中国疾病预防控制中心周报最新文献

Introduction: Domestic Sabin-strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) was approved for use in China in 2015 and introduced into the national immunization schedule in a sequential schedule with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in May 2016. However, a comprehensive analysis describing the characteristics, occurrences, and incidences of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with sIPV in China is lacking.

Methods: Data on sIPV doses administered and AEFI reported from 2015 to 2022 were obtained from the Chinese National Immunization Information System (CNIIS). Descriptive epidemiological methods and statistics were used to analyze and describe the characteristics, occurrences, and incidences of AEFI following sIPV in China from 2015 to 2022.

Results: From 2015 to 2022, over 110,000,000 sIPV doses were administered, and 46,748 sIPV AEFIs were reported, resulting in an AEFI reporting rate of 42.44/100,000. Most AEFIs (46,333, 99.11%) were non-serious. Causality assessment determined 46,061 (98.53%) AEFIs were vaccine product-related reactions, including 44,001 (94.12%) common and 2,060 (4.41%) rare vaccine reactions. Among common vaccine reactions, reporting rates for fever >38.5 °C, local redness and swelling ≥2.6 cm, and local induration ≥2.6 cm were 12.02/100,000, 5.13/100,000, and 1.67/100,000, respectively. Among rare vaccine reactions, reporting rates for anaphylactic rash, thrombocytopenic purpura, and febrile convulsion were 1.56/100,000, 0.09/100,000, and 0.03/100,000, respectively.

Conclusions: Most reported sIPV AEFIs were non-serious, and the reporting rate of rare vaccine reactions has been very low since sIPV was approved for use in China. As sIPV remains in use in China, surveillance of AEFIs associated with this vaccine needs to be maintained.

What is already known about this topic?: As one of the populations at high risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) require rapid and effective development of hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs).

What is added by this report?: The short-course, high-dose regimen of hepatitis B vaccination rapidly induced comparable immunological responses to the routine regimen, achieving a seroconversion rate of 88.5%, a high-response rate of 64.1%, and anti-HBs geometric mean concentrations of 824.1 mIU/mL.

What are the implications for public health practice?: The short-course, high-dose regimen represents an effective rapid immunization strategy for CKD patients, particularly when administered prior to immunosuppressive therapy. This study provides compelling evidence for optimizing immunization protocols in the CKD population.

What is already known about this topic?: Currently, there is no established scientific standard to guide disease control and prevention organizations in the selection of emergency response personnel. Given the growing risk of significant infectious disease outbreaks, it is imperative to develop an evaluation system for assessing emergency response capabilities.

What is added by this report?: Drawing from competency theory, this study developed an assessment framework for evaluating the emergency response capabilities of staff at disease control and prevention institutions focused on major infectious diseases. Utilizing the Delphi method, the framework comprises 4 first-level indicators: Knowledge base, Professional skills, Personal qualities, Personality and Motivation. Further, it includes 10 second-level and 46 third-level indicators. The reliability and validity of this evaluation system were examined through a questionnaire survey. The results show that the indicator system has good reliability, acceptable discriminant and convergent validity, and that competency can be evaluated scientifically.

What are the implications for public health practice?: The system provides an efficient tool for selecting and organizing emergency personnel for response tasks, thereby enhancing the CDC staff's capacity for emergency management.

What is already known about this topic?: China is rapidly encountering population aging, yet studies on aging are limited by the traditional aging measure: chronological age, particularly in the field of genomics. Several promising aging measures have been proposed, but they lack comparative evaluation.

What is added by this report?: PhenoAge was identified as a measure of aging that demonstrated greater applicability in contemporary populations. Based on this, several novel genetic variants were found to enhance the predictive accuracy of aging.

What are the implications for public health practice?: These findings might provide new insights into aging and facilitate the development of a practical screening program based on PhenoAge, which aims to promote healthy aging in China.

Introduction: This study describes and analyzes the distribution of fall cases documented in the National Injury Surveillance System (NISS) from 2019 to 2022.

Methods: Fall data from the NISS (2019-2022) were descriptively analyzed by gender and age.

Results: The NISS in China reported 2,324,577 fall cases from 2019 to 2022. Falls mostly happened at home (39.41%). Leisure activities (39.40%) were the most common cause of falls. Among these cases, 45.22% caused bruises, 31.57% lower limb injuries, while a substantial 73.41% constituted mild injuries. Age-related epidemiological patterns of falls revealed distinct trends. Among 0-9-year-olds, falls predominantly occurred at home (56.71%), with high head injury rates, particularly in infants (72.64%). Adolescents (10-19 years old) were prone to falls in school and school-related areas (37.12%) and during sports activities (27.37%). Elderly individuals (>60 years old) experienced higher fracture rates (36.84%) and an age-dependent increase in head injuries and severe harm.

Conclusions: Falls are the most prevalent injury category, exhibiting distinct characteristics across age groups. To address this, tailored public health strategies and interventions are essential, particularly for children, adolescents, and adults aged 60 years and older. Effective early prevention and intervention methods are paramount for these high-risk fall populations.

What is already known about this topic?: The Belt and Road Initiative promotes increased interactions among participating countries, which concurrently elevates the risk of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). Since TB infection can significantly contribute to the disease burden, it is crucial to delineate the epidemic status and identify the change trends in TB infection among the countries involved in the initiative.

What is added by this report?: TB infection was prevalent in 152 countries along the Belt and Road initiative. Most of these countries had an infection prevalence between 10% and 30%, among which were 9 countries (5.92%) with a prevalence below 10% and 8 countries (5.26%) with a reported prevalence of 40% and higher. From 2013 to 2021, a notable reduction in TB infection prevalence was observed in 149 countries (98.03%). In contrast, Sri Lanka and the Philippines exhibited an increasing trend, while no significant change was detected in Timor-Leste.

What are the implications for public health practice?: Addressing TB surveillance, prevention, and management, as well as collaboration among these countries, is a proposed key strategy for achieving the global end TB strategy.

What is already known about this topic?: Vaginitis is a prevalent and treatable gynecological condition in women that is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and elevated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk.

What is added by this report?: This study identifies elevated infection risks among women aged 35-54 years, those with three or more pregnancies, and individuals who smoke or consume alcohol, with notably higher prevalence rates in Hubei and Yunnan Provinces. The findings demonstrate that awareness of cervical cancer screening serves as a protective factor, while emphasizing screening's crucial role in early vaginitis detection.

What are the implications for public health practice?: Public health interventions should prioritize women aged 35-54 years, those with multiple pregnancies, and individuals engaging in high-risk behaviors. Enhancing cervical cancer screening awareness and accessibility is essential for improving early detection and management of vaginal infections, thereby reducing reproductive health disparities.

Introduction: The genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 subtypes significantly influences the effectiveness of diagnostic tools, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and vaccine development. This study aimed to assess the regional and national prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants in China between 2004 and 2023 using pol gene segment analysis.

Methods: We analyzed annual HIV/AIDS reports and pol gene segment sequences from all Chinese provinces between 2004 and 2023. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants across China and within its regions was estimated by multiplying the proportion of each subtype, circulating recombinant form (CRF), and unique recombinant form (URF) in each province by the corresponding number of reported HIV infections.

Results: Analysis of 94,476 pol gene segments from 31 provinces revealed that CRF01_AE strain accounted for 32.1% of HIV-1 infections during 2004-2023, while CRF07_BC lineage represented 39.1%. CRF08_BC strain contributed 9.2%, followed by subtype B (8.7%) and CRF55_01B (2.4%). Other CRFs collectively comprised 6.0% of infections, while URFs and other subtypes accounted for 1.3% and 1.1%, respectively.

Conclusions: The study revealed significant regional variations and temporal changes in the proportions of HIV-1 CRFs, subtypes, and URFs across China, emphasizing the importance of continued surveillance of strain distribution patterns.

Introduction: A novel recombinant antigen-based capture enzyme immunoassay (RAg-CEIA) was optimized and used to determine technical parameters for estimating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) incidence in China.

Methods: We employed orthogonal experimental design to optimize RAg-CEIA by adjusting raw material dilution ratios. The assay was used to measure normalized optical density (ODn) values in 171 longitudinal plasma specimens from 51 HIV-1 seroconverting individuals, plotted against estimated days post-seroconversion. We determined the optimal ODn threshold value for differentiating recent from long-term infections and calculated the mean duration of recent infection (MDRI) for incidence estimation. The false recent rate (FRR) was determined using 481 HIV-1 antibody-positive specimens with infection durations exceeding twice the MDRI.

Results: Optimal RAg-CEIA parameters were established with a raw material dilution ratio of 1/12 for calibrator preparation and an enzyme conjugate titer of 1:1200. ODn values demonstrated consistent temporal increases across HIV-1 seroconverting individuals, though with notable kinetic heterogeneity in individual responses. The optimal ODn threshold value of 0.8 for distinguishing recent from long-term infections corresponded to an MDRI of 205 days and an FRR of 4.78%.

Conclusions: The optimized RAg-CEIA effectively differentiates recent from long-term HIV-1 infections at the population level, enabling reliable HIV-1 incidence estimation in China.