Global environmental issues and sustainable development call for new technologies for fine chemical synthesis and waste valorization. Biocatalysis has attracted great attention as the alternative to the traditional organic synthesis. However, it is challenging to navigate the vast sequence space to identify those proteins with admirable biocatalytic functions. The recent development of deep-learning based structure prediction methods such as AlphaFold2 reinforced by different computational simulations or multiscale calculations has largely expanded the 3D structure databases and enabled structure-based design. While structure-based approaches shed light on site-specific enzyme engineering, they are not suitable for large-scale screening of potential biocatalysts. Effective utilization of big data using machine learning techniques opens up a new era for accelerated predictions. Here, we review the approaches and applications of structure-based and machine-learning guided enzyme design. We also provide our view on the challenges and perspectives on effectively employing enzyme design approaches integrating traditional molecular simulations and machine learning, and the importance of database construction and algorithm development in attaining predictive ML models to explore the sequence fitness landscape for the design of admirable biocatalysts.
全球环境问题和可持续发展呼唤精细化学品合成和废物价值化的新技术。作为传统有机合成的替代技术,生物催化技术备受关注。然而,要在浩瀚的序列空间中识别出具有令人钦佩的生物催化功能的蛋白质是一项挑战。最近,基于深度学习的结构预测方法(如 AlphaFold2)得到了不同计算模拟或多尺度计算的加强,在很大程度上扩展了三维结构数据库,实现了基于结构的设计。虽然基于结构的方法为特定位点的酶工程提供了启示,但并不适合大规模筛选潜在的生物催化剂。利用机器学习技术有效利用大数据开辟了加速预测的新时代。在此,我们回顾了基于结构和机器学习指导的酶设计方法和应用。我们还就有效利用传统分子模拟和机器学习相结合的酶设计方法所面临的挑战和前景,以及数据库建设和算法开发在获得预测性 ML 模型以探索序列适配性景观以设计理想的生物催化剂方面的重要性提出了自己的看法。
{"title":"Navigating the landscape of enzyme design: from molecular simulations to machine learning","authors":"Jiahui Zhou and Meilan Huang","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00196F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00196F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Global environmental issues and sustainable development call for new technologies for fine chemical synthesis and waste valorization. Biocatalysis has attracted great attention as the alternative to the traditional organic synthesis. However, it is challenging to navigate the vast sequence space to identify those proteins with admirable biocatalytic functions. The recent development of deep-learning based structure prediction methods such as AlphaFold2 reinforced by different computational simulations or multiscale calculations has largely expanded the 3D structure databases and enabled structure-based design. While structure-based approaches shed light on site-specific enzyme engineering, they are not suitable for large-scale screening of potential biocatalysts. Effective utilization of big data using machine learning techniques opens up a new era for accelerated predictions. Here, we review the approaches and applications of structure-based and machine-learning guided enzyme design. We also provide our view on the challenges and perspectives on effectively employing enzyme design approaches integrating traditional molecular simulations and machine learning, and the importance of database construction and algorithm development in attaining predictive ML models to explore the sequence fitness landscape for the design of admirable biocatalysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/cs/d4cs00196f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141578318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cui Ye, Heather Lukas, Minqiang Wang, Yerim Lee and Wei Gao
The rapid advancements in nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors for implantable and wearable applications have marked a significant leap forward in the domain of personal healthcare over the last decade. This technology promises to revolutionize personalized healthcare by facilitating the early diagnosis of diseases, monitoring of disease progression, and tailoring of individual treatment plans. This review navigates through the latest developments in this field, focusing on the strategies for nucleic acid sensing that enable real-time and continuous biomarker analysis directly in various biofluids, such as blood, interstitial fluid, sweat, and saliva. The review delves into various nucleic acid sensing strategies, emphasizing the innovative designs of biorecognition elements and signal transduction mechanisms that enable implantable and wearable applications. Special perspective is given to enhance nucleic acid-based sensor selectivity and sensitivity, which are crucial for the accurate detection of low-level biomarkers. The integration of such sensors into implantable and wearable platforms, including microneedle arrays and flexible electronic systems, actualizes their use in on-body devices for health monitoring. We also tackle the technical challenges encountered in the development of these sensors, such as ensuring long-term stability, managing the complexity of biofluid dynamics, and fulfilling the need for real-time, continuous, and reagentless detection. In conclusion, the review highlights the importance of these sensors in the future of medical engineering, offering insights into design considerations and future research directions to overcome existing limitations and fully realize the potential of nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors for healthcare applications.
{"title":"Nucleic acid-based wearable and implantable electrochemical sensors","authors":"Cui Ye, Heather Lukas, Minqiang Wang, Yerim Lee and Wei Gao","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00001C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00001C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The rapid advancements in nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors for implantable and wearable applications have marked a significant leap forward in the domain of personal healthcare over the last decade. This technology promises to revolutionize personalized healthcare by facilitating the early diagnosis of diseases, monitoring of disease progression, and tailoring of individual treatment plans. This review navigates through the latest developments in this field, focusing on the strategies for nucleic acid sensing that enable real-time and continuous biomarker analysis directly in various biofluids, such as blood, interstitial fluid, sweat, and saliva. The review delves into various nucleic acid sensing strategies, emphasizing the innovative designs of biorecognition elements and signal transduction mechanisms that enable implantable and wearable applications. Special perspective is given to enhance nucleic acid-based sensor selectivity and sensitivity, which are crucial for the accurate detection of low-level biomarkers. The integration of such sensors into implantable and wearable platforms, including microneedle arrays and flexible electronic systems, actualizes their use in on-body devices for health monitoring. We also tackle the technical challenges encountered in the development of these sensors, such as ensuring long-term stability, managing the complexity of biofluid dynamics, and fulfilling the need for real-time, continuous, and reagentless detection. In conclusion, the review highlights the importance of these sensors in the future of medical engineering, offering insights into design considerations and future research directions to overcome existing limitations and fully realize the potential of nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors for healthcare applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141562009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many organisms in nature thrive in intricate habitats through their unique bio-adhesive surfaces, facilitating tasks such as capturing prey and reproduction. It's important to note that the remarkable adhesion properties found in these natural biological surfaces primarily arise from their distinct micro- and nanostructures and/or chemical compositions. To create artificial surfaces with superior adhesion capabilities, researchers delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms of these captivating adhesion phenomena to draw inspiration. This article provides a systematic overview of various biological surfaces with different adhesion mechanisms, focusing on surface micro- and nanostructures and/or chemistry, offering design principles for their artificial counterparts. Here, the basic interactions and adhesion models of natural biological surfaces are introduced first. This will be followed by an exploration of research advancements in natural and artificial adhesive surfaces including both dry adhesive surfaces and wet/underwater adhesive surfaces, along with relevant adhesion characterization techniques. Special attention is paid to stimulus-responsive smart artificial adhesive surfaces with tunable adhesive properties. The goal is to spotlight recent advancements, identify common themes, and explore fundamental distinctions to pinpoint the present challenges and prospects in this field.
{"title":"Nature-inspired adhesive systems","authors":"Ming Li, Anran Mao, Qingwen Guan and Eduardo Saiz","doi":"10.1039/D3CS00764B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D3CS00764B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Many organisms in nature thrive in intricate habitats through their unique bio-adhesive surfaces, facilitating tasks such as capturing prey and reproduction. It's important to note that the remarkable adhesion properties found in these natural biological surfaces primarily arise from their distinct micro- and nanostructures and/or chemical compositions. To create artificial surfaces with superior adhesion capabilities, researchers delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms of these captivating adhesion phenomena to draw inspiration. This article provides a systematic overview of various biological surfaces with different adhesion mechanisms, focusing on surface micro- and nanostructures and/or chemistry, offering design principles for their artificial counterparts. Here, the basic interactions and adhesion models of natural biological surfaces are introduced first. This will be followed by an exploration of research advancements in natural and artificial adhesive surfaces including both dry adhesive surfaces and wet/underwater adhesive surfaces, along with relevant adhesion characterization techniques. Special attention is paid to stimulus-responsive smart artificial adhesive surfaces with tunable adhesive properties. The goal is to spotlight recent advancements, identify common themes, and explore fundamental distinctions to pinpoint the present challenges and prospects in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/cs/d3cs00764b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141562008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuan Kang, Yuqi Wang, Hao Zhang, Zhouyou Wang, Xiwang Zhang and Huanting Wang
The ongoing evolution of two-dimensional (2D) material-based membranes has prompted the realization of mass separations at the 1-nm scale due to their well-defined selective nano- and subnanochannels. Strategic membrane functionalization is further found to be key to augmenting channel accuracy and efficiency in distinguishing ions, gases and molecules within this range and is thus trending as a research focus in energy-, resource-, environment- and pharmaceutical-related applications. In this review, we present the fundamentals underpinning functionalized 2D membranes in various separations, elucidating the critical “method–interaction–property” relationship. Starting with an introduction to various functionalization strategies, we focus our discussion on functionalization-induced channel-species interactions and reveal how they shape the transport- and operation-related features of the membrane in different scenarios. We also highlight the limitations and challenges of current functionalized 2D membranes and outline the necessary breakthroughs needed to apply them as reliable and high-performance separation units across industries in the future.
{"title":"Functionalized 2D membranes for separations at the 1-nm scale","authors":"Yuan Kang, Yuqi Wang, Hao Zhang, Zhouyou Wang, Xiwang Zhang and Huanting Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00272E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00272E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The ongoing evolution of two-dimensional (2D) material-based membranes has prompted the realization of mass separations at the 1-nm scale due to their well-defined selective nano- and subnanochannels. Strategic membrane functionalization is further found to be key to augmenting channel accuracy and efficiency in distinguishing ions, gases and molecules within this range and is thus trending as a research focus in energy-, resource-, environment- and pharmaceutical-related applications. In this review, we present the fundamentals underpinning functionalized 2D membranes in various separations, elucidating the critical “method–interaction–property” relationship. Starting with an introduction to various functionalization strategies, we focus our discussion on functionalization-induced channel-species interactions and reveal how they shape the transport- and operation-related features of the membrane in different scenarios. We also highlight the limitations and challenges of current functionalized 2D membranes and outline the necessary breakthroughs needed to apply them as reliable and high-performance separation units across industries in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141562007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. M. Carceller, K. S. Arias, M. J. Climent, S. Iborra and A. Corma
The combination of chemo- and photocatalyses with biocatalysis, which couples the flexible reactivity of the photo- and chemocatalysts with the highly selective and environmentally friendly nature of enzymes in one-pot linear cascades, represents a powerful tool in organic synthesis. However, the combination of photo-, chemo- and biocatalysts in one-pot is challenging because the optimal operating conditions of the involved catalyst types may be rather different, and the different stabilities of catalysts and their mutual deactivation are additional problems often encountered in one-pot cascade processes. This review explores a large number of transformations and approaches adopted for combining enzymes and chemo- and photocatalytic processes in a successful way to achieve valuable chemicals and valorisation of biomass. Moreover, the strategies for solving incompatibility issues in chemo-enzymatic reactions are analysed, introducing recent examples of the application of non-conventional solvents, enzyme–metal hybrid catalysts, and spatial compartmentalization strategies to implement chemo-enzymatic cascade processes.
{"title":"One-pot chemo- and photo-enzymatic linear cascade processes","authors":"J. M. Carceller, K. S. Arias, M. J. Climent, S. Iborra and A. Corma","doi":"10.1039/D3CS00595J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D3CS00595J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The combination of chemo- and photocatalyses with biocatalysis, which couples the flexible reactivity of the photo- and chemocatalysts with the highly selective and environmentally friendly nature of enzymes in one-pot linear cascades, represents a powerful tool in organic synthesis. However, the combination of photo-, chemo- and biocatalysts in one-pot is challenging because the optimal operating conditions of the involved catalyst types may be rather different, and the different stabilities of catalysts and their mutual deactivation are additional problems often encountered in one-pot cascade processes. This review explores a large number of transformations and approaches adopted for combining enzymes and chemo- and photocatalytic processes in a successful way to achieve valuable chemicals and valorisation of biomass. Moreover, the strategies for solving incompatibility issues in chemo-enzymatic reactions are analysed, introducing recent examples of the application of non-conventional solvents, enzyme–metal hybrid catalysts, and spatial compartmentalization strategies to implement chemo-enzymatic cascade processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/cs/d3cs00595j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141532841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu-Jie Guo, Ruo-Xi Jin, Min Fan, Wen-Peng Wang, Sen Xin, Li-Jun Wan and Yu-Guo Guo
Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as an advanced electrochemical energy storage technology with potential to alleviate the dependence on lithium resources. Similar to Li-ion batteries, the cathode materials play a decisive role in the cost and energy output of SIBs. Among various cathode materials, Na layered transition-metal (TM) oxides have become an appealing choice owing to their facile synthesis, high Na storage capacity/voltage that are suitable for use in high-energy SIBs, and high adaptivity to the large-scale manufacture of Li layered oxide analogues. However, going from the lab to the market, the practical use of Na layered oxide cathodes is limited by the ambiguous understanding of the fundamental structure-performance correlation of cathode materials and lack of customized material design strategies to meet the diverse demands in practical storage applications. In this review, we attempt to clarify the fundamental misunderstandings by elaborating the correlations between the electron configuration of the critical capacity-contributing elements (e.g., TM cations and oxygen anion) in oxides and their influence on the Na (de)intercalation (electro)chemistry and storage properties of the cathode. Subsequently, we discuss the issues that hinder the practical use of layered oxide cathodes, their origins and the corresponding strategies to address their issues and accelerate the target-oriented research and development of cathode materials. Finally, we discuss several new Na layered cathode materials that show prospects for next-generation SIBs, including layered oxides with anion redox and high entropy and highlight the use of layered oxides as cathodes for solid-state SIBs with higher energy and safety. In summary, we aim to offer insights into the rational design of high-performance Na layered oxide cathode materials towards the practical realization of sustainable electrochemical energy storage at a low cost.
可充电钠离子电池(SIB)是一种先进的电化学储能技术,具有减轻对锂资源依赖的潜力。与锂离子电池类似,正极材料对 SIB 的成本和能量输出起着决定性作用。在各种阴极材料中,Na 层状过渡金属(TM)氧化物因其易于合成、适合用于高能量 SIB 的高 Na 储存容量/电压以及对大规模制造 Li 层状氧化物类似物的高度适应性而成为一种有吸引力的选择。然而,从实验室到市场,Na 层状氧化物阴极的实际应用受到了限制,因为人们对阴极材料的基本结构-性能相关性认识不清,而且缺乏定制的材料设计策略来满足实际存储应用中的各种需求。在本综述中,我们试图通过阐述氧化物中关键容量贡献元素(如 TM 阳离子和氧阴离子)的电子构型与它们对纳(脱)闰(电)化学和阴极存储特性的影响之间的相关性来澄清基本误解。随后,我们讨论了阻碍层状氧化物阴极实际应用的问题、这些问题的根源以及解决这些问题的相应策略,从而加快以目标为导向的阴极材料研发。最后,我们讨论了几种新型 Na 层状阴极材料,包括具有阴离子氧化还原和高熵的层状氧化物,这些材料显示了下一代 SIB 的发展前景,并强调了将层状氧化物作为阴极用于具有更高能量和安全性的固态 SIB 的可能性。总之,我们的目标是为高性能 Na 层状氧化物阴极材料的合理设计提供见解,以切实实现低成本的可持续电化学储能。
{"title":"Sodium layered oxide cathodes: properties, practicality and prospects","authors":"Yu-Jie Guo, Ruo-Xi Jin, Min Fan, Wen-Peng Wang, Sen Xin, Li-Jun Wan and Yu-Guo Guo","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00415A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00415A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as an advanced electrochemical energy storage technology with potential to alleviate the dependence on lithium resources. Similar to Li-ion batteries, the cathode materials play a decisive role in the cost and energy output of SIBs. Among various cathode materials, Na layered transition-metal (TM) oxides have become an appealing choice owing to their facile synthesis, high Na storage capacity/voltage that are suitable for use in high-energy SIBs, and high adaptivity to the large-scale manufacture of Li layered oxide analogues. However, going from the lab to the market, the practical use of Na layered oxide cathodes is limited by the ambiguous understanding of the fundamental structure-performance correlation of cathode materials and lack of customized material design strategies to meet the diverse demands in practical storage applications. In this review, we attempt to clarify the fundamental misunderstandings by elaborating the correlations between the electron configuration of the critical capacity-contributing elements (<em>e.g.</em>, TM cations and oxygen anion) in oxides and their influence on the Na (de)intercalation (electro)chemistry and storage properties of the cathode. Subsequently, we discuss the issues that hinder the practical use of layered oxide cathodes, their origins and the corresponding strategies to address their issues and accelerate the target-oriented research and development of cathode materials. Finally, we discuss several new Na layered cathode materials that show prospects for next-generation SIBs, including layered oxides with anion redox and high entropy and highlight the use of layered oxides as cathodes for solid-state SIBs with higher energy and safety. In summary, we aim to offer insights into the rational design of high-performance Na layered oxide cathode materials towards the practical realization of sustainable electrochemical energy storage at a low cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141496393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of Chemical Society Reviews’ reviewers for helping to preserve quality and integrity in chemical science literature. We would also like to highlight the Outstanding Reviewers for Chemical Society Reviews in 2023.
{"title":"Outstanding Reviewers for Chemical Society Reviews in 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1039/D4CS90046D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS90046D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of <em>Chemical Society Reviews</em>’ reviewers for helping to preserve quality and integrity in chemical science literature. We would also like to highlight the Outstanding Reviewers for <em>Chemical Society Reviews</em> in 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessica C. Hsu, Peng Liu, Yangmeihui Song, Wenyu Song, Rachel J. Saladin, Ying Peng, Shuo Hu, Xiaoli Lan and Weibo Cai
Nanomaterials exhibit significant potential for stimulating immune responses, offering both local and systemic modulation across a variety of diseases. The lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, are home to various immune cells, including monocytes and dendritic cells, which contribute to both the progression and prevention/treatment of diseases. Consequently, many nanomaterial formulations are being rationally designed to target these organs and engage with specific cell types, thereby inducing therapeutic and protective effects. In this review, we explore crucial cellular interactions and processes involved in immune regulation and highlight innovative nano-based immunomodulatory approaches. We outline essential considerations in nanomaterial design with an emphasis on their impact on biological interactions, targeting capabilities, and treatment efficacy. Through selected examples, we illustrate the strategic targeting of therapeutically active nanomaterials to lymphoid organs and the subsequent immunomodulation for infection resistance, inflammation suppression, self-antigen tolerance, and cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we address current challenges, discuss emerging topics, and share our outlook on future developments in the field.
{"title":"Lymphoid organ-targeted nanomaterials for immunomodulation of cancer, inflammation, and beyond","authors":"Jessica C. Hsu, Peng Liu, Yangmeihui Song, Wenyu Song, Rachel J. Saladin, Ying Peng, Shuo Hu, Xiaoli Lan and Weibo Cai","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00421C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00421C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nanomaterials exhibit significant potential for stimulating immune responses, offering both local and systemic modulation across a variety of diseases. The lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, are home to various immune cells, including monocytes and dendritic cells, which contribute to both the progression and prevention/treatment of diseases. Consequently, many nanomaterial formulations are being rationally designed to target these organs and engage with specific cell types, thereby inducing therapeutic and protective effects. In this review, we explore crucial cellular interactions and processes involved in immune regulation and highlight innovative nano-based immunomodulatory approaches. We outline essential considerations in nanomaterial design with an emphasis on their impact on biological interactions, targeting capabilities, and treatment efficacy. Through selected examples, we illustrate the strategic targeting of therapeutically active nanomaterials to lymphoid organs and the subsequent immunomodulation for infection resistance, inflammation suppression, self-antigen tolerance, and cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we address current challenges, discuss emerging topics, and share our outlook on future developments in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Ding, Sixing Xiong, Lulu Sun, Yiying Wang, Yinhua Zhou, Yaowen Li, Jun Peng, Kenjiro Fukuda, Takao Someya, Ruiyuan Liu and Xiaohong Zhang
High-quality transparent electrodes are indispensable components of flexible optoelectronic devices as they guarantee sufficient light transparency and electrical conductivity. Compared to commercial indium tin oxide, metal nanowires are considered ideal candidates as flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, solution treatability, and higher compatibility with semiconductors. However, certain key challenges associated with material preparation and device fabrication remain for the practical application of metal nanowire-based electrodes. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art solution-processed metal nanowire-based FTEs and their applications in flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Specifically, the important properties of FTEs and a cost-benefit analysis of existing technologies are introduced, followed by a summary of the synthesis strategy, key properties, and fabrication technologies of the nanowires. Subsequently, we explore the applications of metal-nanowire-based FTEs in different optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Finally, the current status, future challenges, and emerging strategies in this field are presented.
{"title":"Metal nanowire-based transparent electrode for flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices","authors":"Yu Ding, Sixing Xiong, Lulu Sun, Yiying Wang, Yinhua Zhou, Yaowen Li, Jun Peng, Kenjiro Fukuda, Takao Someya, Ruiyuan Liu and Xiaohong Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00080C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00080C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >High-quality transparent electrodes are indispensable components of flexible optoelectronic devices as they guarantee sufficient light transparency and electrical conductivity. Compared to commercial indium tin oxide, metal nanowires are considered ideal candidates as flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, solution treatability, and higher compatibility with semiconductors. However, certain key challenges associated with material preparation and device fabrication remain for the practical application of metal nanowire-based electrodes. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art solution-processed metal nanowire-based FTEs and their applications in flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Specifically, the important properties of FTEs and a cost-benefit analysis of existing technologies are introduced, followed by a summary of the synthesis strategy, key properties, and fabrication technologies of the nanowires. Subsequently, we explore the applications of metal-nanowire-based FTEs in different optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Finally, the current status, future challenges, and emerging strategies in this field are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141489481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of biomaterials such as cells or tissues can be used to obtain biochemical information from nanoscopic volumes in these heterogeneous samples. This tutorial review discusses the factors that determine the outcome of a SERS experiment in complex bioorganic samples. They are related to the SERS process itself, the possibility to selectively probe certain regions or constituents of a sample, and the retrieval of the vibrational information in order to identify molecules and their interaction. After introducing basic aspects of SERS experiments in the context of biocompatible environments, spectroscopy in typical microscopic settings is exemplified, including the possibilities to combine SERS with other linear and non-linear microscopic tools, and to exploit approaches that improve lateral and temporal resolution. In particular the great variation of data in a SERS experiment calls for robust data analysis tools. Approaches will be introduced that have been originally developed in the field of bioinformatics for the application to omics data and that show specific potential in the analysis of SERS data. They include the use of simulated data and machine learning tools that can yield chemical information beyond achieving spectral classification.
{"title":"SERS microscopy as a tool for comprehensive biochemical characterization in complex samples","authors":"Janina Kneipp, Stephan Seifert and Florian Gärber","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00460D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00460D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of biomaterials such as cells or tissues can be used to obtain biochemical information from nanoscopic volumes in these heterogeneous samples. This tutorial review discusses the factors that determine the outcome of a SERS experiment in complex bioorganic samples. They are related to the SERS process itself, the possibility to selectively probe certain regions or constituents of a sample, and the retrieval of the vibrational information in order to identify molecules and their interaction. After introducing basic aspects of SERS experiments in the context of biocompatible environments, spectroscopy in typical microscopic settings is exemplified, including the possibilities to combine SERS with other linear and non-linear microscopic tools, and to exploit approaches that improve lateral and temporal resolution. In particular the great variation of data in a SERS experiment calls for robust data analysis tools. Approaches will be introduced that have been originally developed in the field of bioinformatics for the application to omics data and that show specific potential in the analysis of SERS data. They include the use of simulated data and machine learning tools that can yield chemical information beyond achieving spectral classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/cs/d4cs00460d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}