与她的孩子有强烈的社会关系,只有她表现得无私。此外,随着幼崽的成长,它们的社会纽带减弱了,母象也停止了利他行为。因此,我们的数据似乎表明,社会关系的强度在决定利他主义方面起着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Testing the environmental buffering hypothesis of cooperative breeding in the Seychelles warbler 塞舌尔莺合作繁殖环境缓冲假说的检验
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-022-00408-y
Mirjam J. Borger, David S. Richardson, Hannah Dugdale, Terry Burke, Jan Komdeur

Species are facing environmental challenges caused by rapidly changing environments. Globally, extreme weather events, like droughts or extreme rainfall, are increasing in frequency. Natural selection usually acts slowly, while adaptations through phenotypic plasticity are limited. Therefore, organisms may utilise other mechanisms to cope with such rapid change. Cooperative breeding is hypothesised to be one such mechanism, as helpers could increase survival probabilities of offspring, especially in harsh years. Rainfall is a cue for onset of breeding in many tropical species, to ensure young are born when food abundance is highest. Using 21 years of data, we investigate the effect of rainfall on social behaviour and life history in the insectivorous Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), a facultative cooperative breeder. We found that low rainfall is associated with reduced reproductive output and possibly with decreased survival. However, there were no statistical differences in response between groups with helpers, groups with only non-helping subordinates, and breeding pairs without subordinates. With low rainfall, more sons (the sex less likely to help) were produced, and those subordinate males already present were less likely to help. Thus, in contrast to expectations, cooperative breeding does not seem to buffer against harsh environments in Seychelles warblers, indicating that group living may be costly and thus not a mechanism for coping with changing environments. Our study showed that the interaction between the environment and life histories, including social behaviour, is complex, but that this interaction is important to consider when studying the impact of changing environments on species survival.

物种正面临着快速变化的环境带来的环境挑战。在全球范围内,干旱或极端降雨等极端天气事件的频率正在增加。自然选择通常是缓慢的,而通过表型可塑性的适应是有限的。因此,生物可能利用其他机制来应对这种快速变化。合作繁殖被认为是这样一种机制,因为帮手可以增加后代的存活率,尤其是在恶劣的年份。降雨是许多热带物种开始繁殖的信号,以确保幼崽在食物最丰富的时候出生。利用21年的数据,我们研究了降雨对食虫塞舌尔莺(Acrocephalus sechellensis)的社会行为和生活史的影响,塞舌尔莺是一种兼性合作繁殖者。我们发现,降雨量少与生殖产量下降有关,可能还与存活率下降有关。然而,有帮助者的组、没有帮助者的组和没有帮助者的繁殖组之间的反应没有统计学差异。在降雨量少的情况下,生出更多的儿子(不太可能起作用的性别),而那些已经存在的从属雄性则不太可能起作用。因此,与预期相反,合作繁殖似乎不能缓冲塞舌尔林莺的恶劣环境,这表明群体生活可能是昂贵的,因此不是应对不断变化的环境的机制。我们的研究表明,环境和生命史(包括社会行为)之间的相互作用是复杂的,但在研究环境变化对物种生存的影响时,这种相互作用是很重要的。
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引用次数: 2
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acta ethologica
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