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Comparative Life Table Demography and Population Growth of Brachionus macracanthus DADAY, 1905 and Platyias quadricornis EHRENBERG, 1832 (Rotifera, Brachionidae) in Relation to Algal (Chlorella vulgaris) Food Density macacanthus DADAY, 1905和Platyias quadricornis EHRENBERG, 1832(轮尾目,腕足目)与藻类(小球藻)食物密度的比较生命表人口统计学和种群增长
Pub Date : 2002-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200211)30:2/3<128::AID-AHEH128>3.0.CO;2-W
S. S. S. Sarma, S. Nandini
We tested the effect of five different concentrations (0.25 · 106, 0.5 · 106, 1.0 · 106, 2.0 · 106 and 4 · 106 cells mL—1) of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris on the life table demography and population growth of two rotifers (Brachionus macracanthus and Platyias quadricornis). Based on the data from life table studies, we calculated selected survivorship and reproduction variables (age-specific survivorship, life expectancy and stable age distribution, gross reproductive rate, net reproductive rate, generation time and the rate of population increase). In general, both the rotifer species had nearly the same response with increasing food levels as regards the survivorship variables but differed in their reproductive variables. Age-specific survivorship curves were broadly rectangular at lower or intermediate food levels for B. macracanthus while these curves were steep for P. quadricornis. At lower food levels both the rotifer species showed a nearly normal distribution pattern of neonate production. With increasing food levels, both rotifer species showed reduced offspring production. The maximum offspring production was 2.5 ind. female—1 d—1 for B. macracanthus, comparable to P. quadricornis. At the lowest algal food density, the generation time of both the rotifer species was different ((7.12 ± 0.14) d vs (9.87 ± 0.18) d for B. macracanthus vs P. quadricornis, respectively), while at the highest Chlorella level, this was nearly the same. B. macracanthus had higher gross and net reproductive rates than P. quadricornis at any tested food level. The rate of population increase was higher (0.42 to 0.52 d—1) for B. macracanthus than P. quadricornis (0.17 to 0.28 d—1) atany Chlorella level. Statistical analysis of the selected life history variables revealed significant (p 0.05). Data on the population growth of B. macracanthus and P. quadricornis in relation to the five algal densities have also been presented. In general at any given Chlorella level, both B. macracanthus and P. quadricornis showed increased population abundance with increasing food availability. However, B. macracanthus had lower population abundance than P. quadricornis. The lowest peak population density recorded for B. macracanthus was 4.3 ± 0.08 ind mL—1 at 0.25 · 106 cells mL—1, while the highest values (117.3 ± 2.4 ind mL—1) were for P. quadricornis at 4 · 106 cells mL—1. The rate of population increase per day increased with food level for both the rotifer species. However, at any given food level, B. macracanthus had lower growth rates than P. quadricornis. The growth rates ranged from (0.059 ± 0.001) d—1 to (0.11 ± 0.001) d—1 for B. macracanthus and (0.14 ± 0.005) d—1 to (0.21 ± 0.002) d—1 for P. quadricornis. The observed differences in the life history variables of both the rotifer species in relation to food level have been interpreted in terms of species-specific adaptations, based on a combination of life table demography and population growth parameters. Ve
研究了5种不同浓度(0.25·106、0.5·106、1.0·106、2.0·106和4·106 cells mL-1)的绿藻小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)对两种轮虫(macacanbrachionus和Platyias quadricornis)的生命表人口统计学和种群增长的影响。根据生命表研究的数据,我们计算了选择的生存和繁殖变量(年龄特异性生存、预期寿命和稳定年龄分布、总繁殖率、净繁殖率、世代时间和人口增长率)。总的来说,两种轮虫在生存变量上对食物水平的响应几乎相同,但在繁殖变量上存在差异。在低或中等食物水平下,macmacanthus的年龄特异性生存曲线呈宽矩形,而quadricornis的年龄特异性生存曲线呈陡峭曲线。在较低的食物水平下,两种轮虫的产仔量几乎呈正态分布。随着食物水平的增加,两种轮虫的后代产量都有所下降。macacanthus的最大子代产量为2.5个雌性- 1个d-1,与quadricornis相当。在最低藻类食物密度下,两种轮虫的世代时间不同(macacanthus B. vs . quadricornis分别为(7.12±0.14)d和(9.87±0.18)d),而在最高小球藻食物密度下,这两种轮虫的世代时间几乎相同。在任何测试食物水平下,macmacanthus的总繁殖率和净繁殖率都高于P. quadricornis。在任何小球藻水平下,大孔小球藻的种群增殖率(0.42 ~ 0.52 d-1)均高于四角小球藻(0.17 ~ 0.28 d-1)。选择的生活史变量的统计分析显示显著(p 0.05)。此外,还报道了五种藻类密度对大菱鲆和圆角鲆种群增长的影响。总体而言,在任意小球藻水平上,随着食物供应的增加,macmacanthus小球藻和quadricornis小球藻的种群丰度均呈增加趋势。但其种群丰度低于四角蚁。最小种群密度峰值为4.3±0.08 ind mL-1,为0.25·106个细胞/ mL-1;最大种群密度峰值为117.3±2.4 ind mL-1,为4·106个细胞/ mL-1。两种轮虫的日种群增长率均随食物摄取量的增加而增加。然而,在任何食物水平下,macmacanthus的生长率都低于P. quadricornis。长角蚁的生长速率为(0.059±0.001)d-1 ~(0.11±0.001)d-1,圆角蚁的生长速率为(0.14±0.005)d-1 ~(0.21±0.002)d-1。观察到的两种轮虫物种的生活史变量在食物水平方面的差异,已根据生命表人口统计学和种群增长参数的组合,从物种特异性适应的角度进行了解释。湖北小球藻(Rotifera, quadricornis EHRENBERG, 1832)的分布与分布(0.25·106,0.5·106,1.0·106,2.0·106;[4] [106] [Zellen mL-1] .普通小球藻的分布与人口统计学和种群学研究。长尾轮虫、长尾臂轮虫和四角桔梗。]Auf Basis der Lebenstafeln werden ausgewahlte Parameter zu Uberleben und forpflanzung berechnet (altersspezifische Uberlebensrate, Lebenserwartung and stable altersverilung, Raten der Brutto- and nettoproduction, generations szeit and Rate des Populationswachstums)。in allgemeinen zeigen beide Arten fast die gleiche reaction auf die zunehmende futerkonconcentration hinsichtlich der Uberlebens-Parameter, aber terschedliche Reaktionen hinsichtlich der Parameter zur reproduction。Alterspezifische Uberlebenskurven sind in unteren and mittlen Bereich der futerdichte for B. macacanthus nahezu rech闪光,for P. quadricoris steiler。在正常生产条件下,对模具生产的新技术和新工艺进行了研究。[2]北京工业大学,德国,德国,德国,德国,德国,德国。两代间的futterkonconcentration分别为(7.12±0.14)d、(9.87±0.18)d、(4.97±0.04)d。(4.94±0.17)d.布鲁托和网络生产的研究结果表明,长角棘球蚴和四角棘球蚴均有明显差异。不同种群的死亡率分别为0.42 ~ 0.52 d-1和0.17 ~ 0.28 d-1。模具统计分析ausgewahlter Parameter der Lebensgeschichte ergab einen显著影响(p < 0.05)。
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引用次数: 33
Investigation on the behaviour of iron, manganese, and phosphate at the sediment/water interface influenced by an electric field 电场影响下铁、锰和磷酸盐在沉积物/水界面上的行为研究
Pub Date : 2002-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200211)30:2/3<75::AID-AHEH75>3.0.CO;2-O
C. Wolf, R. Fischer, R. Köster, P. Weidler
This study presents laboratory experiments for the development of a new, innovative technology for the fixation of iron, manganese, and phosphate in sediments of stagnant waters. The method is intended for the use in lakes and reservoirs, in which high concentrations of iron and manganese in the hypolimnion lead e. g. to a limitation of utilization of raw water for the drinking water production. High phosphate contents released from the sediment can cause eutrophication. Due to the positioning of an electrode system at the sediment/water interface, a pH and redox barrier is established through electrochemical initiated reactions for the immobilization of iron, manganese, and phosphate. This reaction mechanisms are studied and discussed in a laboratory scale, based on investigations of the sediment, the pore and the overlying water. It is shown that in the process of the electrochemical polarization first iron and manganese are mobilized from the sediment through anodic proton formation. The dissolved species migrate in the electric field to the sediment/water interface with simultaneous oxidation through anodically produced oxygen (redox-barrier) and are hydrolyzed there. They are accumulated in the pH-barrier as hydroxides/oxyhydroxides/ oxides. Cathodically produced hydroxide ions, which migrate into the opposite direction, form a pH-barrier and prevent the migration of the dissolved iron and manganese ions into the overlying water. Eventually, these reaction processes will generate the accumulation of iron and manganese in sediment layer direct over the anode. After remediation of the sediment for a period of 3 years it was possible to demonstrate the transformation of amorphous ferric hydroxide phases (Fe(OH)3)to crystalline goethite (α-FeOOH) as well as hematite (α-Fe2O3). Parallel to the iron and manganese oxidation or precipitation respectively, phosphate from the interstitial, from the water, and from the layer close to the sediment is chemically bound to the iron or aluminium phases. Untersuchungen zum Verhalten von Eisen, Mangan und Phosphat an der Phasengrenzflache Sediment/Wasser unter dem Einfluss eines elektrischen Feldes Im Beitrag werden Laborstudien zur Entwicklung eines neuen, innovativen Verfahrens der Fixierung von Eisen, Mangan und Phosphat im Sediment stehender Gewasser vorgestellt. Die Technologie ist fur den Einsatz in Gewassern vorgesehen, in denen hohe Eisen- und Mangankonzentrationen im Hypolimnion zu Nutzungseinschrankungen z. B. bei der Trinkwassergewinnung fuhren oder in denen Eutrophierungserscheinungen infolge erhohter Phosphatrucklosungen aus dem Sediment auftreten konnen. Durch die Positionierung eines Elektrodensystems an der Phasengrenze Sediment/Wasser wird infolge elektrochemisch initiierter Reaktionen eine Redox- und pH-Barriere zur Immobilisierung von Eisen, Mangan und Phosphat aufgebaut. Im Labormasstab werden diese Reaktionsmechanismen anhand von Untersuchu
本研究为开发一种新的、创新的技术来固定死水沉积物中的铁、锰和磷酸盐提供了实验室实验。该方法适用于湖泊和水库,其中低铁离子中的高浓度铁和锰导致原水用于饮用水生产的利用受到限制。从沉积物中释放的高磷酸盐含量会引起富营养化。由于电极系统位于沉积物/水界面,通过电化学引发反应建立pH和氧化还原屏障,以固定铁,锰和磷酸盐。基于对沉积物、孔隙和上覆水的研究,在实验室尺度上对这种反应机制进行了研究和讨论。结果表明,在电化学极化过程中,铁和锰首先通过阳极质子的形成从沉积物中被动员起来。溶解的物质在电场中迁移到沉积物/水界面,同时通过阳极产生的氧(氧化还原屏障)氧化,并在那里水解。它们以氢氧化物/氧氢氧化物/氧化物的形式积聚在ph屏障中。阴极产生的氢氧化物离子向相反方向迁移,形成ph屏障,阻止溶解的铁和锰离子迁移到上覆的水中。最终,这些反应过程将产生铁和锰的沉积层直接在阳极。经过3年的沉积物修复,可以证明无定形氢氧化铁相(Fe(OH)3)转变为结晶针铁矿(α-FeOOH)和赤铁矿(α-Fe2O3)。与铁和锰的氧化或沉淀平行,来自间隙、来自水和来自靠近沉积物的层的磷酸盐被化学地结合到铁或铝相上。在德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里,德国的实验室里。Die technologiist for den Einsatz in Gewassern vorgesen, in denen hoen enen - and mangankonizationen in hypolion zu Nutzungseinschrankungen . B. beder der Trinkwassergewinnung fugen . der der Trinkwassergewinnung fugen . der der Trinkwassergewinnung在denen富营养化(eu营养化)gesheungserscheinungen涉及erhphosphatrucklosungen和dem Sediment autretenen。电化学系统和相控沉积/沉积风涉及电化学引发剂,反应,氧化还原和ph -势垒,固定化,锰和磷酸盐等。在实验室中,微生物反应机制与沉积、间质和微生物反应机制的研究。他的风的重量,在Verlauf的电化学,极化zunachst, durch和阳极氧化gebildete,质子Eisen和Mangan在沉积物的流动。氧化障碍(Redoxbarriere)和氧化障碍(Phasengrenze, werden door hydrolysiert and in der pH-Barriere)也是氢氧/氧化/氧化障碍(hydrogen /Oxidhydrate/Oxide festelegt)。Kathodisch erzegete Hydroxidionen, die in entgegengesetzrichtung migrieren, bilden and der Phasengrenze eine pH-Barriere gegen die Diffusion der gelosten Eisen- and manganspeies in den freien Wasserkorper。在阳极环境下,观察沉积层的沉积特征。nacheiner dreijahrigen Behandlung des沉淀物konte die Transformation der zunachst amorphen Eisenhydroxidphase Fe(OH)3 zu crystalline strkturen, wie Goethit (α-FeOOH) and hamatiit (α-Fe2O3), nachgewiesen werden。平行氧化锆和锰。-风磷落在沉积物下的间隙区,在水草保护区和艾森- bzw。铝相化学反应。
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引用次数: 4
Reduction of matrix-effects in pesticide analysis with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITD-MS) by clean-up processes 净化过程减少气相色谱-离子阱质谱(GC/ITD-MS)农药分析中的基质效应
Pub Date : 2002-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200211)30:2/3<108::AID-AHEH108>3.0.CO;2-3
F. Mourabit, A. Deger, T. Gremm, A. Ouassini, F. Frimmel
In this work analytical determination of some pesticides frequently used in Morocco and Turkey was carried out with solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITD-MS). Because of coextracts from the SPE material and/or water sample, recovery values beyond 100 % for some of the selected analytes were observed. This enhanced signal intensity was explained by an enhanced ionisation that is introduced by coeluting sample matrix. A clean-up method using florisil was tested for the removal of matrix substances. The removal of coextracts in the sample after forisil clean-up was proved by a standard addition method. Probenaufbereitungsschritte zur Verminderung von Matrixeffekten bei der Pestizidanalytik mittels Gaschromatographie-Ion-Trap-Massenspektrometrie (GC/ITD-MS) In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die analytische Bestimmung einiger in Marokko und der Turkei haufig verwendeter Pestizide mittels Gaschromatographie-Ion-Trap-Massenspektrometrie (GC/ITD-MS) nach vorhergehender Festphasenextraktion (SPE) vorgenommen. Aufgrund von Co-Extrakten aus dem Festphasenmaterial und/oder der Wasserprobe wurde fur einige der Analyten eine Wiederfindung von uber 100 % beobachtet. Die verstarkte Signalintensitat wird auf die zusatzliche Ionisierung co-eluierender Matrixbestandteile zuruckgefuhrt. Durch einen Vorreinigungsschritt mit Florisil liesen sich die Matrixbestandteile entfernen, was mit Hilfe der Standardadditionsmethode gezeigt wurde.
本文采用固相萃取(SPE)和气相色谱-离子阱质谱(GC/ITD-MS)联用技术对摩洛哥和土耳其常用农药进行了分析测定。由于SPE材料和/或水样的共萃取物,观察到某些选定分析物的回收率超过100%。这种增强的信号强度可以用coelating样品矩阵引入的增强电离来解释。用florisil对基质物质的清除进行了试验。用标准添加法证明了forisil清洗后样品中共提取物的去除效果。气相色谱-离子阱-质谱法(GC/ITD-MS)测定了Marokko和Turkei地区的农药含量。气相色谱-离子阱-质谱法(GC/ITD-MS)测定了农药含量。Aufgrund von Co-Extrakten, as dem festival phasenmaterial and / der der der Wasserprobe wurde de enige der analytenine Wiederfindung von u100% bebacachet。(1)信号强度分析(1)信号强度分析(2)信号强度分析(3)信号强度分析(3)信号强度分析荷兰的verinen Vorreinigungsschritt mit Florisil的liesen,即die Matrixbestandteile entfenen,是mit的Hilfe der standardardadditionsmethod gezeteile wurde。
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引用次数: 8
Reduction of tributyltin (TBT) and other organic pollutants of concern in contaminated sediments by means of an electrochemical oxidation 用电化学氧化法还原污染沉积物中的三丁基锡(TBT)和其他关注的有机污染物
Pub Date : 2002-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200211)30:2/3<87::AID-AHEH87>3.0.CO;2-A
H. Stichnothe, A. Keller, J. Thöming, Nina Lohmann, W. Calmano
In contaminated sediments butyltin compounds and PAH can be diminished by means of an electrochemical treatment. The butyltin concentrations of the fine fraction (particle size <20 pm) of a mechanical separation unit were reduced from 350 pg/kg to < 10 μg/kg for tetrabutyltin (TeBT), from 2600 μg/kg to <30 μg/kg for tributyltin (TBT), 380 pg/kg to <100 pg/kg for dibutyltin (DBT), and from 570 pg/kg to <100 μg/kg for monobutyltin (MBT), respectively. Furthermore the sum of PAH concentrations for 16 PAH descended approximately 90% during a residence time in the electrolysis cell of 3 h, while in contrast PCB concentrations remained the same before and after the treatment. Apparently, the presence of PCB limited the application of this process, if the initial concentration exceeded guideline values for relocation. Further investigations have to be undertaken to clarify this point. Nevertheless the promising results obtained from a technical treatment unit have led to the construction of a pilot plant, which is installed in Bremen and operating since the beginning of 2002.
在污染的沉积物中,丁基锡化合物和多环芳烃可以通过电化学处理来减少。四丁基锡(TeBT)、三丁基锡(TBT)、二丁基锡(DBT)和一丁基锡(MBT)的细粒丁基锡浓度分别从350 pg/kg降至<10 μg/kg、从2600 μg/kg降至<30 μg/kg、从380 pg/kg降至<100 pg/kg、从570 pg/kg降至<100 μ kg。此外,在电解池中停留3小时后,16种多环芳烃的多环芳烃浓度总和下降了约90%,而相比之下,PCB浓度在处理前后保持不变。显然,如果初始浓度超过重新安置的指标值,PCB的存在限制了该工艺的应用。必须进行进一步的调查以澄清这一点。尽管如此,从一个技术处理装置获得的有希望的结果已经导致了一个试验工厂的建设,该工厂安装在不来梅,并自2002年初开始运行。
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引用次数: 14
Photochemical Degradation of Organic Carbon in Acidic Mining Lakes 酸性采矿湖泊中有机碳的光化学降解研究
Pub Date : 2002-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200211)30:2/3<141::AID-AHEH141>3.0.CO;2-F
K. Friese, P. Herzsprung, B. Witter
The investigated coal mining lakes of the Lusatian lignite mining district and the mid-German lignite district are geogenically acidified caused by pyrite and marcasite oxidation. All lakes are characterized by high ionic strength and extremely high concentrations of dissolved ferric iron. In oxic water layers, up to 10% of total iron is present as Fe(II). Mean concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are extremely low in the investigated Lusa-tian lakes (<0.1 mmol/L). During summer months, DOC concentrations below the detection limit were observed in epilimnetic layers accompanied by increased concentrations of ferrous iron. It is suggested that photochemical reactions are responsible for depletion of DOC and formation of ferrous iron as it has been described for acidic soft-water lakes. The coupling of DOC degradation and ferrous iron production was verified with sunlight exposure experiments. Samples of acidic mining lakes were irradiated in quartz glass vessels. Up to 50% of DOC was transformed to CO2 after 300 min of irradiation with natural sunlight, and the light-induced production of Fe(II) was up to 450% (compared to 100% Fe(II) concentration before irradiation). As a consequence of acidification and photochemical reactions, the carbon budget of investigated mining lakes is kept low because organic carbon is finally oxidized to carbon dioxide which leaves epilimnetic water layers as a gas. Photochemischer Abbau von organisch gebundenem Kohlenstoff in sauren Bergbaurestseen Die untersuchten Bergbauseen der Braunkohlenabbaugebiete des Lausitzer Braunkohlenreviers und des mitteldeutschen Braunkohlenreviers sind durch Pyrit- und Markasitoxidation geogen versauert. Alle Seen sind durch hohe Ionenstarken und extrem hohe Konzentrationen an gelostem Eisen(III) charakterisiert. In oxischen Wasserschichten liegen bis zu 10% des Gesamteisens als Eisen(II) vor. Die Konzentrationen von gelostem organischen Kohlenstoff (DOC) sind in den untersuchten Seen der Lausitz meist extrem niedrig (< 0.1 mmol/L). Wahrend der Sommermonate liegen die DOC-Konzentrationen im Epilimnion unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze und werden von ansteigenden Konzentrationen an Eisen(II) begleitet. Es ist zu vermuten, dass photochemische Reaktionen, wie sie fur saure Weichwasserseen beschrieben wurden, fur diese Verarmung an DOC und die Bildung von Eisen(II) verantwortlich sind. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem DOC-Abbau und der Eisen(II)-Bildung wurde mit Sonnenlicht-Experimenten bestatigt. Proben aus sauren Bergbauseen wurden in Quarzglasgefasen bestrahlt. Bis zu 50% des DOC wurde nach 300 Minuten Bestrahlung mit naturlichem Sonnenlicht zu CO2 transformiert und die Lichtinduzierte Bildung von Eisen(II) machte bis zu 450% aus (bezogen auf 100% Eisen(II)-Konzentration vor der Bestrahlung). Als Konsequenz der Versauerung und der photochemischen Reaktionen bleibt das Kohlenstoffbudget der untersuchten Bergbauseen niedrig, da der organische Kohlenstoff l
所调查的芦田褐煤矿区和德中褐煤矿区的煤矿湖是由黄铁矿和马氏铁矿氧化引起的地质酸化。所有湖泊的特点是高离子强度和极高浓度的溶解铁。在含氧水层中,高达10%的总铁以Fe(II)的形式存在。芦芦田湖泊溶解有机碳(DOC)平均浓度极低(<0.1 mmol/L)。夏季,表层沉积物中DOC浓度低于检出限,同时亚铁浓度升高。我们认为光化学反应是造成酸性软水湖泊中DOC耗竭和亚铁形成的原因。通过光照实验验证了DOC降解与亚铁生产的耦合性。酸性矿湖样品在石英玻璃容器中辐照。在自然光照射300分钟后,高达50%的DOC转化为CO2,光诱导铁(II)的产量高达450%(与照射前100%的铁(II)浓度相比)。由于酸化和光化学反应,被调查的采矿湖的碳收支保持在较低水平,因为有机碳最终被氧化为二氧化碳,并以气体的形式离开地表水层。光化学学家Abbau von orgbundenem Kohlenstoff在sauren bergbaustest上看到了Die untersuten bergbausen der Braunkohlenreviers和des mitteldeutschen Braunkohlenreviers和durch pyrnd markasit氧化geogen versauert。研究结果表明:①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①①)。In oxischen Wasserschichten liegen is zu 10% des Gesamteisens als Eisen(II) vor。Die Konzentrationen von gelostem organischen Kohlenstoff (DOC) sind in den untersuten Seen der lauusitz meist极值niedrig (< 0.1 mmol/L)。[3] [1] [1] [2] [1] [1] [2] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [3](1)光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应,光化学反应。(2) .建筑材料与实验材料之间的相互作用。石英石玻璃的研究进展。他的祖祖50% des DOC wurde nach 300 Minuten Bestrahlung mit naturlichem sonnenlight zu CO2转换器和die lichtindustrizierte Bildung von Eisen(II) machte祖祖450% aus (bezogen auf 100% Eisen(II)- konzation vor der Bestrahlung)。同时,光化学反应和光化学反应也使Kohlenstoffbudget der tersuchten bergbausen niedrig, Kohlenstoff letztlich zu kohlenidodero氧化氧化风,der das Epilimnion Als Gas verast。
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引用次数: 18
A Field Study on the Hydrochemistry of Land/Inland Water Ecotones with Reed Domination 以芦苇为主导的陆地/内陆水过渡带水化学的野外研究
Pub Date : 2002-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200211)30:2/3<117::AID-AHEH117>3.0.CO;2-3
Weidong Wang, Dali Wang, C. Yin
The hydrochemistry of land/water ecotones dominated by a reed (Phragmites australis) community was studied in a eutrophic shallow lake in China. The ecotones are composed of reed beds divided by many artificial ditches and serve as a connecting link between the upstream Fuhe River mouth and the downstream central lake. This lake-side ecotone exhibited a strong chemical buffering function and high nutrient removal processes. In the subsurface water of reed beds, the partial CO(2) pressure was 23...704 times of that in the atmosphere and the partial O(2) pressure was 5...34% of atmospheric O(2) pressure. The change of hydrochemical type and greatest nutrient reduction occurred at 0.5 m landward from the reed-bed/ditch boundary. The dominant cations in ditch water and subsurface water were Na(+) and Ca(2+), respectively. The nutrient level in the reed-bed subsurface water maintained low and stable despite the variable high concentrations of nutrients in the ditch water. The crisscrossed reed-bed/ditch landscape greatly increases the active area between eutrophic river mouth water and subsurface water. Since the area of reed fields in the lake occupies 22% of the lake area, the exchange between the subsurface water of reed beds and ditches can act as a huge buffer to reduce allochthonous nutrient input and the nutrient concentrations in the lake. Thus, the self-purification capacity of the lake ecosystem increased with the presence of an active ecotone.
研究了富营养化浅湖芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落主导的陆/水过渡带的水化学特征。过渡带由芦苇床组成,由许多人工沟渠分隔,是上游抚河河口与下游中心湖之间的连接纽带。该湖滨过渡带具有较强的化学缓冲功能和较高的养分去除过程。芦苇层地下水CO(2)分压为23…是大气中的704倍,O(2)分压为5…大气压O(2)的34%。水化学类型的变化和最大的养分减少发生在离芦苇床/沟边界0.5 m处。沟水和地下水的优势阳离子分别为Na(+)和Ca(2+)。尽管沟渠水的养分浓度变化很大,但芦苇层地下水的养分水平保持低而稳定。纵横交错的芦苇床/沟渠景观极大地增加了富营养化河口水与地下水之间的活动面积。由于湖中芦苇田面积占湖泊面积的22%,芦苇床与沟渠的地下水交换可以起到巨大的缓冲作用,减少外来养分的输入,降低湖中的养分浓度。因此,湖泊生态系统的自净能力随着活跃过渡带的存在而增强。
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引用次数: 32
Coupling of Electrochemical and Biological Treatment To Remove Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA) from Pulp and Paper Effluents 电化学与生物耦合处理去除制浆造纸废水中的二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA
Pub Date : 2002-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200211)30:2/3<94::AID-AHEH94>3.0.CO;2-Q
C. G. Ginkel, B. Tuin, V. Aurich, W. Maassen
To enhance the biodegradability of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), effluents containing this chelating agent were electrochemically treated. Electrochemical pretreatment effectively fragmented DTPA into biodegradable compounds as demonstrated by increased BOD/ThOD ratios. The presence of other organic compounds reduced the rate of electrochemical DTPA degradation, but less than proportionally, indicating that DTPA degradation is partially selective. Finally, an experiment was performed to assess removal of DTPA under the conditions of an activated sludge plant treating pulp and paper effluent. The combined electrochemical and biological treatment resulted in an overall removal of 70 % of DTPA nitrogen. The combined processes degraded more than 95 % of the DTPA. Verfahrenskombination aus elektrochemischer und biologischer Behandlung zur Entfernung von Diethylentriaminpentaessigsaure (DTPA) aus Abwassern der Zellstoff- und Papierindustrie Um die biologische Abbaubarkeit von Diethylentriaminpentaessigsaure (DTPA) zu verbessern, wurden Abwasser, die diesen Chelatbildner enthalten, elektrochemisch behandelt. Durch die elektrochemische Vorbehandlung wurde DTPA tatsachlich in biologisch abbaubare Verbindungen zersetzt, wie sich an hoheren Werten des BOD/ThOD-Verhaltnisses zeigte. Wenn andere organische Verbindungen vorhanden waren, ging der Umfang der elektrochemischen Zersetzung von DTPA zuruck, jedoch unterproportional, so dass der Abbau von DTPA teilweise selektiv zu erfolgen scheint. Schlieslich wurde versucht, den Abbau von DTPA unter den Bedingungen einer Belebtschlammanlage abzuschatzen, in der Zellstoff- und Papierabwasser behandelt wurden. Die Kombination der elektrochemischen und der biologischen Behandlung ergab insgesamt einen Abbau von 70 % des DTPA-Stickstoffs. Die beiden Prozesse gemeinsam fuhrten zu einem Abbau der DTPA von uber 95 %.
为提高二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)的生物降解性,对含该螯合剂的废水进行了电化学处理。电化学预处理有效地将DTPA分解成可生物降解的化合物,这可以通过提高BOD/ThOD比率来证明。其他有机化合物的存在降低了电化学降解DTPA的速率,但比例较小,表明DTPA的降解是部分选择性的。最后,在活性污泥厂处理纸浆和造纸废水的条件下,进行了DTPA去除率的实验。电化学和生物联合处理的结果是,DTPA氮的总体去除率为70%。组合工艺对DTPA的降解率超过95%。二乙基三胺戊二醛(DTPA)与造纸工业的有机结合。二乙基三胺戊二醛(DTPA)的有机结合。二乙基三胺戊二醛(DTPA)。dachdie electrochemische Vorbehandlung wurde DTPA tatsachlich in biological abbaubare verindungen zersetzt, and herheren Werten des BOD/ThOD-Verhaltnisses zeigte。当andere organche verindungen vorhanden waren, ing der Umfang der elekchemischen Zersetzung von DTPA zuruck, jedoch unterproportional, so das der Abbau von DTPA selektiv zu erfolgen scheint。Schlieslich wurde versucht, den Abbau von DTPA, den Bedingungen, den belebtschlamlam管理abzuschatzen, in der Zellstoff- and papererabwasser behandelt wurden。电化学与生物学的有机结合,对dpa -粘滞特性的研究。在此基础上,我们进一步研究了DTPA在德国的应用。
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引用次数: 4
Effect of Four Species of Cladocerans (Crustacea) on the Population Growth of Brachionus patulus (Rotifera) 四种枝尾纲(甲壳纲)对盘尾臂尾纲(轮尾纲)种群增长的影响
Pub Date : 2002-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200211)30:2/3<101::AID-AHEH101>3.0.CO;2-V
S. Nandini, S. S. S. Sarma, M. D. Hurtado-Bocanegra
In freshwater ecosystems, rotifers and cladocerans often dominate, in terms of both, numbers and biomass. However, between these groups, competition leads to an inverse relation. We quantified the effect of cladocerans (at fixed density = 0.5 ind mL—1; and biomass = 9.6 μg mL—1 (dry weight)) on the population growth of Brachionus patulus, using Daphnia pulex, Simocephalus vetulus, Moina macrocopa, and Ceriodaphnia dubia at 0.5 · 106 cells mL—1 and 1.5 · 106 cells mL—1 of Chlorella vulgaris. The initial density of rotifers in the controls and in the mixed cultures was 5 ind mL—1, while the density and the biomass of cladocerans (experiments conducted separately) was kept constant. Our results showed that regardless of food density, the presence of cladocerans had a significantly negative effect on the maximal population density and the rate of population growth of B. patulus. Control rotifer populations increased with increasing food density. Population density of B. patulus was least affected by Ceriodaphnia dubia, while the maximum negative effect was caused by the presence of Daphnia pulex. The rate of population increase per day (r) of B. patulus in controls was (0.27 ± 0.01) d—1 and (0.32 ± 0.01) d—1 under low and high food levels, respectively. The r values were negative in the presence of D. pulex regardless of food density while in the presence of S. vetulus, a negative r value was obtained only at the lower food level. Einfluss von vier Cladoceren-Arten auf das Populationswachstum von Brachionus patulus (Rotifera) In Okosystemen des Suswassers dominieren oft Rotatorien und Cladoceren, sowohl in der Anzahl wie in der Biomasse. Konkurrenz zwischen diesen Gruppen fuhrt jedoch zu einer inversen Beziehung. Untersucht wird der Einfluss von vier Cladoceren-Species (Daphnia pulex, Simocephalus vetulus, Moina macrocopa und Ceriodaphnia dubia) bei konstanter Dichte (0.5 Ind. mL—1, 9.6μg mL—1 (Trockenmasse)) auf das Populationswachstum von Brachionus patulus bei einem Nahrungsangebot von Chlorella vulgaris mit 0.5 · 106 Zellen mL—1 und 1.5 · 106 Zellen mL—1. Die initiale Dichte von Brachionus in den Kontrollen und gemischten Kulturen betrug 5 Ind. mL—1, wahrend die Dichte und Biomasse der Cladoceren in den Experimenten konstant gehalten wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass — unabhangig von der Nahrungsdichte — die Anwesenheit der Cladoceren einen signifikant negativen Effekt auf die maximale Populationsdichte und das Populationswachstum von B. patulus hat. Im Kontrollexperiment nahm die Rotatorien-Population mit steigender Nahrungsdichte zu. Die Populationsdichte von B. patulus wurde von Ceriodaphnia dubia am geringsten, durch Daphnia pulex am starksten beeinflusst. Die Wachstumsrate r von B. patulus betrug in den Kontrollen (0.27 ± 0.01) d—1 bzw. (0.32 ± 0.01) d—1 bei geringer bzw. hoher Futterdichte. Die r-Werte waren bei Anwesenheit von D. pulex unabhangig von der Futterdichte negativ, bei Anwesenheit von S. vetulus wurde ein negativ
在淡水生态系统中,轮虫和支海动物在数量和生物量方面往往占主导地位。然而,在这些群体之间,竞争导致了反比关系。我们量化了支藻的影响(固定密度= 0.5 mL-1;和生物量= 9.6 μg mL-1(干重))时,以普通小球藻0.5·106个细胞mL-1和1.5·106个细胞mL-1的剂量分别施用水蚤、小头藻、巨尾藻和长尾藻,对结扎臂虫种群生长有显著影响。对照组和混合培养中轮虫的初始密度为5 mL-1,支大洋的密度和生物量(分别进行实验)保持不变。结果表明,无论饵料密度如何,枝海生物的存在对绿芽圆蚧的最大种群密度和种群生长率均有显著的负面影响。对照轮虫种群数量随食物密度的增加而增加。绿圆蝽对绿圆蝽种群密度的影响最小,而对绿圆蝽种群密度的影响最大。低、高食物水平下,对照丛枝芽孢杆菌的日种群增长率(r)分别为(0.27±0.01)d-1和(0.32±0.01)d-1。无论食物密度如何,存在短尾短尾霉的r值均为负,而存在短尾短尾霉的r值仅在较低食物水平上为负。In Okosystemen des Suswassers dominieren of Rotatorien and Cladoceren, sowohl In der Anzahl and In der Biomasse。Konkurrenz zwischen diesen Gruppen furdoch zueiner逆Beziehung。未受影响的小球藻-种(水蚤、小球藻、大球藻和小球藻)、小球藻(0.5 μg mL-1, 9.6μg mL-1)、小球藻(0.5·106 Zellen mL-1和1.5·106 Zellen mL-1)。5 d. mL-1, 3 d. Die initiale Dichte von Brachionus in den control and gemchchten culturen betrg . 1, 3 d. Die Dichte and Biomasse der Cladoceren in den experimentaltenwurden。结果表明,在最大种群数量和最小种群数量之间存在显著的负向效应。[1][1][1][1][1][1][1]。2个种群分别为:绿僵菌、绿僵菌、灰僵菌、灰僵菌和灰僵菌。对枯草芽孢杆菌的免疫应答率为(0.27±0.01)d-1 bzw。(0.32±0.01)d-1 bei geringer bzw。(hoh Futterdichte。Die r-Werte waren bei Anwesenheit von D. pulex unhangig von der Futterdichte negative, bei Anwesenheit von S. vetulus wurde ein negative - r-Wert nere der geringeren Futterdichte erreicht。
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引用次数: 15
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in natural, drinking, and recreational water of Northwestern Greece 希腊西北部天然、饮用和娱乐用水中的隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫
Pub Date : 2002-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200207)30:1<49::AID-AHEH49>3.0.CO;2-R
P. Karanis, C. Papadopoulou, A. Kimura, E. Economou, C. Kourenti, H. Sakkas
An investigation about distribution of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in natural, drinking, and recreational water in Northwestern Greece was performed. Five rivers (Aoos, Arachthos, Kalamas, Louros, and Voidomatis) and one lake (Pamvotis Ioannina Lake) in Northwestern Greece were investigated during a 10-month period. Drinking and recreational water (swimming pools) from the area were also examined. Samples were collected from prefixed sampling stations and processed following a modification of standard methods for the microbiological examination of water, as suggested by the APHA/AWWA/WEF. Both Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were isolated from Pamvotis Ioannina Lake (15 positive/27 examined samples). Significantly lower numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in Arachthos River (1/5), Voidomatis River (1/5), drinking water (1/7), and pool water samples (1/9). No Giardia cysts were detected, neither in river water, nor in drinking, and pool water samples. The results clearly show that, with the exception of Pamvotis Ioannina Lake, where contamination of high level was observed, natural water sources of the investigated area have low pollution, resulting in low contamination with parasites.Cryptosporidium und Giardia in Roh-, Trink- und Schwimmbadwasser in Nord-West-GriechenlandEs wurden Untersuchungen uber das Vorkommen von Giardia-Zysten und Cryptosporidium-um-Oozysten in Roh-, Trink- und Schwimmbadwasser in Nord-West-Griechenland durchgefuhrt. Funf Flusse (Aoos, Arachthos, Kalamas, Louros und Voidomatis) und ein See (Pamvotis) wurden in einen Zeitraum von 10 Monaten untersucht. Es wurden auch Trink- und Schwimmbadwasserproben entnommen und untersucht. Die Proben wurden in ausgewahlten Stationen entnommen und mit einer modifizierten Standardmethode (APHA/ AWWA/WEF) fur die mikrobiologische Untersuchung des Wassers verarbeitet. Sowohl Giardia-Zysten als auch Cryptosporidium-Oozysten wurden aus dem Pamvotis Ioannina See isoliert (15 positive/27 untersuchte Proben). Deutlich niedrigere Konzentrationen von Cryptosporidium-Oozysten wurden in Arachthos (1/5), Voidomatis (1/5), Trink- (1/7) und Schwimmbadwasser (1/9) nachgewiesen. Keine Giardia-Zyste wurde in Fluss- und Trinkwasser oder in Schwimmbadern gefunden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eindeutig, dass mit Ausnahme vom Pamvotis Ioannina See, wo hohe Kontaminationen beobachtet wurden, Rohwasserquellen aus dem untersuchten Gebiet leicht belastet und mit Parasiten kontaminiert sind.
对希腊西北部天然、饮用水和娱乐用水中贾第鞭毛虫囊和隐孢子虫卵囊的分布进行了调查。对希腊西北部的5条河流(Aoos、Arachthos、Kalamas、Louros和Voidomatis)和1个湖泊(Pamvotis Ioannina lake)进行了为期10个月的调查。还检查了该地区的饮用水和娱乐用水(游泳池)。样品从预定的采样站收集,并按照APHA/AWWA/WEF建议的对水微生物检测标准方法的修改进行处理。从湖中分离到贾第鞭毛虫囊和隐孢子虫卵囊(27份标本中有15份阳性)。在Arachthos河(1/5)、Voidomatis河(1/5)、饮用水(1/7)和池水(1/9)中检出隐孢子虫卵囊的数量显著低于前者。在河水、饮用水和池水样本中均未检出贾第鞭毛虫囊肿。结果清楚地表明,除了Pamvotis Ioannina湖污染程度较高外,调查区域的天然水源污染程度较低,导致寄生虫污染程度较低。西北地区Roh-, Trink- and Schwimmbadwasser的隐孢子虫和贾第虫。Funf Flusse (Aoos, Arachthos, Kalamas, Louros and Voidomatis)和ein See (Pamvotis) wurden in einen Zeitraum von 10 Monaten untersucht。他说:“这是一个很好的例子。”模具微生物学的微生物修饰标准方法(APHA/ AWWA/WEF)。隐孢子虫-卵系统(cryptosporium - oozysten wurden)参见isoliert(15阳性/27阴性)。Deutlich niedrigere Konzentrationen von cryptosporium - oozysten wurden in Arachthos (1/5), Voidomatis (1/5), Trink- (1/7) and Schwimmbadwasser (1/9) nachgewiesen。Keine Giardia-Zyste wurde在Fluss和Trinkwasser在Schwimmbadern gefunden。在德国,人们认为污染是一种自然现象,而在德国,人们认为污染是一种自然现象,而在德国,人们认为污染是一种自然现象。
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引用次数: 33
Abschätzung und Beeinflussbarkeit der Arsenmobilität in kontaminierten Böden 致癌土壤中砷的可预测性和可影响性
Pub Date : 2002-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/1521-401X(200207)30:1<41::AID-AHEH41>3.0.CO;2-1
Franka Dankwarth, J. Gerth
Die Sickerwasserkonzentration in arsenkontaminierten Rieselfeldboden eines ehemaligen Gerbereistandortes wird durch Schuttel- und Saulenversuche abgeschatzt. Zusatzlich wird der Einfluss reduzierender Verhaltnisse, des pH-Wertes und der Ionenstarke berucksichtigt. Der eisenreiche Unterboden (C-Horizont) stellt die Hauptquelle fur eine Belastung des Grundwassers mit Arsen dar. Hier ist bei starkerer Durchfeuchtung zeitweise mit reduzierenden Verhaltnissen und einer erhohten Mobilisierung zu rechnen. Die potentiell freisetzbare Arsenfraktion wird daher durch Auflosen der leicht reduzierbaren Eisenoxidfraktion mit 0.1 M Ascorbinsaure naherungsweise erfasst. Die Arsenkonzentration in der Losung lasst sich durch Erhohung der Ionenstarke (z. B. mit 0.01 M CaCl2-Losung) von uber 100 μg/L auf unter 20 μg/L stabilisieren. Arsenkontaminierte Boden sollten mit CaCO3 behandelt werden, um eine moglichst hohe Calciumkonzentration in der Bodenlosung zu erzielen. Die Arsenkonzentration im Sickerwasser wird in erster Linie durch Sorptionsprozesse gesteuert und nicht durch Losungs- und Fallungsprozesse. Assessment and Modification of Arsenic Mobility in Contaminated Soil Arsenic concentration in the seepage of contaminated soils of an old tannery site is assessed using batch and column experiments. The effect of reducing conditions, pH, and ionic strength is also investigated. The iron oxide rich subsoil (C-horizon) is the main source of groundwater pollution with arsenic. In this horizon, mobilization can increase as a result of reducing conditions upon periodical water saturation. Therefore, the potentially mobile arsenic is determined by a reductive dissolution of the poorly crystalline iron oxide fraction using 0.1 M ascorbic acid. Arsenic concentration can be reduced from 100 μg/L to below 20 μg/L by an increase of ionic strength (e.g. by a 0.01 M CaCl2 solution). Arsenic contaminated soils should be limed regularly in order to maintain the highest possible calcium concentration in the soil solution.
赛马场及矽谷灰尘都集中于负责测量减少货柜、ph值和单离子水平的影响。富含铁层的地下水(c层)构成了对地下水地下水污染的主要来源。这节书的降水过程中,巫师一般会遇到减速过程和冲刺过程。因此潜在的库存微量元素经过滤器的最初出流。Arsenkonzentration在Losung让自己进去Erhohung Ionenstarke(.比如0.01 M CaCl2-Losung)从uber 100μg / L降到20μg / L .巍然耸立以碳酸钠污染的土壤为例,CaCO3应以钙质的高钙含量进行处理。在溶滤中砷的浓度对吸收系统起着主导作用,而不是对分离和倾倒过程起着主导作用。在接触新事物码头进行接触和考验中进行章鱼和哥伦比亚实验中我最喜欢的项目是:减肥水是释放碳酸矿物黏液的重要来源在《地平线》一种减少多方面的润丝术…显然它是可能具有流动动脉的氧化叶酸沉淀的产物。Arsenic concentration所能reduced从100μg / L到below 20μg / L的赞助increase of ionic strength (e.g. a 0.01 M赞助CaCl2答案).污化水合物告诉我们如何维持客观平衡在水分的答案中
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引用次数: 11
期刊
Acta Hydrochimica Et Hydrobiologica
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