Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.948065
S. Assini, F. Filipponi, M. Brusoni, F. Zucca
Abstract We describe plant communities occurring in an abandoned area in the northern Apennines using a phytosociological approach. We evaluate the biodiversity in and between the identified plant communities using the following indices: species richness, diversity, dominance and equitability. Ten vegetation types were identified in the study area. Because of the still active dynamics only three types were classified at the association level, while the other seven types were classified at alliance level. The α-diversity is generally high in all the identified plant communities. Two main secondary successions characterize the study area: a high hilly mesophilous succession (> 800 m above sea level where precipitation is more abundant) with Knautio drymeiae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae as final stage and a low hilly thermophilous succession (< 800 m above sea level where precipitation is less abundant) with Quercus pubescens woods as final stage. Trochiscantho-Fagetum represents the final stage of a third succession that develops above 1000 m above sea level. The study area is evolving towards the final stages of the three secondary successions. This will soon cause a loss of biodiversity at different levels: landscape, vegetation communities, flora and fauna. Grasslands and low shrub communities are the most threatened communities, occupying low percentages of the study area.
{"title":"Vegetation of abandoned areas in the northern Apennines (Italy): phytosociological aspects and biodiversity analysis","authors":"S. Assini, F. Filipponi, M. Brusoni, F. Zucca","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2014.948065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.948065","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We describe plant communities occurring in an abandoned area in the northern Apennines using a phytosociological approach. We evaluate the biodiversity in and between the identified plant communities using the following indices: species richness, diversity, dominance and equitability. Ten vegetation types were identified in the study area. Because of the still active dynamics only three types were classified at the association level, while the other seven types were classified at alliance level. The α-diversity is generally high in all the identified plant communities. Two main secondary successions characterize the study area: a high hilly mesophilous succession (> 800 m above sea level where precipitation is more abundant) with Knautio drymeiae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae as final stage and a low hilly thermophilous succession (< 800 m above sea level where precipitation is less abundant) with Quercus pubescens woods as final stage. Trochiscantho-Fagetum represents the final stage of a third succession that develops above 1000 m above sea level. The study area is evolving towards the final stages of the three secondary successions. This will soon cause a loss of biodiversity at different levels: landscape, vegetation communities, flora and fauna. Grasslands and low shrub communities are the most threatened communities, occupying low percentages of the study area.","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"379 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2014.948065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.932702
Maryam Mohammadi Shahrestani, Shahryar SAEIDI MEHRVARZ, T. Marcussen, Narjes Yousefi
Abstract The comparative anatomy of three morphologically close taxa of Viola sect. Sclerosium W. Becker distributed in southern Iran is presented in this study: Viola behboudiana, Viola cinerea and Viola stocksii. Cross-sections of roots, stems, peduncles, petioles, leaves and the surface sections of leaves showed that the following properties were taxonomically informative: number of collenchymatous cell layers in the stem, presence or absence of cortical bundles in the stem, number of vascular bundles in the peduncle, presence or absence of calcium oxalate crystals in the peduncle cortex, presence or absence of trichomes on the epidermis of the peduncle, shape of collenchyma cells in the petiole, and midrib outline of the leaf. Numerical analysis (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages, principal components analysis) of 55 qualitative and quantitative characters confirmed the delimitation of three taxa.
摘要本文对分布于伊朗南部的堇菜(Viola Sclerosium W. Becker)组3个形态相近的分类群Viola behboudiana、Viola cinerea和Viola stocksii进行了比较解剖。根、茎、梗、叶柄、叶的横截面和叶的表面截面显示了以下特征:茎中厚壁细胞的层数，茎中皮层束的存在与否，花梗中维管束的数量，花梗皮层中草酸钙晶体的存在与否，花梗表皮上毛状体的存在与否，叶柄中厚壁细胞的形状，叶中脉的轮廓。55个定性和定量性状的数值分析(算术平均、主成分分析的非加权对群法)确定了3个分类群的划分。
{"title":"Taxonomy and comparative anatomical studies of Viola sect. Sclerosium (Violaceae) in Iran","authors":"Maryam Mohammadi Shahrestani, Shahryar SAEIDI MEHRVARZ, T. Marcussen, Narjes Yousefi","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2014.932702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.932702","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The comparative anatomy of three morphologically close taxa of Viola sect. Sclerosium W. Becker distributed in southern Iran is presented in this study: Viola behboudiana, Viola cinerea and Viola stocksii. Cross-sections of roots, stems, peduncles, petioles, leaves and the surface sections of leaves showed that the following properties were taxonomically informative: number of collenchymatous cell layers in the stem, presence or absence of cortical bundles in the stem, number of vascular bundles in the peduncle, presence or absence of calcium oxalate crystals in the peduncle cortex, presence or absence of trichomes on the epidermis of the peduncle, shape of collenchyma cells in the petiole, and midrib outline of the leaf. Numerical analysis (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages, principal components analysis) of 55 qualitative and quantitative characters confirmed the delimitation of three taxa.","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"343 - 353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2014.932702","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.968614
Nupur Sarkar, U. Malik, A. Barik
Abstract The n-hexane extracts of young, mature and senescent leaves from Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., commonly known as cowpea, containing a thin layer of epicuticular waxes were analysed by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples (100 g) of young, mature and senescent leaves indicated the presence of 14, 15 and 14 long-chain n-alkanes, accounting for 6380 ± 77.2, 8774 ± 70.1 and 5686 ± 76.0 μg (mean ± SE), respectively. The predominant n-alkane was hentriacontane (n-C31) in all three types of leaves, representing 1490 ± 20.3, 1543 ± 17 and 902 ± 9 μg in young, mature and senescent leaves, respectively, while pentacosane (n-C25), pentatriacontane (n-C35) and n-C25 were present in the lowest amounts in young, mature and senescent leaves, accounting for 33 ± 0.3, 34 ± 1.2 and 56 ± 0.7 μg, respectively.
{"title":"n-alkanes in epicuticular waxes of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. leaves","authors":"Nupur Sarkar, U. Malik, A. Barik","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2014.968614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.968614","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The n-hexane extracts of young, mature and senescent leaves from Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., commonly known as cowpea, containing a thin layer of epicuticular waxes were analysed by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples (100 g) of young, mature and senescent leaves indicated the presence of 14, 15 and 14 long-chain n-alkanes, accounting for 6380 ± 77.2, 8774 ± 70.1 and 5686 ± 76.0 μg (mean ± SE), respectively. The predominant n-alkane was hentriacontane (n-C31) in all three types of leaves, representing 1490 ± 20.3, 1543 ± 17 and 902 ± 9 μg in young, mature and senescent leaves, respectively, while pentacosane (n-C25), pentatriacontane (n-C35) and n-C25 were present in the lowest amounts in young, mature and senescent leaves, accounting for 33 ± 0.3, 34 ± 1.2 and 56 ± 0.7 μg, respectively.","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"373 - 377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2014.968614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.932704
Bruno de Foucault
Abstract Within the framework of the prodrome of French vegetation, under the sponsorship of the French Society of Phytosociology, the author presents Parietarietea judaicae: a list of syntaxa synthesized as tables and presented as 24 records by known association at the French level. In one known order, Parietarietalia judaicae, four alliances are separated: Centrantho–Parietarion jucaicae, Asplenio–Cymbalarion muralis (new alliance), Brassicion oleraceae, and Cymbalario–Asplenion rutae-murariae. A last alliance, Parietario–Hyoscyamion aurei, is not integrated into an order.
{"title":"Contribution au prodrome des végétations de France: les Parietarietea judaicae Rivas-Mart. in Rivas Goday 1964","authors":"Bruno de Foucault","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2014.932704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.932704","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Within the framework of the prodrome of French vegetation, under the sponsorship of the French Society of Phytosociology, the author presents Parietarietea judaicae: a list of syntaxa synthesized as tables and presented as 24 records by known association at the French level. In one known order, Parietarietalia judaicae, four alliances are separated: Centrantho–Parietarion jucaicae, Asplenio–Cymbalarion muralis (new alliance), Brassicion oleraceae, and Cymbalario–Asplenion rutae-murariae. A last alliance, Parietario–Hyoscyamion aurei, is not integrated into an order.","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"403 - 427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2014.932704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.938118
B. Foucault
Abstract We try here to model the vegetal dynamics, so progressive as regressive one, by using concepts stemming from the classic physics and we try to compare some results obtained in the empirical observations, specially the fact that the speed of the evolution in a series decreases when one get closer to the climax. At the same time, we discuss the concepts of bryoclimax, homothety, specialized vegetations, philosophy of trop, sylvigenetic maturation, complexity. We also illustrate the progressive dynamics by means of some spectral series (biological, systematic, architectural, or seeds scattering and adaptative strategy).
{"title":"Un modèle énergétique pour la dynamique de la végétation","authors":"B. Foucault","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2014.938118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.938118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We try here to model the vegetal dynamics, so progressive as regressive one, by using concepts stemming from the classic physics and we try to compare some results obtained in the empirical observations, specially the fact that the speed of the evolution in a series decreases when one get closer to the climax. At the same time, we discuss the concepts of bryoclimax, homothety, specialized vegetations, philosophy of trop, sylvigenetic maturation, complexity. We also illustrate the progressive dynamics by means of some spectral series (biological, systematic, architectural, or seeds scattering and adaptative strategy).","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"429 - 439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2014.938118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.906920
A. Bulot, E. Provost, T. Dutoit
Abstract Ecological restoration can accelerate the resilience of degraded dry grasslands. Among the ecological restoration techniques used, soil transfer has already given promising results for restoring species-rich plant communities by providing the ability to recreate rapidly a habitat that corresponds to the reference ecosystem (the non disturbed dry grasslands). However, soil transfer is a destructive method, since it involves the use of non-renewable resources such as grassland soils of the donor sites that are the produce of centuries of interactions between climate, plants and animals. In south-eastern France, the plain of La Crau is an example of Mediterranean dry grasslands where the resilience of the steppe vegetation is extremely slow after land use changes which have impacted soil and vegetation. On 7th August 2009, a major oil leak occurred in the steppe center, destroying more than 13 acres of steppe vegetation. As a consequence, in 2010, the polluted soil was excavated and evacuated in a specialised dump. This operation was, then, combined with various in situ experiments of soil transfer, with exclusion of traditional sheep grazing management, to test (i) the importance of respecting the vertical organization of the main soil horizons and (ii) some opportunities to save this non-renewable resource. In May 2011, just after the soil transfer (72,000 tons) was achieved in April 2011 from a nearby quarry which extension had been authorised prior to the oil leak, different quadrats were materialized in the reference steppe vegetation around and in the restored site, with at the soil surface: the organic layer (top-soil, treatment ABC) with or without compaction (treatment ABCnc), the mineral layer (sub-soil, treatment BC) or the altered bedrock only (treatment C). After three years of vegetation monitoring, all the different treatments of soil transfer resulted in a rapid resilience of steppe vegetation in terms of floristic composition and plant species richness. Indeed, in 2013, the treatment with the transfer of mineral layer only at the soil surface, showed no significant difference in terms of plant species richness with the reference steppe plant community. Furthermore, there was a significant higher species richness for the treatments with the transfer of organic layer, compacted or not, in comparison with the reference steppe plant community. In addition, between 2011 and 2013, the natural colonisation by some ruderal opportunistic species was very low. Nevertheless, the reference steppe plant community organization was not restored for none of the different soil transfer treatments, as revealed by the calculation of the Bray-Curtis index. In addition, species abundances in the uncompacted organic layer, mean vegetation height and plant cover were significantly higher, than in the reference steppe plant community. Our results show that after only 3 years, the results of the different soil transfer treatments seem very promisin
生态恢复可以加速退化草原的恢复力。在使用的生态恢复技术中，土壤转移已经通过提供快速重建与参考生态系统(未受干扰的干草地)对应的栖息地的能力，在恢复物种丰富的植物群落方面取得了有希望的结果。然而，土壤转移是一种破坏性的方法，因为它涉及使用不可再生资源，如捐赠地的草地土壤，这些资源是气候、植物和动物之间几个世纪相互作用的产物。在法国东南部，拉克劳平原是地中海干草原的一个例子，在土地利用变化对土壤和植被产生影响后，草原植被的恢复能力极其缓慢。2009年8月7日，草原中心发生重大石油泄漏，破坏了超过13英亩的草原植被。因此，在2010年，被污染的土壤被挖掘出来，并被转移到一个专门的垃圾场。然后，将该操作与各种土壤转移原位实验结合起来，排除传统的放羊管理，以测试(i)尊重主要土壤层的垂直组织的重要性和(ii)保存这种不可再生资源的一些机会。2011年5月，就在附近采石场的土壤转移(72,000吨)于2011年4月完成之后(该采石场在石油泄漏之前已批准扩展)，在周围和恢复场地的参考草原植被中实现了不同的样方，在土壤表面:有压实或不压实的有机层(表层土，处理ABC)、矿物层(下层土，处理BC)或仅蚀变基岩(处理C)。经过三年的植被监测，所有不同的土壤转移处理都导致草原植被在植物区系组成和植物物种丰富度方面的快速恢复。事实上，2013年仅在土壤表面转移矿物层的处理在植物物种丰富度方面与参考草原植物群落没有显著差异。此外，与参考草原植物群落相比，有有机层转移的处理，无论是否压实，物种丰富度都显著更高。此外，在2011年至2013年期间，一些野生机会主义物种的自然定殖量非常低。然而，Bray-Curtis指数的计算表明，不同土壤转移处理均未恢复参考草原植物群落组织。非压实有机层的物种丰度、平均植被高度和植被覆盖度均显著高于参考草原植物群落。我们的研究结果表明，仅仅3年后，不同土壤转移处理的结果似乎很有希望。从这三年的监测看来，有机(表层土壤)和矿物(下层土壤)混合的土壤转移，没有最终的压实，可能足以提高参考草原植物群落的典型植物的自然恢复能力。也有可能根据1:2或1:3的比例增加土壤的表面，而不是1:1。这种方法可以保护草原土壤这一不可再生资源。由于不同的土壤迁移处理都不能恢复草原植物群落的整体，因此有必要重新建立传统的放羊系统，以增加参考草原植物群落空间组织的恢复。reacro - reacro - reacro - reacro - reacro - reacro - reacro - reacro - reacro - reacro - reacroParmi - les techniques utilissames, le transfer de sol, ainsi, danci.9cha.com, danci.9cha.com, danci.9cha.com, danci.9cha.com, danci.9cha.com, danci.9cha.com。在复仇的过程中，它会让人感到不快，因为它不会持久，也不会破坏你的网站。2007年9月至2009年9月，一项重要的调查结果表明，在拉克劳草原地区进行了一次重要的调查。2010年，加上55,5个月的时间，将所有的<s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:2> <s:2>和/或<s:2> <s:2> /或<s:2> /或<s:2> /或<s:2> /或<s:2> /或污染/或碳氢化合物。La修缮de ce网站,那么,高频associee不同的原位实验de让与en du溶胶,在l 'absence du paturage ovin traditionnel (exclos),倒试验机重要du尊重de l 'organisation verticale des principaux视野pedologiques。三个人都是成功的，所有人都是成功的，所有人都是成功的，所有人都是成功的，所有人都是成功的。另外，如果你不把你的个人生活和你的个人生活联系起来，你就不会把你的个人生活和你的个人生活联系起来。 然而，没有一种土壤恢复方法能够恢复参考草原植物群落的完整性。因此，现在似乎有必要恢复古老的牧羊系统，以恢复草原植被的空间结构和多样性。
{"title":"Transférer le sol pour restaurer des communautés végétales: quelles leçons pour mesurer la résilience des pelouses sèches ? (Plaine de La Crau, Sud-Est de la France).","authors":"A. Bulot, E. Provost, T. Dutoit","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2014.906920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.906920","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ecological restoration can accelerate the resilience of degraded dry grasslands. Among the ecological restoration techniques used, soil transfer has already given promising results for restoring species-rich plant communities by providing the ability to recreate rapidly a habitat that corresponds to the reference ecosystem (the non disturbed dry grasslands). However, soil transfer is a destructive method, since it involves the use of non-renewable resources such as grassland soils of the donor sites that are the produce of centuries of interactions between climate, plants and animals. In south-eastern France, the plain of La Crau is an example of Mediterranean dry grasslands where the resilience of the steppe vegetation is extremely slow after land use changes which have impacted soil and vegetation. On 7th August 2009, a major oil leak occurred in the steppe center, destroying more than 13 acres of steppe vegetation. As a consequence, in 2010, the polluted soil was excavated and evacuated in a specialised dump. This operation was, then, combined with various in situ experiments of soil transfer, with exclusion of traditional sheep grazing management, to test (i) the importance of respecting the vertical organization of the main soil horizons and (ii) some opportunities to save this non-renewable resource. In May 2011, just after the soil transfer (72,000 tons) was achieved in April 2011 from a nearby quarry which extension had been authorised prior to the oil leak, different quadrats were materialized in the reference steppe vegetation around and in the restored site, with at the soil surface: the organic layer (top-soil, treatment ABC) with or without compaction (treatment ABCnc), the mineral layer (sub-soil, treatment BC) or the altered bedrock only (treatment C). After three years of vegetation monitoring, all the different treatments of soil transfer resulted in a rapid resilience of steppe vegetation in terms of floristic composition and plant species richness. Indeed, in 2013, the treatment with the transfer of mineral layer only at the soil surface, showed no significant difference in terms of plant species richness with the reference steppe plant community. Furthermore, there was a significant higher species richness for the treatments with the transfer of organic layer, compacted or not, in comparison with the reference steppe plant community. In addition, between 2011 and 2013, the natural colonisation by some ruderal opportunistic species was very low. Nevertheless, the reference steppe plant community organization was not restored for none of the different soil transfer treatments, as revealed by the calculation of the Bray-Curtis index. In addition, species abundances in the uncompacted organic layer, mean vegetation height and plant cover were significantly higher, than in the reference steppe plant community. Our results show that after only 3 years, the results of the different soil transfer treatments seem very promisin","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"287 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2014.906920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.910473
Julie Chenot, L. Affre, Aurélie Passetti, E. Buisson
Abstract Biological invasions are one of the world’s leading causes of biodiversity loss. Islands are particularly good models for studying the impact of invasive species. Bagaud island (58 ha), which is part of Port-Cros National Park (southeastern France), is currently suffering an invasion of Carpobrotus. A restoration project has been established with the aim of eradicating these species to protect native ecosystems. The objective of the present study was to examine the plant composition of the local vegetation and seed bank (in litter and soil) focusing on (i) Carpobrotus patches and (ii) native plant communities, with the ultimate goal of determining whether Carpobrotus removal is followed by native plant community colonization. A further objective of this study was to help identify the most effective protocol for adequate ecological restoration. Native plant communities found around Carpobrotus patches can vary depending on whether the patch is located on the coast or inland; we can therefore expect a variety of plant communities to form following Carpobrotus removal. Even though Carpobrotus litter can frequently contain seeds of native species, such Atriplex prostrata, Frankenia sp. and Sonchus asper, it also contained many more Carpobrotus seeds (77.6%). Therefore, it is important to remove Carpobrotus litter to prevent large numbers of Carpobrotus seeds from recolonizing after eradication. We conclude that the most effective ecological restoration protocol consists of the following: (i) the removal of living Carpobrotus plants and (ii) the removal of Carpobrotus litter. This protocol can be made even more effective by following it up in the near and mid-term by periodic and thorough checks for Carpobrotus reinvasion.
{"title":"Consequences of iceplant (Carpobrotus) invasion on the vegetation and seed bank structure on a Mediterranean island: response elements for their local eradication","authors":"Julie Chenot, L. Affre, Aurélie Passetti, E. Buisson","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2014.910473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.910473","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biological invasions are one of the world’s leading causes of biodiversity loss. Islands are particularly good models for studying the impact of invasive species. Bagaud island (58 ha), which is part of Port-Cros National Park (southeastern France), is currently suffering an invasion of Carpobrotus. A restoration project has been established with the aim of eradicating these species to protect native ecosystems. The objective of the present study was to examine the plant composition of the local vegetation and seed bank (in litter and soil) focusing on (i) Carpobrotus patches and (ii) native plant communities, with the ultimate goal of determining whether Carpobrotus removal is followed by native plant community colonization. A further objective of this study was to help identify the most effective protocol for adequate ecological restoration. Native plant communities found around Carpobrotus patches can vary depending on whether the patch is located on the coast or inland; we can therefore expect a variety of plant communities to form following Carpobrotus removal. Even though Carpobrotus litter can frequently contain seeds of native species, such Atriplex prostrata, Frankenia sp. and Sonchus asper, it also contained many more Carpobrotus seeds (77.6%). Therefore, it is important to remove Carpobrotus litter to prevent large numbers of Carpobrotus seeds from recolonizing after eradication. We conclude that the most effective ecological restoration protocol consists of the following: (i) the removal of living Carpobrotus plants and (ii) the removal of Carpobrotus litter. This protocol can be made even more effective by following it up in the near and mid-term by periodic and thorough checks for Carpobrotus reinvasion.","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"301 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2014.910473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2013.868320
Rémi Perronne, S. Gaba, Émilie Cadet, V. Le Corre
Abstract Arable weeds are a key component of the biodiversity of agroecosystems, but have faced a marked decline due to agricultural intensification. Recently, the crop edge has been considered as a potential refugia for many species. Indeed, weed species richness and abundance are higher in the crop edge than in the field margin and the field core. In this study we question whether weed functional diversity also varies among field elements and whether it is higher in the crop edge. We studied the interspecific and intraspecific variation of three functional traits (specific leaf area, canopy height and above-ground biomass) related to the response of weeds to competition and to agricultural practices, for seven weed species sampled in the crop edge, the field margin and the field core area in four winter-wheat fields. We show that trait values varied significantly with the species, the field element and their interaction. Within the field, all species had high specific leaf area, low canopy height and biomass, suggesting a shade-tolerance syndrome that could be a strategy in response to both competition with the crop and the disturbances induced by agricultural practices. In the crop edge, where the functional variation was the highest, two distinct functional strategies were observed, suggesting a resource partitioning under the predominance of weed–weed competition. In conclusion, the crop edge plays a key role in sustaining weed diversity, mostly because of its intermediate environmental properties that allow the coexistence of weeds with different ecological strategies.
{"title":"The interspecific and intraspecific variation of functional traits in weeds: diversified ecological strategies within arable fields","authors":"Rémi Perronne, S. Gaba, Émilie Cadet, V. Le Corre","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2013.868320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2013.868320","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Arable weeds are a key component of the biodiversity of agroecosystems, but have faced a marked decline due to agricultural intensification. Recently, the crop edge has been considered as a potential refugia for many species. Indeed, weed species richness and abundance are higher in the crop edge than in the field margin and the field core. In this study we question whether weed functional diversity also varies among field elements and whether it is higher in the crop edge. We studied the interspecific and intraspecific variation of three functional traits (specific leaf area, canopy height and above-ground biomass) related to the response of weeds to competition and to agricultural practices, for seven weed species sampled in the crop edge, the field margin and the field core area in four winter-wheat fields. We show that trait values varied significantly with the species, the field element and their interaction. Within the field, all species had high specific leaf area, low canopy height and biomass, suggesting a shade-tolerance syndrome that could be a strategy in response to both competition with the crop and the disturbances induced by agricultural practices. In the crop edge, where the functional variation was the highest, two distinct functional strategies were observed, suggesting a resource partitioning under the predominance of weed–weed competition. In conclusion, the crop edge plays a key role in sustaining weed diversity, mostly because of its intermediate environmental properties that allow the coexistence of weeds with different ecological strategies.","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"243 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2013.868320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.911113
S. Masson, F. Mesléard, T. Dutoit
Abstract The plain of la Crau, located in South Eastern France, is a unique pseudo-steppe ecosystem, characterized by the presence of a Mediterranean climate, stony soil and limestone conglomerate at 40cm depth, and a traditional sheep grazing dating back to 6,000 years. Nevertheless, for many decades, this ecosystem has been subjected to numerous exogenous disturbance regimes. Indeed, during the 16th century, the construction of channels led to the transformation of the dry grasslands into hay meadows. Moreover, during the last century, agriculture intensification and the industrial development of military activities have significantly altered the steppe. Now, the plain of la Crau is a fragmented landscape where steppe habitats are connected directly with irrigated orchards or hay meadows. The effects on plant communities have been a decrease of species richness, a trivialization of plant composition and also the colonization of disturbed areas by pioneer invasive species such as Rubus ulmifolius Schoot, the elm leaf bramble. Absent from the original plant composition, this species can colonize areas formerly cultivated and/or subjected to water infiltrations coming from the mismanagement of the irrigation of hay meadows nearby. The increase of bramble cover is a threat to the Crau, because it causes the reduction of herbaceous community available for traditional sheep grazing, which is responsible for the organization and the structure of the steppe plant communities. To better understand this phenomenon and to discriminate the factors responsible for this colonization, an experimentation in situ based on the implementation of different disturbance regimes (shrub clearing and/or grazing) crossed with two levels of water resources has been carried out during three years (between November 2010 to September 2013). During this period, we have performed a monitoring of the vegetation each spring and measured the photosynthetically active radiation at different times to a year (at the moment of clearing, before and after grazing, and after the summer drought). Our results evidence significant changes in the composition and a drastic increase of species richness between plots that were cleared and grazed each year and those that were not. These differences can be explained by a significant reduction in the area occupied by the bramble (increase of photosynthetically active radiation). However, the action of a single clearing or grazing alone did not succeed in maintaining an open environment. No significant action of the drying plots could be detected on the plant community and on the dynamics of brambles. In order to perform a potential ecological restoration, an annual clearing coupled with a return of sheep grazing is recommended. In addition, the restoration of the irrigation system is considered in the discussion to limit the presence of Brachypodium phoenicoides (L.) Roem. & Schult that develops probably at the expense of typical steppe species.
{"title":"Impacts de différents régimes de perturbations et niveaux de ressource hydrique pour contrôler une espèce proliférante dans un écosystème pseudo-steppique: le cas de Rubus ulmifolius Schott. dans la plaine de la Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France)","authors":"S. Masson, F. Mesléard, T. Dutoit","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2014.911113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.911113","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The plain of la Crau, located in South Eastern France, is a unique pseudo-steppe ecosystem, characterized by the presence of a Mediterranean climate, stony soil and limestone conglomerate at 40cm depth, and a traditional sheep grazing dating back to 6,000 years. Nevertheless, for many decades, this ecosystem has been subjected to numerous exogenous disturbance regimes. Indeed, during the 16th century, the construction of channels led to the transformation of the dry grasslands into hay meadows. Moreover, during the last century, agriculture intensification and the industrial development of military activities have significantly altered the steppe. Now, the plain of la Crau is a fragmented landscape where steppe habitats are connected directly with irrigated orchards or hay meadows. The effects on plant communities have been a decrease of species richness, a trivialization of plant composition and also the colonization of disturbed areas by pioneer invasive species such as Rubus ulmifolius Schoot, the elm leaf bramble. Absent from the original plant composition, this species can colonize areas formerly cultivated and/or subjected to water infiltrations coming from the mismanagement of the irrigation of hay meadows nearby. The increase of bramble cover is a threat to the Crau, because it causes the reduction of herbaceous community available for traditional sheep grazing, which is responsible for the organization and the structure of the steppe plant communities. To better understand this phenomenon and to discriminate the factors responsible for this colonization, an experimentation in situ based on the implementation of different disturbance regimes (shrub clearing and/or grazing) crossed with two levels of water resources has been carried out during three years (between November 2010 to September 2013). During this period, we have performed a monitoring of the vegetation each spring and measured the photosynthetically active radiation at different times to a year (at the moment of clearing, before and after grazing, and after the summer drought). Our results evidence significant changes in the composition and a drastic increase of species richness between plots that were cleared and grazed each year and those that were not. These differences can be explained by a significant reduction in the area occupied by the bramble (increase of photosynthetically active radiation). However, the action of a single clearing or grazing alone did not succeed in maintaining an open environment. No significant action of the drying plots could be detected on the plant community and on the dynamics of brambles. In order to perform a potential ecological restoration, an annual clearing coupled with a return of sheep grazing is recommended. In addition, the restoration of the irrigation system is considered in the discussion to limit the presence of Brachypodium phoenicoides (L.) Roem. & Schult that develops probably at the expense of typical steppe species.","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"261 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2014.911113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-03DOI: 10.1080/12538078.2014.932705
F. Isselin
{"title":"Actes du 9ème Colloque d’Ecologie des Communautés Végétales, ECOVEG9 Tours 3-5 avril 2013 (Proceedings of the 9th Plant Community Ecology conference, Tours April 3–5, 2013, France): résumés","authors":"F. Isselin","doi":"10.1080/12538078.2014.932705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2014.932705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7129,"journal":{"name":"Acta Botanica Gallica","volume":"161 1","pages":"321 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/12538078.2014.932705","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59705730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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