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Primary nectar robbing by Apis mellifera (Apidae) on Pyrostegia venusta (Bignoniaceae): behavior, pillaging rate, and its consequences 蜜蜂(蜜蜂科)对火荆芥(大蓟科)的初级蜜掠夺:行为、掠夺率及其后果
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00383-w
L. P. Polatto, V. V. Alves-Júnior
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引用次数: 0
Primary nectar robbing by Apis mellifera (Apidae) on Pyrostegia venusta (Bignoniaceae): behavior, pillaging rate, and its consequences 蜜蜂(Apis mellifera,Apidae)对小金莲(Pyrotegia venusta,Bignoniae)的初级花蜜掠夺:行为、掠夺率及其后果
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00383-w
Leandro P. Polatto, Valter V. Alves-Junior

The interactions between plants and their pollinators are the result of convergent evolution of floral attributes reflecting pressure exerted by pollinators. Nonetheless, the strategies employed by floral visitors to collect floral resources are extremely complex, and commonly involve theft or robbery in addition to pollination. We describe here the behavioral repertory of Apis mellifera during the collection of the floral resources, and evaluated the robbing rates of A. mellifera on the buds and flowers of Pyrostegia venusta during periods of intense and sparse flowering. We recorded the behaviors exhibited by foraging bees while collecting floral resources, quantified the numbers of floral buds and flowers with perforations in their corolla tissues, and determined whether that damage reduced nectar production. The evaluations were conducted during two distinct periods: during the period of intense flowering of P. venusta, and during the period of sparse flowering. Nectar robbing was observed during 93.4% of the visits of foraging A. mellifera bees, while nectar theft was observed during only 0.7% of the visits, and pollen theft during 5.9%. The robbing of floral buds and flowers was most intense during the period of heavy flowering. Flowers that had been intensely robbed secreted significantly less nectar than those non-robbed. The unusual nectar robbing activities of A. mellifera, especially during the period of intense flowering indicates an optimization of access to larger volumes of food resources. Our results therefore point to a major limitation of nectar per floral unit during the intense flowering period of P. venusta due to the high activity of nectar robbing by A. mellifera bees.

植物与其传粉者之间的相互作用是花属性趋同进化的结果,反映了传粉者施加的压力。尽管如此,花卉游客收集花卉资源的策略极其复杂,除了授粉外,通常还涉及盗窃或抢劫。我们在这里描述了意大利蜜蜂在收集花卉资源期间的行为记录,并评估了在密集和稀疏开花期间意大利蜜蜂对小火龙芽和花朵的掠夺率。我们记录了觅食蜜蜂在收集花卉资源时表现出的行为,量化了花蕾和花冠组织中有穿孔的花朵的数量,并确定了这种损伤是否会减少花蜜的产生。评估是在两个不同的时期进行的:在金星草的强烈开花时期和稀疏开花时期。在采蜜蜜蜂的访视中,93.4%的访视发生了抢蜜现象,而只有0.7%的访视出现了偷蜜现象,5.9%的访视发现了偷花粉现象。被强烈掠夺的花朵分泌的花蜜明显少于未被掠夺的花朵。蜜桃不同寻常的抢蜜活动,尤其是在开花旺盛的时期,表明其获得大量食物资源的途径得到了优化。因此,我们的研究结果表明,在小蜜蜂的强烈开花期,由于蜜腺蜜蜂的高采蜜活性,每花单位的花蜜存在重大限制。
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引用次数: 0
Lateralization at the individual and population levels of European green lizard in Slovak Karst 斯洛伐克喀斯特地区欧洲绿蜥蜴个体和种群水平的横向化
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00382-x
Mário Pikalík, Natália Pipová, Viktória Majláthová, Vincent A. Connors, Igor Majláth

Lateralization is one of the specific characteristics of animals, occurring in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Lateralization exists at two levels, individual level and population level. This research is focused on the individual- and population-level lateralization of the European green lizard (Lacerta viridis) under laboratory conditions. Lateralization was observed experimentally in a modified T-maze without the possibility of visual control by lizards. Lizards were stimulated by a piston from the caudal side to simulate a predator attack from behind. The numbers of left and right choices were evaluated. Statistical analysis confirmed no statistically significant difference in lateralization at both the individual and population levels. The absence or presence of autotomy suggests that non-biased lizards have a better chance of escape from a predator than left- or right-biased individuals. In the population of L. viridis studied by us, it seems that to be non-biased could be the best strategy to survive predator attacks.

侧化是动物的特征之一,在无脊椎动物和脊椎动物中都有发生。侧化存在于个体水平和群体水平两个层面。本研究的重点是在实验室条件下欧洲绿蜥蜴(Lacerta viridis)的个体和种群水平的偏侧化。实验中观察到蜥蜴在没有视觉控制的情况下,在一个改进的t型迷宫中出现了偏侧化。蜥蜴被一个来自尾端的活塞刺激,以模拟捕食者从后面攻击。评估左、右选项的数量。统计分析证实,在个体和群体水平上,侧化没有统计学上的显著差异。自我切割的缺失或存在表明,与左倾或右倾的个体相比,无偏见的蜥蜴有更好的机会从捕食者手中逃脱。在我们所研究的L. viridis种群中,似乎没有偏见可能是在捕食者攻击中生存的最佳策略。
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引用次数: 0
What do we know about flamingo behaviors? A systematic review of the ethological research on the Phoenicopteridae (1978–2020) 我们对火烈鸟的行为了解多少?凤凰科昆虫行为学研究的系统回顾(1978-2020)
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00381-y
Henrique Cardoso Delfino, Caio J. Carlos

We provide a systematic review of the current scope of published behavioral research on flamingos (Phoenicopteridae), to answer the following questions: (1) what is the profile of ethology and behavioral research on flamingos, (2) which are the behaviors displayed by flamingos already observed and described in nature and captivity, and (3) what are the prospects in the ethological research of the group? Eighty-eight studies, from 1978 to 2020, met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Most involved maintenance and social behaviors in the context of ecology and welfare. Furthermore, most studies were performed on animals in captivity and controlled conditions, but there was a recent trend of studies in the field, mainly in South America and the Caribbean. The most studied species were greater and American flamingos, but there is a recent rise in studies on Chilean and Andean flamingos in Latin America. Most ethological studies on this group included quantitative analyses, ignoring a more qualitative perspective of the individuals’ displays. Behavior description can also help in comparative studies between flamingo species and other water birds. Expanding research to Andean, James’s, and lesser flamingos is a priority, since their populations are more vulnerable. Ethological research can help identify the threats and measure the impacts on these species, which can be useful for setting up management plans and conservation actions to mitigate the damage and avoid extinction.

本文对目前已发表的火烈鸟(phoenicopidae)行为研究的范围进行了系统的综述,以回答以下问题:(1)火烈鸟的行为学和行为研究概况如何?(2)在自然和人工饲养中已经观察和描述的火烈鸟表现出哪些行为?(3)火烈鸟的行为学研究前景如何?从1978年到2020年的88项研究符合我们的纳入标准并进行了分析。大多数涉及生态和福利背景下的维护和社会行为。此外,大多数研究都是在圈养和受控条件下对动物进行的,但最近在该领域的研究有趋势,主要是在南美洲和加勒比地区。研究最多的物种是美洲火烈鸟,但最近对拉丁美洲智利和安第斯火烈鸟的研究有所增加。大多数对这一群体的行为学研究都包括定量分析,而忽略了对个体表现的更定性的观点。行为描述也有助于火烈鸟和其他水鸟之间的比较研究。扩大对安第斯火烈鸟、詹姆斯火烈鸟和小火烈鸟的研究是当务之急,因为它们的种群更脆弱。动物行为学研究可以帮助识别威胁和衡量对这些物种的影响,这可以帮助制定管理计划和保护行动,以减轻损害和避免灭绝。
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引用次数: 5
Limited effects of traffic noise on behavioural responses to conspecific mating calls in the eastern sedge frog Litoria fallax 交通噪音对东部莎草蛙同种交配叫声行为反应的有限影响
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00378-7
Charmaine P. E. Schou, Alexis L. Levengood, Dominique A. Potvin

Anthropogenic noise is a pervasive environmental feature across both urban and non-urban habitats and presents a novel challenge especially for acoustically communicating species. While it is known that some species adjust acoustic signals to communicate more effectively in noisy habitats, we know very little about how the receivers of these signals might be impacted by anthropogenic noise. Here, we investigated female and male Litoria fallax frogs’ ability to distinguish between high- and low-quality acoustic signals during the presence of background traffic noise and without. We performed a controlled behavioural experiment whereby frogs were presented with simultaneously broadcasted attractive and unattractive calls from opposing directions, once with background traffic noise and once without. We found that females in particular chose the unattractive call significantly more often (and males significantly less often) when noise was being broadcast. This indicates that anthropogenic noise potentially affects receiver responses to acoustic signals, even when calls are not acoustically masked, with potential consequences for maladaptive mating behaviours and population outcomes.

人为噪声是城市和非城市栖息地普遍存在的环境特征,特别是对声学交流物种提出了新的挑战。虽然我们知道一些物种会调整声音信号,以便在嘈杂的栖息地中更有效地交流,但我们对这些信号的接收器如何受到人为噪音的影响知之甚少。在这里,我们研究了雌蛙和雄蛙在有背景交通噪音和没有背景交通噪音的情况下区分高质量和低质量声音信号的能力。我们进行了一项控制行为实验,同时向青蛙播放来自相反方向的有吸引力和没有吸引力的叫声,一次有背景交通噪音,一次没有。我们发现,当播放噪音时,雌性尤其倾向于选择不吸引人的声音(而雄性则倾向于选择不吸引人的声音)。这表明,人为噪声可能会影响接收器对声音信号的反应,即使在叫声没有被声学掩盖的情况下,也可能导致不适应的交配行为和种群结果。
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引用次数: 2
Using predator feces as a repellent for free-ranging urban capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) 使用捕食者的粪便作为自由放养的城市水豚的驱蚊剂(Hydrocoerus hydrocaeris)
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00377-8
Natalia Méndez Ruiz-Tagle, Sérgio Luiz Gama Nogueira-Filho, Toby G. Knowles, Selene Siqueira da Cunha Nogueira

Biological repellents have been used as a control method to mitigate human-wildlife conflict worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the effect of jaguar (Panthera onca) feces as a repellent for a free-living urban population of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), which are considered a vertebrate pest in some regions of their range. Observational data were collected during two consecutive 5-day periods: control and treatment. Scan samples within a 2-h observational session were carried out, recording capybara incursions into a 15 m × 15 m marked perimeter and alertness behavioral state. During the treatment period, 30 g of jaguar feces were added daily every 5.0 m around the perimeter in four selected areas (around Lake Paranoa, Brasilia, Brazil) frequented by capybara. The presence of predator feces induced changes in capybaras’ behavior as there was a decrease in actual presence at the sites as a whole with the presence of jaguar feces. Of those capybaras that did continue to visit a site, incursions into the marked perimeter were initially greatly reduced, but did rebound relatively rapidly over the trial period. Although our results showed that capybaras recognize jaguar’s feces as a predator threat, odor habituation may limit the repellent’s efficacy at a local level, but appeared to have a longer term effect on the overall numbers of capybara visiting a site in general. Improvements in this technique will be required for it to become practicable, to reinforce capybaras’ aversion to predators, to decrease their habituation to predator’s feces, and to provide more humanitarian control.

在世界范围内,生物驱避剂已被用作缓解人类与野生动物冲突的一种控制方法。本研究旨在评估美洲虎粪便对城市水豚的驱避效果,水豚在某些地区被认为是一种脊椎动物害虫。观察数据在连续两个5天期间收集:对照组和治疗组。在2小时的观察时段内对样本进行扫描,记录水豚侵入15 m × 15 m标记周界和警觉行为状态。在治疗期间,选取巴西巴西利亚市的四个水巴拉经常出没的区域(Lake paranoid, Brazil, Brasilia, Brazil),在周边每隔5.0 m每天添加30 g美洲虎粪便。捕食者粪便的存在导致水豚的行为发生变化,因为随着美洲虎粪便的存在,水豚在整个地点的实际存在量减少。在那些继续访问一个地点的水豚中,入侵标记周边的行为最初大大减少,但在试验期间确实相对迅速地反弹。虽然我们的研究结果表明水豚将美洲虎的粪便视为捕食者的威胁,但气味习惯可能会在局部水平上限制驱虫剂的功效,但似乎对访问一个地点的水豚的总体数量有长期影响。这项技术需要改进,以使其变得切实可行,加强水豚对捕食者的厌恶,减少它们对捕食者粪便的习惯,并提供更多的人道主义控制。
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引用次数: 0
European breeding phenology of the invasive common waxbill, a sub-Saharan opportunistic breeder 入侵的普通蜡喙的欧洲繁殖物候学,撒哈拉以南的机会主义繁殖者
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00376-9
Patrícia Beltrão, Ana Cristina R. Gomes, Cristiana I. Marques, Soraia Guerra, Helena R. Batalha, Gonçalo C. Cardoso

Biological invasions may involve species colonising different climatic regions than those in their native ranges, and it is not straightforward to predict how breeding phenology changes in the invasive ranges. The common waxbill Estrilda astrild is one of the most widespread invasive birds worldwide. It is an opportunistic breeder, adapted to transient breeding opportunities in its native sub-Saharan African range, which is often climatically unpredictable. The least equatorial range of invasive waxbills is now in Europe, in the Iberian Peninsula, where they experience predictably seasonal climate. Previous reports of waxbill breeding phenology in two different regions in Iberia show a very long breeding season, but differ in whether or not peak breeding coincides with the Spring breeding of native passerines. Using field data from over 20 sites across climatically different regions in their Iberian range, we show that waxbills have a long breeding season extending until Autumn, but with a clear Spring peak around May, both in regions with hotter and milder summers. Nest monitoring in a large mesocosm with over 50 waxbills, across 3 years, confirmed these field observations and showed what appears to be year-to-year plasticity in phenology, which may include smaller nesting peaks outside Spring. This behavioural flexibility, together with the long breeding season of waxbills in the Iberian temperate climate, likely facilitates their invasion success.

生物入侵可能涉及到物种在不同气候区域的定居,而不是在它们的原生范围内,并且预测在入侵范围内繁殖物候如何变化并不简单。普通的蜡喙是世界上最广泛的入侵鸟类之一。它是一种机会主义的繁殖者,适应了撒哈拉以南非洲地区的短暂繁殖机会,那里的气候通常是不可预测的。侵入性蜡喙的赤道范围最小的地方现在是在欧洲的伊比利亚半岛,在那里它们经历着可预测的季节性气候。以往关于伊比利亚两个不同地区的石蜡鸟繁殖物候的报道表明,石蜡鸟的繁殖季节非常长,但在繁殖高峰是否与当地雀形目鸟类的春季繁殖相吻合方面存在差异。利用来自伊比利亚地区气候不同地区20多个地点的实地数据,我们发现蜡喙的繁殖季节很长,一直延续到秋天,但在夏季更热、更温和的地区,五月左右是一个明显的春季高峰。在一个有50多只蜡鸟的大型中游环境中进行了3年的巢监测,证实了这些实地观察结果,并显示了物候学的逐年可塑性,其中可能包括春季以外的筑巢高峰较小。这种行为的灵活性,再加上伊比利亚温带气候中蜡喙漫长的繁殖季节,很可能促进了它们的入侵成功。
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引用次数: 8
Differences in social-space–time behaviour of two red deer herds (Cervus elaphus) 两个马鹿群的社会时空行为差异
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00375-w
Benjamin Gillich, Frank-Uwe Michler, Caroline Stolter, Siegfried Rieger

Social-space–time-behaviour has developed very differently (e.g. a, loner, a herd, a pack) in the animal kingdom and depends on many different factors, like food availability, competition, predator avoidance or disturbances. It is known, that red deer are differently distributed in human disturbed areas compared to areas with less anthropogenic influences. But knowledge about the potential influence of human presence on social associations and interactions is rare, albeit differences may result in changing impacts on the environment, such as habitat utilization and feeding damage. Therefore, we investigated differences in the space use and social association of red deer. We studied two radio-collared herds of non-migratory populations in two study areas, which were comparable in landscape structure and vegetation structure, but differed in accessibility for visitors and the extent of their presence. Between the two study sites we compared the home range size, the differences in the extent of home range overlap within each study site and the space–time association (Jacobs Index) of individuals. Additionally, we present data on seasonal variations of home range sizes and social association all year round. In order to compare human activity in the study sites, we used the data from our long-term camera trap monitoring. The herd in the area with more human activity had significantly smaller home ranges and had greater year-round social associations in almost all seasons, except summer. We assume that smaller home ranges and higher association between animals may result in a higher feeding pressure on plants and a patchier utilization in areas with higher disturbances.

在动物王国中,社会-空间-时间行为的发展非常不同(例如,独居、群居、群居),这取决于许多不同的因素,如食物供应、竞争、躲避捕食者或干扰。众所周知,马鹿在人类干扰地区的分布与人为影响较小的地区不同。但是,关于人类存在对社会联系和相互作用的潜在影响的知识很少,尽管差异可能导致对环境的变化影响,例如栖息地利用和饲养破坏。因此,我们研究了马鹿在空间利用和社会交往方面的差异。我们研究了两个研究区域的两个非迁徙种群,它们在景观结构和植被结构上具有可比性,但在游客的可达性和存在程度上存在差异。在两个研究地点之间,我们比较了家庭范围的大小,每个研究地点家庭范围重叠程度的差异以及个体的时空关联(雅各布斯指数)。此外,我们还提供了全年家庭范围大小和社会关联的季节性变化数据。为了比较研究地点的人类活动,我们使用了长期摄像机陷阱监测的数据。在人类活动较多的地区,除夏季外,几乎所有季节的鹿群都有更小的家园范围和更大的全年社会联系。我们认为,较小的家庭范围和较高的动物之间的联系可能导致植物的摄食压力增加,并且在干扰较高的地区,利用程度较低。
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引用次数: 5
Fear of the dark: substrate preference in Amazonian tadpoles 对黑暗的恐惧:亚马逊蝌蚪对基质的偏好
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00374-x
Izabela Sabrina Campos Guimarães, Mahima Hemnani, Igor Luis Kaefer, Tiago Henrique da Silva Pires

Due to the importance of camouflage to avoid detection by predators, predation pressure can cause coupled evolution of skin colour and preference for substrate colour. Individuals can choose regions where the background makes their skin colour less noticeable (crypsis) or where it accentuates warning coloration (aposematism). In such scenario, individuals should optimally choose substrate according to their skin colour and mechanism of predation avoidance: toxic species are expected to choose highly lit places and non-toxic species should avoid such places. We studied substrate choice on five species of tadpoles that differ in body colour and toxicity. The results of the present study did not confirm our prediction that non-toxic and cryptically coloured species would prefer a lower contrast substrate that maximizes camouflage. We show that individuals preferred highly lit areas that accentuated their contrast with the substrate. The general preference for lighter substrate might be related to the tadpole’s limited vision on a dark substrate, which hampers their ability in detecting predators. This study demonstrates that tadpoles can distinguish the substrate colour and that their choice of habitat might be linked to both their defence mechanism in the case of aposematic species and recognition of habitat elements in the case of cryptically-coloured species.

由于伪装对避免捕食者发现的重要性,捕食压力会导致皮肤颜色和对基质颜色的偏好的耦合进化。个人可以选择背景使他们的肤色不那么明显的区域(隐色)或突出警告色的区域(警示色)。在这种情况下,个体应该根据自己的肤色和躲避捕食的机制来选择最优基质:有毒物种应该选择光照强的地方,无毒物种应该避开光照强的地方。我们研究了五种不同体色和毒性的蝌蚪的底物选择。目前的研究结果并没有证实我们的预测,即无毒和神秘颜色的物种更喜欢低对比度的底物,以最大限度地伪装。我们发现,个体更喜欢高度明亮的区域,以突出他们与基底的对比。蝌蚪对浅色底物的普遍偏好可能与它们在黑暗底物上的视力有限有关,这妨碍了它们探测捕食者的能力。这项研究表明,蝌蚪可以区分基质颜色,它们对栖息地的选择可能与它们的防御机制有关,而在暗色物种的情况下,它们对栖息地元素的识别可能与之有关。
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引用次数: 5
Conspecific agonistic behaviour in the Mediterranean parrotfish 地中海鹦嘴鱼的非特异性痛苦行为
IF 1.1 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00373-y
David Abecasis, Pedro Afonso

Aggressive behaviour in fishes, particularly in territorial species, is a common trait used to defend resources such as food or mates. Territorial males of the Mediterranean parrotfish Sparisoma cretense have been described to chase away conspecifics yet other aggressive behaviour repertoire has not been reported for this species. We describe, for the first time, an extreme aggressive behaviour between two male Mediterranean parrotfish which includes biting and prolonged mouth locking.

鱼类的攻击行为,尤其是具有领地性的鱼类,是一种常见的特征,用于保护食物或配偶等资源。地中海鹦嘴鱼(Sparisoma cretense)的领地雄性被描述为追逐同种,但尚未报道该物种的其他攻击行为。我们首次描述了两只雄性地中海鹦嘴鱼之间的极端攻击行为,包括撕咬和长时间的嘴锁。
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引用次数: 0
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