Hydrometeorological models are often evaluated and optimized on the basis of micrometeorological measurements. However, it has been known for more than three decades that surface measurements of sensible and latent heat energy (LE) are systematically underestimated. We studied this problem using six years of eddy-correlation measurements for four fields (corn, soybean, and prairie) in central Iowa, USA. We recorded major components of the energy equation (i.e. net radiation, sensible heat flux, LE, and soil heat flux, photosynthesis), and indirectly estimated most of the minor components of energy balance (namely storage in the soil, canopy and air). Storage in the canopy was related to leaf area index (LAI) acquired from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). In this paper, a diagnostic approach is investigated where systematic error is identified first. Three dimensional (3D) plots of the residual of energy equation vs. potential variables indicated the imbalance was largest mainly during the cold non-growing season when the soil was dry. Correlations between energy balance residual (EBR) and energy components showed that soil storage was not precisely estimated. Finally, an a-posteriori analysis (constrained linear multiple regression (CMLR)) was conducted to quantify the contribution of major/minor components of the energy equation towards EBR. The result highlights that the contribution of pertinent components of energy to EBR is mainly controlled by prevailing monthly hydrometeorological conditions; however, precise quantification of causes of imbalance is site-specific. A comparison between the a-posteriori analysis technique and the Bowen-ratio method demonstrates that the Bowen-ratio basically presumes a higher level of underestimation in LE. The results obtained in this study suggest that a-posteriori analysis may offer a superior methodology to correct measured eddy-correlation measurements. Furthermore, the overall trends in the correction of LE measurements suggest that there is a potential for rough monthly corrections of LE, irrespective of the type of crop.
{"title":"A Diagnostic Approach towards the Causes of Energy Balance Closure Problem","authors":"A. Varmaghani, W. Eichinger, J. Prueger","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.62009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.62009","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrometeorological models are often evaluated and optimized on the basis of micrometeorological measurements. However, it has been known for more than three decades that surface measurements of sensible and latent heat energy (LE) are systematically underestimated. We studied this problem using six years of eddy-correlation measurements for four fields (corn, soybean, and prairie) in central Iowa, USA. We recorded major components of the energy equation (i.e. net radiation, sensible heat flux, LE, and soil heat flux, photosynthesis), and indirectly estimated most of the minor components of energy balance (namely storage in the soil, canopy and air). Storage in the canopy was related to leaf area index (LAI) acquired from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). In this paper, a diagnostic approach is investigated where systematic error is identified first. Three dimensional (3D) plots of the residual of energy equation vs. potential variables indicated the imbalance was largest mainly during the cold non-growing season when the soil was dry. Correlations between energy balance residual (EBR) and energy components showed that soil storage was not precisely estimated. Finally, an a-posteriori analysis (constrained linear multiple regression (CMLR)) was conducted to quantify the contribution of major/minor components of the energy equation towards EBR. The result highlights that the contribution of pertinent components of energy to EBR is mainly controlled by prevailing monthly hydrometeorological conditions; however, precise quantification of causes of imbalance is site-specific. A comparison between the a-posteriori analysis technique and the Bowen-ratio method demonstrates that the Bowen-ratio basically presumes a higher level of underestimation in LE. The results obtained in this study suggest that a-posteriori analysis may offer a superior methodology to correct measured eddy-correlation measurements. Furthermore, the overall trends in the correction of LE measurements suggest that there is a potential for rough monthly corrections of LE, irrespective of the type of crop.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70314440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eight different patch configurations were investigated to analyze the effect of patch characterization/formation in streamflow simulation, using the Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation Systems (RHESSys) model. It is investigated for eight different patch configurations of a subcatchment of the Turkey Lakes Watershed, Ontario. The model’s hydrological parameters are calibrated for each of these patch configurations and the performance of the simulations is evaluated. Results indicate that both the nature of the flow simulation and the calibrated parameter values are sensitive to patch configuration. The best simulation results were obtained for the patch configuration with the highest spatial variation of climate, stream network and hillslope conditions across the subcatchment. Different patch configurations also lead to markedly different calibrations of the model’s hydrological parameters (54.26 < k < 119.13; and 1.02 < m < 2.28), which has implications for the physical interpretation and transferability of the calibrated parameter values.
利用区域水文生态模拟系统(RHESSys)模型，研究了8种不同的斑块构型，分析了斑块表征/形成对河流模拟的影响。它是调查了土耳其湖流域，安大略省的一个子集水区的八个不同的补丁配置。模型的水文参数针对每一种斑块配置进行了校准，并评估了模拟的性能。结果表明，流动模拟的性质和标定的参数值都对贴片结构敏感。气候、水系和坡面条件空间变化最大的斑块构型模拟结果最好。不同的斑块配置也导致模型水文参数的标定差异显著(54.26 < k < 119.13;和1.02 < m < 2.28)，这对校准参数值的物理解释和可转移性有影响。
{"title":"Assessment of the Sensitivity of Streamflow Simulations to Changes in Patch Resolution Using GIS Based Hydro-Ecologic Model","authors":"S. Mengistu, Melkamu Ali, Fuad Yassin","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.62007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.62007","url":null,"abstract":"Eight different patch configurations were investigated to analyze the effect of patch characterization/formation in streamflow simulation, using the Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation Systems (RHESSys) model. It is investigated for eight different patch configurations of a subcatchment of the Turkey Lakes Watershed, Ontario. The model’s hydrological parameters are calibrated for each of these patch configurations and the performance of the simulations is evaluated. Results indicate that both the nature of the flow simulation and the calibrated parameter values are sensitive to patch configuration. The best simulation results were obtained for the patch configuration with the highest spatial variation of climate, stream network and hillslope conditions across the subcatchment. Different patch configurations also lead to markedly different calibrations of the model’s hydrological parameters (54.26 < k < 119.13; and 1.02 < m < 2.28), which has implications for the physical interpretation and transferability of the calibrated parameter values.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70313605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A correlation between fishery and extreme winter conditions in Lake Kinneret was indicated: po pulations of Bleak fishes were enhanced and those of Sarotherodon galilaeus (SG) declined. The aim of the present study is to confirm the relation of those correlations to EL-NINO/Southern Oscillation and its impact on Kinneret fishery. The study is based on long-term data records of the Kinneret Epilimnetic temperatures, water level increase, precipitation and air temperatures in the drainage basin, together with a record of EL NINO/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Results suggest a confirmation of the impact of ENSO events on lake population size of Bleaks and SG. It is likely that the influence of ENSO on the two key fish species in the Lake is contradictory: enhancement of reproduction of the winter spawner Bleaks and reduction of population recruitment of the early summer spawner, Sarotherodon galilaeus. It is likely that winter extreme in Kinneret region is a consequence of ENSO event and therefore negatively affecting Kinneret water quality.
{"title":"The Impact of EL-NINO/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Fishery and Water Quality in Lake Kinneret (Israel)","authors":"M. Gophen","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.62005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.62005","url":null,"abstract":"A correlation between fishery and extreme winter conditions in Lake Kinneret was indicated: po pulations of Bleak fishes were enhanced and those of Sarotherodon galilaeus (SG) declined. The aim of the present study is to confirm the relation of those correlations to EL-NINO/Southern Oscillation and its impact on Kinneret fishery. The study is based on long-term data records of the Kinneret Epilimnetic temperatures, water level increase, precipitation and air temperatures in the drainage basin, together with a record of EL NINO/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Results suggest a confirmation of the impact of ENSO events on lake population size of Bleaks and SG. It is likely that the influence of ENSO on the two key fish species in the Lake is contradictory: enhancement of reproduction of the winter spawner Bleaks and reduction of population recruitment of the early summer spawner, Sarotherodon galilaeus. It is likely that winter extreme in Kinneret region is a consequence of ENSO event and therefore negatively affecting Kinneret water quality.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70313780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flash flood disasters associated with heavy rainstorms are common in dry lands of Jordan. This causes inestimable damage to life and infrastructure. In the present investigation, flash floods were assessed in Wadi Yutum watershed, southern Jordan. Assessment was conducted using remote sensing and GIS techniques, combined with geological and geomorphic field data to evaluate the probability of flooding risk spatially. Two methods were used to assess the flooding risk for seventeen sub-basins of W. Yutum: the morphometric ranking method; and El-Shamy’s approach. Both methods utilized twenty morphometric parameters of paramount interest for flash flood risk estimation. The results achieved based on the two methods enabled identification of sub-basins with a high potential of flash flooding, and served to reveal the common sub-basins falling under each category of flooding risk. Morphometric analysis and GIS were employed to produce flood hazard maps which displayed sub-basins exposed to harmful flooding in Wadi Yutum. The adopted methodology can be applied to estimate flooding risk in other comparable watersheds and region in Jordan. Further, preparedness measures can be proposed in a timely manner in order to minimize destructive flood effects.
{"title":"Flash Flood Risk Estimation of Wadi Yutum (Southern Jordan) Watershed Using GIS Based Morphometric Analysis and Remote Sensing Techniques","authors":"Y. Farhan, Omar Anaba","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.62008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.62008","url":null,"abstract":"Flash flood disasters associated with heavy rainstorms are common in dry lands of Jordan. This causes inestimable damage to life and infrastructure. In the present investigation, flash floods were assessed in Wadi Yutum watershed, southern Jordan. Assessment was conducted using remote sensing and GIS techniques, combined with geological and geomorphic field data to evaluate the probability of flooding risk spatially. Two methods were used to assess the flooding risk for seventeen sub-basins of W. Yutum: the morphometric ranking method; and El-Shamy’s approach. Both methods utilized twenty morphometric parameters of paramount interest for flash flood risk estimation. The results achieved based on the two methods enabled identification of sub-basins with a high potential of flash flooding, and served to reveal the common sub-basins falling under each category of flooding risk. Morphometric analysis and GIS were employed to produce flood hazard maps which displayed sub-basins exposed to harmful flooding in Wadi Yutum. The adopted methodology can be applied to estimate flooding risk in other comparable watersheds and region in Jordan. Further, preparedness measures can be proposed in a timely manner in order to minimize destructive flood effects.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70314258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Numerous methodologies have been developed in the literature for the generation of rain. However, in semi-arid areas where the irregularity of rain is contrasted, the question of the applicability of these models is still relevant. The objective of this article is to propose a development method of stochastic generator of monthly rainfall series. The present work is based on the modeling of the occurrence and the quantity of rain in a separate way. The occurrence is treated in two stages. The first step considers the Markov chain according to the occurrence of annual statements (dry, average and wet). The second step uses the monthly rankings. The amount of rain is calculated based on historical series according to the monthly rank and the annual statement noted. This method is applied to rainfall data recorded at five rainfall stations in semi-arid region of Central Tunisia. The usual and conventional statistical tests of the generated series have shown the validity of this method.
{"title":"Using the Markov Chain for the Generation of Monthly Rainfall Series in a Semi-Arid Zone","authors":"Mouelhi Safouane, Nemri Saida, Jebari Sihem, Slimani Mohamed","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.62006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.62006","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous methodologies have been developed in the literature for the generation of rain. However, in semi-arid areas where the irregularity of rain is contrasted, the question of the applicability of these models is still relevant. The objective of this article is to propose a development method of stochastic generator of monthly rainfall series. The present work is based on the modeling of the occurrence and the quantity of rain in a separate way. The occurrence is treated in two stages. The first step considers the Markov chain according to the occurrence of annual statements (dry, average and wet). The second step uses the monthly rankings. The amount of rain is calculated based on historical series according to the monthly rank and the annual statement noted. This method is applied to rainfall data recorded at five rainfall stations in semi-arid region of Central Tunisia. The usual and conventional statistical tests of the generated series have shown the validity of this method.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70313886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long-term monthly precipitation data from 1960 to 2008 at 17 rain stations are analyzed to explore spatio-temporal variation of the seasonal and annual precipitation in the Poyang Lake basin, China, using anomaly analysis, simple linear regressive technique, Mann-Kendall trend test and Continuous Wavelet Transform. The results indicate that: (1) increasing precipitation trend is observed in summer and winter, while decreasing precipitation trend is identified in spring and autumn, and the above mentioned precipitation trends are not statistically significant; (2) changing trend of the areal average annual precipitation is non-significantly increasing, and increasing trend happens in almost the whole basin except in western and south-eastern small parts; (3) the spatial distribution of the seasonal and annual precipitation anomalies between 1991-2008 and 1960-2008 is similar to that of seasonal and annual precipitation trend during 1960-2008; (4) three main time-frequency distributions are observed in annual precipitation series during 1960- 2008, and they are 18 - 26 years, 8 - 14 years and 2 - 8 years, respectively; accordingly, there are three main periods in annual precipitation series, and they are 11-year, 22-year and 5-year respectively. This result will be helpful for further research on availability, scientific management and assessment of the water resources of the Poyang Lake basin.
{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Variation Analysis of Precipitation during 1960-2008 in the Poyang Lake Basin, China","authors":"Lifeng Yuan, Guishan Yang, Hengpeng Li, Zeng-xin Zhang","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.62010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.62010","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term monthly precipitation data from 1960 to 2008 at 17 rain stations are analyzed to explore spatio-temporal variation of the seasonal and annual precipitation in the Poyang Lake basin, China, using anomaly analysis, simple linear regressive technique, Mann-Kendall trend test and Continuous Wavelet Transform. The results indicate that: (1) increasing precipitation trend is observed in summer and winter, while decreasing precipitation trend is identified in spring and autumn, and the above mentioned precipitation trends are not statistically significant; (2) changing trend of the areal average annual precipitation is non-significantly increasing, and increasing trend happens in almost the whole basin except in western and south-eastern small parts; (3) the spatial distribution of the seasonal and annual precipitation anomalies between 1991-2008 and 1960-2008 is similar to that of seasonal and annual precipitation trend during 1960-2008; (4) three main time-frequency distributions are observed in annual precipitation series during 1960- 2008, and they are 18 - 26 years, 8 - 14 years and 2 - 8 years, respectively; accordingly, there are three main periods in annual precipitation series, and they are 11-year, 22-year and 5-year respectively. This result will be helpful for further research on availability, scientific management and assessment of the water resources of the Poyang Lake basin.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70314494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual maximum rainfall intensity for several duration and return periods has been analyzed according to the Gumbel distribution. The Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves before and after 1980 have been computed and compared. For the city of Toronto, it is shown that the rainfall intensities after 1980 are lower than those from before this date. This is especially clear for those of short duration. Comparing our results with those of other authors, it appears that, for the moment, no general law on the impact of global warming on the curves intensity duration frequency cannot be made. It appears that the impact of global warming on rainfall varies with geographic location and that it is not possible to draw some general conclusions across the planet.
{"title":"Impact of Global Warming on Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Relationship of Precipitation: A Case Study of Toronto, Canada","authors":"E. Carlier, J. E. Khattabi","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.61001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.61001","url":null,"abstract":"Annual maximum rainfall intensity for several duration and return periods has been analyzed according to the Gumbel distribution. The Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves before and after 1980 have been computed and compared. For the city of Toronto, it is shown that the rainfall intensities after 1980 are lower than those from before this date. This is especially clear for those of short duration. Comparing our results with those of other authors, it appears that, for the moment, no general law on the impact of global warming on the curves intensity duration frequency cannot be made. It appears that the impact of global warming on rainfall varies with geographic location and that it is not possible to draw some general conclusions across the planet.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70313797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surat city, the commercial capital of Gujarat state, India is situated at latitude 21°06’ to 21°15’ N and longitude 72°45' to 72°54'E on the bank of river Tapi and is affected by flood once in every five years since last hundred years. Present study describes the application of HEC-RAS model with integration of GIS for delineation of flood plain. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Surat city is used as main input for flood inundation mapping. River section near Nehru Bridge is used as sample case to simulate flood flow. Discharges equal to food return period for 25 and 32 (worst flood year) have been used for investigation of flood scenario. Outcome of the research clearly indicates that most of the area of the Surat city is submerged for a depth of 2.5 to 4.0 m when the discharge released from Ukai dam equals to return period of 32 years (25768.09 Cumecs).
{"title":"Floodplain Delineation Using HECRAS Model—A Case Study of Surat City","authors":"Chandresh G. Patel, P. Gundaliya","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.61004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.61004","url":null,"abstract":"Surat city, the commercial capital of Gujarat state, India is situated at latitude 21°06’ to 21°15’ N and longitude 72°45' to 72°54'E on the bank of river Tapi and is affected by flood once in every five years since last hundred years. Present study describes the application of HEC-RAS model with integration of GIS for delineation of flood plain. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Surat city is used as main input for flood inundation mapping. River section near Nehru Bridge is used as sample case to simulate flood flow. Discharges equal to food return period for 25 and 32 (worst flood year) have been used for investigation of flood scenario. Outcome of the research clearly indicates that most of the area of the Surat city is submerged for a depth of 2.5 to 4.0 m when the discharge released from Ukai dam equals to return period of 32 years (25768.09 Cumecs).","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70313690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Gophen, M. Meron, Y. Tsipris, Valerie Orlov-Levin, Mordechay Peres
The first decade of monitoring program in Lake Agmon (Hula Valley, Northern Israel) is summarized. The presented part of the program include: water discharges, physico-chemical (pH, EC, Temperature) and chemical parameters (TP, TN, TDN, TDP, NO3, NH4, SO4, TDS, TSS,). It was found that Nitrogen concentrations decline from north to south and the opposite for Phosphorus. Resulting of re-suspension by wind direction of western-southern-eastern and averaged maximal velocities of 9 - 10 m/s is suggested. De-nitrification and particles sedimentation emphasize Lake Agmon as a sink for Nitrogen. Sulfate-Carbonates association and the production of precipitated Gypsum (CaSO4) highlight the sink property of Lake Agmon. Nevertheless Sulfate removal by the Lake Agmon hydrological system is significant.
{"title":"Chemical, Hydrological and Climatological Properties of Lake Agmon, Hula Valley (Israel), (1994-2006)","authors":"M. Gophen, M. Meron, Y. Tsipris, Valerie Orlov-Levin, Mordechay Peres","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.61002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.61002","url":null,"abstract":"The first decade of monitoring program in Lake Agmon (Hula Valley, Northern Israel) is summarized. The presented part of the program include: water discharges, physico-chemical (pH, EC, Temperature) and chemical parameters (TP, TN, TDN, TDP, NO3, NH4, SO4, TDS, TSS,). It was found that Nitrogen concentrations decline from north to south and the opposite for Phosphorus. Resulting of re-suspension by wind direction of western-southern-eastern and averaged maximal velocities of 9 - 10 m/s is suggested. De-nitrification and particles sedimentation emphasize Lake Agmon as a sink for Nitrogen. Sulfate-Carbonates association and the production of precipitated Gypsum (CaSO4) highlight the sink property of Lake Agmon. Nevertheless Sulfate removal by the Lake Agmon hydrological system is significant.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70313866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ouhamdouch, M. Bahir, P. Carreira, N. Chkir, A. Goumih, H. Chamchati
Since the 50s, many changes are observed in the climate of the globe, the warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, the decrease in the extent of snow and ice, and rising sea levels. In addition to the demographic pressure, the Maghreb countries are suffering from the drought, which accentuates the phenomenon of desertification and soil erosion, as well as their salinity, which leads to the salinization and depletion of water resources. In Morocco, the climate change leads to the erosion of the soil under the effect of desertification resulting in siltation of reservoirs and the increased salinization of soil and water resources. The Essaouira basin, which is the subject of this study, is located at the Western extremity of the High Atlas to the Southeast of the Essaouira city; between 31°20' to 31°30'N and between 9°00' to 9°46'W. The basin is characterized by a semi-arid climate with average annual rainfall of around 300 mm·year-1 and an average temperature of 20°C. Considering the importance of the aquifer in Essaouira in the supply of the region's groundwater, a study was conducted to assess quantitatively and qualitatively the impact of climate change on water resources in this area. The aquifers present in this region are one of cenomano-turonian upstream and plio-quaternary downstream, separated by the diaper of Tidzi. A piezometric map of the basin was made (1990-2009) and the hydrochemical method of the waters shows that they present a facies Na-Cl with an electrical conductivity ranging from 700 to 7000 μs/cm. The isotopic tracers like 18O, 2H, 3H and 14C were analyzed to determine the age of groundwater, and a right local meteoric close to the right meteoric world characterizing the precipitation of oceanic origin has been determined. The Essaouira basin turns out to be very vulnerable and sensitive to climate change because its recharge is entirely dependent on the rainwater. These results should be taken in consideration for the future water management in the region.
{"title":"Climate Change Impact on Aquifer System of Essaouira Basin during the Past 4 Decades (Morocco)","authors":"S. Ouhamdouch, M. Bahir, P. Carreira, N. Chkir, A. Goumih, H. Chamchati","doi":"10.4236/OJMH.2016.61003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJMH.2016.61003","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 50s, many changes are observed in the climate of the globe, the warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, the decrease in the extent of snow and ice, and rising sea levels. In addition to the demographic pressure, the Maghreb countries are suffering from the drought, which accentuates the phenomenon of desertification and soil erosion, as well as their salinity, which leads to the salinization and depletion of water resources. In Morocco, the climate change leads to the erosion of the soil under the effect of desertification resulting in siltation of reservoirs and the increased salinization of soil and water resources. The Essaouira basin, which is the subject of this study, is located at the Western extremity of the High Atlas to the Southeast of the Essaouira city; between 31°20' to 31°30'N and between 9°00' to 9°46'W. The basin is characterized by a semi-arid climate with average annual rainfall of around 300 mm·year-1 and an average temperature of 20°C. Considering the importance of the aquifer in Essaouira in the supply of the region's groundwater, a study was conducted to assess quantitatively and qualitatively the impact of climate change on water resources in this area. The aquifers present in this region are one of cenomano-turonian upstream and plio-quaternary downstream, separated by the diaper of Tidzi. A piezometric map of the basin was made (1990-2009) and the hydrochemical method of the waters shows that they present a facies Na-Cl with an electrical conductivity ranging from 700 to 7000 μs/cm. The isotopic tracers like 18O, 2H, 3H and 14C were analyzed to determine the age of groundwater, and a right local meteoric close to the right meteoric world characterizing the precipitation of oceanic origin has been determined. The Essaouira basin turns out to be very vulnerable and sensitive to climate change because its recharge is entirely dependent on the rainwater. These results should be taken in consideration for the future water management in the region.","PeriodicalId":70695,"journal":{"name":"现代水文学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70313998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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