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A New Composition of High Heat General Purpose Polystyrene (High Heat GPPS) Resin 一种新型高热通用聚苯乙烯(高热GPPS)树脂的合成
Pub Date : 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2021.04.555650
K. Basavaraju
A new composition of high heat general-purpose polystyrene (High heat GPPS) resin synthesis is discussed. The new composition of resin involves addition of cross-linker/comonomer in very low concentration during synthesis process. Commercially available vinyl cross-linkers like divinylbenzene (DVB), Ethylene dimethacrylate (EDM), Tricycle (5.2.1.02,6) decanedimethanol diacrylate (TDDDA), Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and vinyl comonomer like maleic anhydride, α-methylstyrene have been evaluated via bulk polymerization method. DVB showed enhancement in the heat distortion temperature (HDT), vicat softening temperature (VST) & melt flow index (MFI) compared to the benchmark grade of GPPS, whereas other mechanical and impact properties remained same or better than benchmark grade under identical methods of measurement.
讨论了一种新的高热通用聚苯乙烯树脂合成方法。在合成过程中加入极低浓度的交联剂/共聚单体,得到了新型树脂。用体聚合法对市售的乙烯基交联剂如二乙烯基苯(DVB)、二甲基丙烯酸乙烯(EDM)、三环(5.2.1.02,6)癸二甲醇二丙烯酸酯(TDDDA)、二环戊二烯(DCPD)和乙烯基共聚物如顺丁二酸酐、α-甲基苯乙烯进行了评价。与GPPS基准品级相比,DVB的热变形温度(HDT)、维卡软化温度(VST)和熔体流动指数(MFI)均有所提高,而在相同的测量方法下,其他机械和冲击性能保持不变或优于基准品级。
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引用次数: 0
Hexaferrite Based Flexible Polymeric Nanocomposites for Microwave Absorbing Applications 六铁体基微波吸收柔性高分子纳米复合材料
Pub Date : 2021-02-10 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2021.04.555647
A. Ansari
The flexible microwave absorbers are being considered as new generation materials which have wide applications in the local area network, wireless data communication, radar systems, satellite communication, satellite television, electronic devices and the heating systems, etc. A number of dielectric, magnetic, and magneto – dielectric materials are frequently used as microwave absorbers for various applications. The carbonaceous materials like carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphite and graphene and inorganic materials like metals, metal oxides, and conducting alloys are used to develop the dielectric microwave absorber because of their conducting loss property. The magnetic materials like magnetic metals and their compounds are used to produce magnetic microwave absorber due to their hysteresis loss property. The combined features of the dielectric and magnetic materials together assist in the preparation of magneto – dielectric microwave absorbers. The spinel ferrites are generally employed as magnetic components for the design of microwave absorbing materials. However, the spinel ferrite based microwave absorbers have usually been reported to work at frequencies below 1 GHz. A very high amount of spinel ferrites (~70 90 wt %) is required for the design of microwave absorber working above 1 GHz frequency (for example, X-band). However, such high content of spinel ferrites makes the absorbers as heavy in weight due to which their applications in the aerospace industry are constrained. Apart from the heavy weight, the spinel ferrite based microwave absorbers are also restricted in some practical applications due to their large thickness, narrower absorption bandwidths, and the brittleness property. In order to increase the applicability of ferrite based microwave absorbers, the hexagonal ferrites (M-type) appear to be better option due to their relatively high magnetic losses resulting into broadband and efficient microwave absorber for the higher frequency applications (X-band). To circumvent the brittleness of the ferrite/hexagonal ferrite based microwave absorbers and to make them flexible, the hexagonal ferrites can be dispersed into the thermoplast polymers or rubber like host materials.
柔性微波吸收材料是在局域网、无线数据通信、雷达系统、卫星通信、卫星电视、电子设备和供热系统等领域具有广泛应用前景的新一代材料。在各种应用中,许多介电、磁性和磁介电材料经常用作微波吸收剂。碳纤维、碳纳米管、石墨、石墨烯等碳质材料和金属、金属氧化物、导电合金等无机材料由于其导电损耗特性而被用于开发介电微波吸收材料。磁性金属及其化合物等磁性材料由于其磁滞损耗特性而被用于制造磁性微波吸收体。电介质和磁性材料的组合特性共同有助于磁介质微波吸收剂的制备。尖晶石铁氧体通常作为磁性元件用于吸波材料的设计。然而,尖晶石铁氧体基微波吸收器通常在低于1ghz的频率下工作。对于工作在1ghz以上频率(例如x波段)的微波吸收器的设计,需要大量的尖晶石铁氧体(~70 ~ 90wt %)。然而,如此高的尖晶石铁素体含量使得吸收体重量过重,限制了其在航空航天工业中的应用。尖晶石铁氧体基微波吸收材料除了重量大外,其厚度大、吸收带宽窄、脆性等缺点也限制了其在实际应用中的应用。为了提高铁氧体基微波吸收体的适用性,六方铁氧体(m型)由于其相对较高的磁损耗而成为更高频率(x波段)应用的宽带和高效微波吸收体,似乎是更好的选择。为了克服铁氧体/六方铁氧体基微波吸收体的脆性并使其具有柔性,可以将六方铁氧体分散到热塑性聚合物或橡胶类主体材料中。
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引用次数: 0
Polymeric Materials for the Development of Dual↓Working Gastroretentive Drug Delivery Systems. A Breakthrough Approach 用于开发双重工作胃保留性药物递送系统的聚合物材料。突破性的方法
Pub Date : 2021-02-04 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2021.04.555646
M. D. Paz, R. Grosso
Oral route is the most convenient and widely used method of drug administration, representing about 90% of all therapies used. It displays great advantages, such as being non-invasive, easy to administer (with the consequent high patient compliance) and cost-effective. However, serious drawbacks to conventional oral dosage forms are imposed by the gastrointestinal tract. Large fluctuations in drug bioavailability are found due to the influence of physiological factors such as variations in pH, high enzymatic activity and gastric emptying. This is the reason why frequent drug administrations are required to maintain the therapeutic plasma level of the drug. Gastroretentive Drug Delivery Systems (GRDDS) have emerged as an ideal approach to overcome these drawbacks. They are designed to prolong the gastric residence time (GRT) of the dosage forms in the stomach so that the time between dose administration is lengthened. Although their development has partially overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional dosage form, further work is needed on its shortcomings. The overall objective of this minireview is to highlight the opportunities from the development of dual-working polymeric materials, suitable for their use as GRDDS with improved GRT and capable of overcoming common drawbacks associated with conventional GRDDS. This could be achieved by a combination of properties such as buoyancy, swelling, porosity, and bioadhesion of the synthesized materials.
口服途径是最方便和广泛使用的给药方法,约占所有治疗方法的90%。它显示了巨大的优势,如非侵入性,易于管理(随之而来的高患者依从性)和成本效益。然而,传统口服剂型的严重缺陷是由胃肠道造成的。由于生理因素的影响,如pH值的变化、高酶活性和胃排空,药物的生物利用度会有很大的波动。这就是为什么需要频繁给药以维持药物的治疗血浆水平的原因。胃保留性药物递送系统(GRDDS)已成为克服这些缺点的理想方法。它们旨在延长剂型在胃中的胃停留时间(GRT),从而延长两次给药之间的时间。虽然它们的发展已经部分克服了与传统剂型相关的缺点,但其缺点还需要进一步的工作。这篇综述的总体目标是强调双工作聚合物材料的发展机遇,这些材料适合作为GRDDS和改进的GRT使用,并且能够克服传统GRDDS的常见缺点。这可以通过合成材料的浮力、膨胀性、孔隙性和生物粘附性等特性的组合来实现。
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引用次数: 1
Structural Engineering Perspective for a Novel Ion Exchange Membrane 一种新型离子交换膜的结构工程研究
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2021.05.555653
Jae-Man Jang
Most of the studies about ion exchange membrane (IEM) have been focused on the analysis of commercial IEM, material engineering on the tailor-made membrane, and system engineering related to the IEM applications. However, the structural engineering of IEM is quite effective to improve drastically IEM properties because the structure can affect the movement and hindrance of ion in the membrane body. It is worth taking this opportunity to recall the need for IEM structural studies. As one idea of structural engineering research, an IEM that simulates the concrete structure of a building can be very effective to overcome the limitation of conventional IEMs.
目前关于离子交换膜的研究主要集中在商业化离子交换膜的分析、定制膜的材料工程以及与离子交换膜应用相关的系统工程等方面。然而,由于结构可以影响离子在膜体内的运动和阻碍,因此,对薄膜进行结构工程可以有效地大幅度提高薄膜的性能。有必要借此机会回顾一下对电磁结构研究的必要性。作为结构工程研究的一种思路,模拟建筑混凝土结构的模拟模型可以非常有效地克服传统模拟模型的局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Ion Exchange Membrane for Reverse Electrodialysis 反电渗析用离子交换膜
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2021.05.555654
Jae-Man Jang
Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are used for exchanging or removing ions from the solutions so that they are fabricated by polymers rather than metals or ceramics. When metal is in contact with the solutions, some reaction or corrosion occurs, and ceramic is difficult to use in membrane form because it is brittle. Also, normal metals and ceramics do not have high ion-exchange properties so that polymers are used widely as a host material of the IEM. The conventional IEMs are either layered membrane consisted of ion exchange material and support layer, and thick bulk membrane. There are no critical problems to use them for water treatment, but they are not suitable for electrochemical application such as reverse electrodialysis (RED). RED is a method of making electricity by sequential ion transport through semi-permeable membranes and electrochemical reaction at the electrode part so that the IEMs need to be developed for getting the structure not to interfere with ion movement through the IEM body. In the RED system, the IEMs are involved in separating ions to create the chemical potential which makes a voltage in the electrochemical system. IEMs for RED has not yet been widely adopted, and most of them are the membrane for electrodialysis (ED). Therefore, we need to study engineering approaches to improve the IEM properties.
离子交换膜(IEMs)用于从溶液中交换或去除离子,使它们由聚合物而不是金属或陶瓷制成。当金属与溶液接触时,会发生一些反应或腐蚀,而陶瓷由于易碎而难以以膜形式使用。此外,普通金属和陶瓷不具有高离子交换性能,因此聚合物被广泛用作IEM的主体材料。传统的离子交换膜要么是由离子交换材料和支撑层组成的层状膜,要么是厚体膜。它们用于水处理没有关键问题,但不适用于反电渗析(RED)等电化学应用。RED是一种通过半透膜的连续离子传递和电极部分的电化学反应来发电的方法,因此需要开发出不干扰离子通过IEM体运动的结构。在RED系统中,iem参与分离离子以产生化学势,从而在电化学系统中形成电压。用于RED的IEMs尚未被广泛采用,大多数是用于电渗析(ED)的膜。因此,我们需要研究工程方法来改善电磁干扰的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Study on Melt Structure and Viscosity Properties of CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-FeO-Cr2O3 system CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-FeO-Cr2O3体系熔体结构及黏性研究
Pub Date : 2020-12-08 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2020.04.555644
Yajing Liu
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引用次数: 0
Experiment: Make Binding Forces Visible- Molecular Binding Forces, Recycling/Reuse, Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) 实验:使结合力可见-分子结合力,回收/再利用,生命周期工程(LCE)
Pub Date : 2020-08-26 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2020.04.555641
P. Eyerer
A very simple experiment shows students the difference between primary and secondary molecular binding forces. Use an empty plastic cup for milk, yoghurt or coffee and destroy it by pressing the cup together. You will watch cracks only longitudinal the cup. Try to break the cup horizontally you will fail. What you observe are the secondary binding forces between the molecules oriented along the length of the cup versus the primary binding forces perpendicular to the long side of cup.
一个非常简单的实验向学生展示了初级和次级分子结合力的区别。用一个空的塑料杯装牛奶、酸奶或咖啡,把杯子压在一起就可以了。你只会看到杯子上的裂缝。试着横向打碎杯子,你会失败的。你观察到的是沿着杯子长度方向的分子之间的次级结合力和垂直于杯子长边的初级结合力。
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引用次数: 0
Polymer Engineering - Developing or Improving Plastic Products- Are Plastics Boon or Bane? 聚合物工程-开发或改进塑料制品-塑料是福还是祸?
Pub Date : 2020-08-19 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2020.04.555639
P. Eyerer
Plastics have advantages and disadvantages in properties like every other material section i.e. wood, metals, aluminum, ceramics. A boon is the high flexibility with plastics to create each desired property for each single application. But this is exactly also the bane. The result are the 5 Billon tons of plastic worldwide everywhere on earth. The diversity of plastic solutions is enormous. This makes reuse of it almost impossible. Compared with no economic value of used plastic the significance for Consumers and companies is almost zero. We need a common strength to solve this problem. And we need true facts from scientists and experts to help consumers make the wright decision under technical, economical, ecological and social aspects. This is shown in detail using a plastic tote bag versus a fiber tote bag.
塑料在性能上有优点和缺点,就像其他材料一样,如木材、金属、铝、陶瓷。一个优点是塑料的高灵活性,可以为每种应用创造每种所需的性能。但这也恰恰是祸根。其结果是全球各地产生了50亿吨塑料。塑料解决方案的多样性是巨大的。这使得重用它几乎是不可能的。与没有经济价值的废旧塑料相比,它对消费者和企业的意义几乎为零。我们需要共同的力量来解决这个问题。我们需要科学家和专家的真实事实来帮助消费者在技术、经济、生态和社会方面做出正确的决定。这是使用塑料手提袋和纤维手提袋的详细对比。
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引用次数: 0
Research Progress of Semi-Aromatic Copolyamides: Structure-Property Relationship 半芳香族共聚物的研究进展:构效关系
Pub Date : 2020-08-10 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2020.04.555638
S. Yuan
Semi-aromatic copolyamides owing to both possessing the machinability of aliphatic polyamides and the high temperature resistance of aromatic polyamides, were widely used in automotive and electronic fields. To better summarizes the research on the structure-property relationship of semi-aromatic copolyamides, the review was carried out from three aspects: synthesis, structure characterization and structure-property relationship. The study of structure-property relationship can be applied to the modification process of semi-aromatic copolyamides, and it can shed light on the design and actual production process.
半芳香族共聚物由于具有脂肪族聚酰胺的可加工性和芳香族聚酰胺的耐高温性,在汽车和电子领域得到了广泛的应用。为了更好地总结半芳香族共聚物的构性关系研究,本文从合成、结构表征和构性关系三个方面进行了综述。研究结果可应用于半芳香族共聚物的改性工艺,对设计和实际生产工艺有一定的指导意义。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis of Chitosan-Co-Lactic Acid Nanoparticles and their Potential as a Carrier of Anticancer Drug 壳聚糖-共乳酸纳米颗粒的合成及其作为抗癌药物载体的潜力
Pub Date : 2020-06-11 DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2020.04.555631
A. Tiwari
This study aims to design some medicinally important biopolymer based Nano carriers. The study undertakes synthesis, characterization of Chitosan-co-lactic acid nanoparticles and optimization of swelling ratio. The Chitosan-co-lactic acid nanoparticles were prepared by the shaking of lactic acid emulsion in Chitosan solution by emulsion crosslinking method and characterised by transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis (size), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) (structural) and SEM (morphology). The particles were dispersed in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and the swelling response of these nanoparticles was studied as a function of chemical composition, pH and temperature of swelling medium. To determine the encapsulation efficiency, a centrifugation method was applied. Also, the assessment of biocompatibility has been made on the basis of two in-vitro test which are BSA adsorption test and haemolysis assay. Our result revealed that equilibrium swelling was influenced by the composition of nanoparticles and the swelling medium. These observations and assessment indicate that these nanoparticles have good capability for use in drug delivery and suitable for biomedical application.
本研究旨在设计一些具有重要医学意义的基于生物聚合物的纳米载体。研究了壳聚糖-共乳酸纳米颗粒的合成、表征及溶胀比的优化。采用乳液交联法在壳聚糖溶液中振荡乳酸乳液制备壳聚糖-共乳酸纳米颗粒,并通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析(粒径)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析(结构)和扫描电镜(形貌)对其进行表征。将纳米颗粒分散在磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)中,研究了这些纳米颗粒的溶胀响应与溶胀介质的化学成分、pH和温度的关系。采用离心法测定包封效率。并在体外进行了BSA吸附试验和溶血试验的基础上进行了生物相容性评价。结果表明,平衡膨胀受纳米颗粒组成和膨胀介质的影响。这些观察和评价表明,这些纳米颗粒具有良好的给药能力,适合生物医学应用。
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引用次数: 1
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Academic Journal of Polymer Science
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