Pub Date : 2018-10-09DOI: 10.19080/AJOP.2018.02.555577
M. Ioelovich
In this paper, solid fuels made of plant biomass were studied as an alternative to fossil coals. For this purpose, experimental and calculation methods were applied to determine the standard change of internal energy or specific energy of combustion enthalpies of combustion and for individaual components of plant biomass (lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, extractives, etc.), as well as of some additives of solid biofuels. The experiments were carried out using an oxygen bomb calorimeter, whereas calculations were performed by the equation: is number of atoms C, H and O, respectively, in molecule of organic substance or in repeat unit of polymer. Using the results obtained for individual components, the standard thermodynamic characteristics (TDC), o Y , of various biomasses and their based fuels were found according to additivity rule, as follows: is weight part of the component in the biofuel. The results revealed that calculated TDC the solid fuels were close to experimentally obtained characteristics. The obtained data evidence on adequacy of the additivity rule to evaluate the TDC of solid biofuels. It has been also found that fuel pellets consisting of plant biomass and additive of plastic binders are the most promising solid fuels, since they provide a higher value of thermal energy and increased energy density than the biomass only.
本文研究了以植物生物质为原料的固体燃料作为化石煤的替代品。为此，采用实验和计算方法来确定燃烧焓的内能或比能的标准变化，以及植物生物质的各个成分(木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、提取物等)，以及固体生物燃料的一些添加剂。实验是用氧弹量热计进行的，而计算是用以下公式进行的:在有机物质分子或聚合物重复单元中，分别是C、H和O原子的数目。利用得到的单个组分的结果，根据可加性规则得到了各种生物质及其基燃料的标准热力学特性(TDC) o Y，如下:是生物燃料中组分的重量部分。计算结果表明，固体燃料的上止点与实验结果接近。所得数据证明了可加性规则评价固体生物燃料TDC的充分性。研究还发现，由植物生物质和塑料粘合剂添加剂组成的燃料颗粒是最有前途的固体燃料，因为它们比仅生物质提供更高的热能值和更高的能量密度。
{"title":"Thermodynamics of Biomass-Based Solid Fuels","authors":"M. Ioelovich","doi":"10.19080/AJOP.2018.02.555577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/AJOP.2018.02.555577","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, solid fuels made of plant biomass were studied as an alternative to fossil coals. For this purpose, experimental and calculation methods were applied to determine the standard change of internal energy or specific energy of combustion enthalpies of combustion and for individaual components of plant biomass (lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, extractives, etc.), as well as of some additives of solid biofuels. The experiments were carried out using an oxygen bomb calorimeter, whereas calculations were performed by the equation: is number of atoms C, H and O, respectively, in molecule of organic substance or in repeat unit of polymer. Using the results obtained for individual components, the standard thermodynamic characteristics (TDC), o Y , of various biomasses and their based fuels were found according to additivity rule, as follows: is weight part of the component in the biofuel. The results revealed that calculated TDC the solid fuels were close to experimentally obtained characteristics. The obtained data evidence on adequacy of the additivity rule to evaluate the TDC of solid biofuels. It has been also found that fuel pellets consisting of plant biomass and additive of plastic binders are the most promising solid fuels, since they provide a higher value of thermal energy and increased energy density than the biomass only.","PeriodicalId":6991,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78098372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555575
Bhosale Pn
We have successfully developed arrested precipitation technique for synthesis of photoactive Cd(S 0.8 Se 0.2 ) thin film. Synthesized thin film were characterized for optical, structural, morphological and compositional analysis using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Xray Diffraction (XRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyzer techniques. Optical study shows linear nature of plot confirms direct allowed transition with optical band gap energy 2.13eV. Pure phase hexagonal nanocrystalline thin film formation confirmed through XRD pattern. FESEM micrographs indicate construction of void free and well-adherent twisted nest-like surface morphology containing tremendous grown flakes over substrate. Presence of Cd 2+ , S 2- and Se 2- elements confirmed by EDS spectrum. Finally, synthesized thin film show power conversion efficiency of 0.37 %.
我们成功地开发了一种合成光活性Cd(s0.8 Se 0.2)薄膜的阻滞沉淀技术。利用紫外-可见分光光度计、x射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)对合成薄膜进行了光学、结构、形态和成分表征。光学研究表明，图的线性性质证实了带隙能为2.13eV的直接允许跃迁。通过XRD谱图证实了纯相六方纳米晶薄膜的形成。FESEM显微照片显示，在衬底上形成了无空隙和附着良好的扭曲巢状表面形貌，其中含有大量生长的薄片。经能谱分析证实存在cd2 +、s2 -和se2 -元素。最后，合成薄膜的功率转换效率为0.37%。
{"title":"Synthesis of Photoactive Ternary Cadmium Sulfoselenide Thin Film via Cost-effective Chemical Technique for Solar Cell Application","authors":"Bhosale Pn","doi":"10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555575","url":null,"abstract":"We have successfully developed arrested precipitation technique for synthesis of photoactive Cd(S 0.8 Se 0.2 ) thin film. Synthesized thin film were characterized for optical, structural, morphological and compositional analysis using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Xray Diffraction (XRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyzer techniques. Optical study shows linear nature of plot confirms direct allowed transition with optical band gap energy 2.13eV. Pure phase hexagonal nanocrystalline thin film formation confirmed through XRD pattern. FESEM micrographs indicate construction of void free and well-adherent twisted nest-like surface morphology containing tremendous grown flakes over substrate. Presence of Cd 2+ , S 2- and Se 2- elements confirmed by EDS spectrum. Finally, synthesized thin film show power conversion efficiency of 0.37 %.","PeriodicalId":6991,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83977480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555574
Cook-Chennault Ka
Ferroelectric films have been of interest over the last 20 years because of the possibility of using them for non-volatile memory applications [1-3], MEMS [4-6], ultrasonic devices [4,7], battery separators [8-10], biomedical scaffolds [11] and energy harvesting devices where they are coupled with batteries [12]. The properties if piezoelectric films cannot be compared directly with those of bulk materials of the same composition because their processing and electrical properties differ. Previous work on the preparation of piezoelectric films includes RF planar magnetron sputtering [13,14], ion beam sputtering [15] or DC magnetron sputtering [16], where most recently, researchers have succeeded in fabricating films using various chemical methods of deposition such as; metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) [1719], chemical solution deposition [20,21], metalorganic decomposition (MOD) [22,23], and also pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [24-26]. The sol-gel method has the benefits of compositional control, reduced temperature processing of highly uniform, dense, crack-free films and low cost of fabrication [27,28]. These methods of processing ferroelectric films have been used with notable success to produce piezoelectric ceramic films comprised of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PbZrxTi1-xO3 also known as, PZT). PZT has a high dielectric constant, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties. The ideal properties of PZT have made its application to transducer, sensor and actuator devices ubiquitous. However, the poor mechanical strength of these devices has limited their life cycle and performance. Therefore, interest in polymer-ceramic [29-33] (and ceramicceramic [34,35]) composites has emerged as an area of interest because polymers are flexible, low cost, easily processed [36,37] and able to be polarized under the influence of an external electric field [38].
{"title":"Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of PZT-Epoxy Composite Thick Films","authors":"Cook-Chennault Ka","doi":"10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555574","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroelectric films have been of interest over the last 20 years because of the possibility of using them for non-volatile memory applications [1-3], MEMS [4-6], ultrasonic devices [4,7], battery separators [8-10], biomedical scaffolds [11] and energy harvesting devices where they are coupled with batteries [12]. The properties if piezoelectric films cannot be compared directly with those of bulk materials of the same composition because their processing and electrical properties differ. Previous work on the preparation of piezoelectric films includes RF planar magnetron sputtering [13,14], ion beam sputtering [15] or DC magnetron sputtering [16], where most recently, researchers have succeeded in fabricating films using various chemical methods of deposition such as; metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) [1719], chemical solution deposition [20,21], metalorganic decomposition (MOD) [22,23], and also pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [24-26]. The sol-gel method has the benefits of compositional control, reduced temperature processing of highly uniform, dense, crack-free films and low cost of fabrication [27,28]. These methods of processing ferroelectric films have been used with notable success to produce piezoelectric ceramic films comprised of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PbZrxTi1-xO3 also known as, PZT). PZT has a high dielectric constant, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties. The ideal properties of PZT have made its application to transducer, sensor and actuator devices ubiquitous. However, the poor mechanical strength of these devices has limited their life cycle and performance. Therefore, interest in polymer-ceramic [29-33] (and ceramicceramic [34,35]) composites has emerged as an area of interest because polymers are flexible, low cost, easily processed [36,37] and able to be polarized under the influence of an external electric field [38].","PeriodicalId":6991,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83179444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-03DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2018.01.555573
M. Bilal Khan
{"title":"Effects of Nanoparticles on Rheological Behavior of Polyacrylamide Related to Enhance Oil Recovery","authors":"M. Bilal Khan","doi":"10.19080/ajop.2018.01.555573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ajop.2018.01.555573","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6991,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79134474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-14DOI: 10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555571
M. R. Somalu
High temperature perovskite-type oxide conductive ceramics have attracted great attention worldwide due to the fact that these materials have a great potential to be used as electrolyte and cathode components in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). SOFC is currently deemed as one of the most promising future power generation devices due to its high energy conversion efficiency, less/zero pollutant emission and able to operate on various fuels. Two major concerns that limited the performance of the current developed SOFC systems are low electrolyte conductivity and high electrode polarization resistance [1,2]. Controlling and modifying the microstructural properties of the ceramics components of SOFC is a promising way to tackle the concerns and could be achieved by selecting suitable ceramics processing routes as they greatly affect the microstructure properties of the produced ceramics materials [3]. Traditionally, a Simple SolidState Reaction (SSR) method is used to prepare the perovskitetype oxide ceramics materials [4-7]. However, this method resulted in a poor microstructural property of the produced powders due to high temperature of treatment (> 1400 °C) and the produced powders are frequently contaminated [8,9]. Hence, Wet Chemical Methods (WCMs) are introduced to overcome the drawbacks of the SSR method. The WCMs are able to produce fine powders with high purity and good homogeneity at lower processing temperature than that of the SSR method [3,10]. One the most popular WCMs is a sol-gel method. The preparation of materials through this method is thoroughly discussed in the following section.
{"title":"Polymer-Based Approach in Ceramic Materials Processing for Energy Device Applications","authors":"M. R. Somalu","doi":"10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555571","url":null,"abstract":"High temperature perovskite-type oxide conductive ceramics have attracted great attention worldwide due to the fact that these materials have a great potential to be used as electrolyte and cathode components in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). SOFC is currently deemed as one of the most promising future power generation devices due to its high energy conversion efficiency, less/zero pollutant emission and able to operate on various fuels. Two major concerns that limited the performance of the current developed SOFC systems are low electrolyte conductivity and high electrode polarization resistance [1,2]. Controlling and modifying the microstructural properties of the ceramics components of SOFC is a promising way to tackle the concerns and could be achieved by selecting suitable ceramics processing routes as they greatly affect the microstructure properties of the produced ceramics materials [3]. Traditionally, a Simple SolidState Reaction (SSR) method is used to prepare the perovskitetype oxide ceramics materials [4-7]. However, this method resulted in a poor microstructural property of the produced powders due to high temperature of treatment (> 1400 °C) and the produced powders are frequently contaminated [8,9]. Hence, Wet Chemical Methods (WCMs) are introduced to overcome the drawbacks of the SSR method. The WCMs are able to produce fine powders with high purity and good homogeneity at lower processing temperature than that of the SSR method [3,10]. One the most popular WCMs is a sol-gel method. The preparation of materials through this method is thoroughly discussed in the following section.","PeriodicalId":6991,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87293053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-24DOI: 10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555570
Oisik Das
In an attempt to comprehend the outdoor application potential of biochar reinforced wood and polypropylene composites, their wettability properties were investigated. The localised water affinity was measured through drop shape analysis in a Goniometer whereas the comprehensive susceptibility towards water was done through a thickness swell test. The results indicate that the addition of 12wt% of wood waste ( Pinus radiata ) biochar to a wood and polypropylene composite had the highest resistance towards water among the three component composites. In general, the predilection towards water increased with an increase in the amount of biochar in the composites. It is recommended to produce the biochar with low pyrolysis temperature (yielding a more hydrophobic biochar) to develop composites with acceptable water opposing properties.
{"title":"Wettability Properties of Biochar Added Wood/Polypropylene Composites","authors":"Oisik Das","doi":"10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555570","url":null,"abstract":"In an attempt to comprehend the outdoor application potential of biochar reinforced wood and polypropylene composites, their wettability properties were investigated. The localised water affinity was measured through drop shape analysis in a Goniometer whereas the comprehensive susceptibility towards water was done through a thickness swell test. The results indicate that the addition of 12wt% of wood waste ( Pinus radiata ) biochar to a wood and polypropylene composite had the highest resistance towards water among the three component composites. In general, the predilection towards water increased with an increase in the amount of biochar in the composites. It is recommended to produce the biochar with low pyrolysis temperature (yielding a more hydrophobic biochar) to develop composites with acceptable water opposing properties.","PeriodicalId":6991,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89363072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-14DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2018.01.555569
Schneider El
higher volume, proving that the cooling time is directly linked to the EVA expansion rate.
证明冷却时间与EVA膨胀率直接相关。
{"title":"Analysis of Non-Uniform Expansion Behavior of Injected EVA","authors":"Schneider El","doi":"10.19080/ajop.2018.01.555569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ajop.2018.01.555569","url":null,"abstract":"higher volume, proving that the cooling time is directly linked to the EVA expansion rate.","PeriodicalId":6991,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80368085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-03DOI: 10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555567
Shaulov A Yu
{"title":"Inorganic and Hybrid Polymers as Evolution of Polymer Materials Science","authors":"Shaulov A Yu","doi":"10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/AJOP.2018.01.555567","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6991,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79823685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-03DOI: 10.19080/ajop.2018.01.555568
A. Ansarifar
This one page article is an opinion on the sulfur vulcanization of rubber. It states that combining zinc oxide with a sulfenamide accelerator into one composite powder provides a more efficient method of curing rubber with sulfur, reducing the total curatives requirement by 77wt%.
{"title":"A Review of Sulfur Vulcanization of Rubber","authors":"A. Ansarifar","doi":"10.19080/ajop.2018.01.555568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/ajop.2018.01.555568","url":null,"abstract":"This one page article is an opinion on the sulfur vulcanization of rubber. It states that combining zinc oxide with a sulfenamide accelerator into one composite powder provides a more efficient method of curing rubber with sulfur, reducing the total curatives requirement by 77wt%.","PeriodicalId":6991,"journal":{"name":"Academic Journal of Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77745553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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