Joanna Śróbka, I. Potocka, Jerzy Karczewski, Joanna Szymanowska-Pułka
The morphology of a plant's root is strongly affected by the compaction of the growth medium, the size of its particles, or the presence of non-movable obstacles. However, little is known about the effect of these characteristics on root anatomy and mechanical properties of the root tissues. Anatomical features of maize roots grown in media that varied in density and/or structure (soil, glass beads, vermiculite) were analyzed on cross-sections through the elongation and maturation zones of the roots of 14-day-old seedlings. The sections were stained for lignin and suberin to recognize the developmental stages of exodermis and endodermis. Cortex thickness, number of cortical cell layers, and diameter of the vascular cylinder (stele) were measured in both zones. The Young's modulus of the roots was determined using mechanical tensile tests. Assuming that the root can be considered a composite material, a model was used that allowed, for the first time, to estimate the mechanical properties of the stele and cortex. While the cell arrangement of roots grown in a medium with high density and fine movable particles (soil) was regular, roots grown in a medium with low density and light particles (vermiculite) and a medium with high density and large unmovable particles (glass beads) showed early damage of the rhizodermis and impaired cell arrangement in the cortex and vascular cylinder. In these roots, the exodermis and endodermis matured closer to the root tip than in roots from the soil. The vermiculite roots were the most outliers regarding morphometric parameters and mechanical properties. The Young's modulus of the stele was many times greater than the Young's modulus of the cortex in the roots of all variants. Of the media used in the experiment, the soil appears to be most favorable for the maize root growth and development.
{"title":"Sensitivity and strength of maize roots facing different physical conditions of the growth medium","authors":"Joanna Śróbka, I. Potocka, Jerzy Karczewski, Joanna Szymanowska-Pułka","doi":"10.5586/asbp/187377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/187377","url":null,"abstract":"The morphology of a plant's root is strongly affected by the compaction of the growth medium, the size of its particles, or the presence of non-movable obstacles. However, little is known about the effect of these characteristics on root anatomy and mechanical properties of the root tissues. Anatomical features of maize roots grown in media that varied in density and/or structure (soil, glass beads, vermiculite) were analyzed on cross-sections through the elongation and maturation zones of the roots of 14-day-old seedlings. The sections were stained for lignin and suberin to recognize the developmental stages of exodermis and endodermis. Cortex thickness, number of cortical cell layers, and diameter of the vascular cylinder (stele) were measured in both zones. The Young's modulus of the roots was determined using mechanical tensile tests. Assuming that the root can be considered a composite material, a model was used that allowed, for the first time, to estimate the mechanical properties of the stele and cortex. \u0000While the cell arrangement of roots grown in a medium with high density and fine movable particles (soil) was regular, roots grown in a medium with low density and light particles (vermiculite) and a medium with high density and large unmovable particles (glass beads) showed early damage of the rhizodermis and impaired cell arrangement in the cortex and vascular cylinder. In these roots, the exodermis and endodermis matured closer to the root tip than in roots from the soil. The vermiculite roots were the most outliers regarding morphometric parameters and mechanical properties. The Young's modulus of the stele was many times greater than the Young's modulus of the cortex in the roots of all variants. Of the media used in the experiment, the soil appears to be most favorable for the maize root growth and development.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141341048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Vidaković, Luka Benić, Ivana Mrvičić, Edvardo Pešut, Viktor Jakšić, Igor Poljak
Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L., Rosaceae) is a deciduous, insect-pollinated, and animal-dispersed shrub or a small tree that naturally occurs throughout Europe. The aims of this study were to describe fruit morphological variability of natural populations in the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula and to determine the impact of geographical and environmental conditions on shaping the species’ variability. In total, ten fruit and stone morphological traits were studied using data from twelve natural populations. e obtained data was analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistical methods. High morphological variability was determined both among and within the studied populations. However, our study revealed no clear eco-geographical differentiation of the studied populations. High morphological variability of the populations, but also the absence of geographical and environmental structuring of populations, could be attributed to the animal-mediated dispersal of fruits over greater distances, combined with the vegetative regeneration and high levels of seed flow among populations, as well as the influence of founder effect. Based on the conducted research, valuable information on intra- and interpopulation variability of fruits’ morphological traits was obtained, which can be useful in creating the guidelines for conservation, breeding, and afforestation programs.
{"title":"Morphological variation in blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) populations in the Northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula - Absence of geographical and environmental structure","authors":"Antonio Vidaković, Luka Benić, Ivana Mrvičić, Edvardo Pešut, Viktor Jakšić, Igor Poljak","doi":"10.5586/asbp/187157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/187157","url":null,"abstract":"Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L., Rosaceae) is a deciduous, insect-pollinated, and animal-dispersed shrub or a small tree that naturally occurs throughout Europe. The aims of this study were to describe fruit morphological variability of natural\u0000populations in the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula and to determine the impact of geographical and environmental conditions on shaping the species’ variability. In total, ten fruit and stone morphological traits were studied using data from twelve natural populations. e obtained data was analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistical methods. High morphological variability was determined both among and within the studied populations. However, our study revealed no clear eco-geographical differentiation of the studied populations.\u0000High morphological variability of the populations, but also the absence of geographical and environmental structuring of populations, could be attributed to the animal-mediated dispersal of fruits over greater distances, combined with the vegetative regeneration and high levels of seed flow among populations, as well as the influence of founder effect. Based on the conducted research, valuable information on intra- and interpopulation variability of fruits’ morphological traits was obtained, which can be useful in creating the guidelines for conservation,\u0000breeding, and afforestation programs.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pentatricopeptide repeat genes are ubiquitous in eukaryotes with mitochondria, especially in higher terrestrial plants. As RNA modification proteins, PPR are indispensable in plant growth and development. However, many PPR genes in model plants and food crops have been researched, but few studies about potato PPR genes have been reported. This research systematically performed a genome-wide analysis of the potato PPR members and verified the gene expression and the protein subcellular localization via molecular biology methods. As a result, there were 491 sequences defined as potato PPR members. In addition, we found the Restorer-of-fertility-likes clusters on chromosome 6, and we also analyzed the expression of four genes under abiotic stress and the subcellular localization of two proteins to attempt to explain the mechanism of PPR involved in abiotic stress. In general, our study gives an exhaustive analysis and hopefully provides help for growth, development and metabolism in potato research.
{"title":"Genome-wide analysis of pentatricopeptide repeat genes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)","authors":"Ping Wang, Hongji Zhang, Yongchao Wu, Rui Yang, Baozhen Jiao, Li Zhang, Decai Yu, Binquan Huang","doi":"10.5586/asbp/186224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/186224","url":null,"abstract":"Pentatricopeptide repeat genes are ubiquitous in eukaryotes with mitochondria, especially in higher terrestrial plants. As RNA modification proteins, PPR are indispensable in plant growth and development. However, many PPR genes in model plants and food crops have been researched, but few studies about potato PPR genes have been reported. This research systematically performed a genome-wide analysis of the potato PPR members and verified the gene expression and the protein subcellular localization via molecular biology methods. As a result,\u0000there were 491 sequences defined as potato PPR members. In addition, we found the Restorer-of-fertility-likes clusters on chromosome 6, and we also analyzed the expression of four genes under abiotic stress and the subcellular localization of two proteins to attempt to explain the mechanism of PPR involved in abiotic stress. In general, our study gives an exhaustive analysis and hopefully provides help for\u0000growth, development and metabolism in potato research.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141267062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kamila Reczyńska, Pavel Novák, Monika Majerová, Krzysztof Świerkosz
The unique, basophilic rocky grasslands on the Pulinka rock near Kletno in the Śnieżnik Massif (Eastern Sudetes) have been known since the 1960s. The aim of the study was to, re-analyze the status of this plant community with reference to species composition, functional structure, habitat conditions and syntaxonomic position 50 years afer its discovery, and first description. For this purpose, we used archival and contemporary data. The obtained results revealed close compositional similarity between the vegetation plots collected in 1968 and 2022. The abundance of relic species documented in phytosociological relevès has remained constant (Sesleria tatrae, Galium anisophyllon) or increased (Scabiosa lucida). Additionally, the first locality of Calamagrostis varia was found on the Pulinka – a species not yet recorded in the Sudetes. On the other hand, some regular fluctuations in the abundance of sporadic species were observed. However, these were not reflected in changes in community-weighted means for environmental variables (temperature, light, nutrients, soil reaction, and moisture) and functional traits (specific leaf area, seed mass, and leaf dry matter content). We also found no differences in the functional diversity index (FD Rao) between the first and last surveys. Therefore, the lack of temporal changes in the main ecological features may indicate a high stability of the studied grasslands despite the pressure of external factors (progressive climate warming and nitrogen deposition). The phytosociological analysis carried out suggests that the studied community belongs to the class Elyno-Seslerietea and the order Seslerietalia caeruleae. However, due to the unusually poor species composition of the studied rocky grasslands, we did not find it currently possible to classify them at the alliance and association level. This requires further studies and classification based on broader data, including Western Carpathian calcicolous swards.
{"title":"The current state of relic rocky grasslands with Sesleria tatrae and Calamagrostis varia in the Eastern Sudetes (Śnieżnik Massif, SW Poland)","authors":"Kamila Reczyńska, Pavel Novák, Monika Majerová, Krzysztof Świerkosz","doi":"10.5586/asbp/181645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/181645","url":null,"abstract":"The unique, basophilic rocky grasslands on the Pulinka rock near Kletno in the Śnieżnik Massif (Eastern Sudetes) have been known since the 1960s. The aim of the study was to, re-analyze the status of this plant community with reference to species composition, functional structure, habitat conditions and syntaxonomic position 50 years afer its discovery, and first description. For this purpose, we used archival and contemporary data. The obtained results revealed close compositional similarity between the vegetation plots collected in 1968 and 2022. The abundance of relic species documented in phytosociological relevès has remained constant (Sesleria tatrae, Galium anisophyllon) or increased (Scabiosa lucida). Additionally, the first locality of Calamagrostis varia was found on the Pulinka – a species not yet recorded in the Sudetes. On the other hand, some regular fluctuations in the abundance of sporadic species were observed. However, these were not reflected in changes in community-weighted means for environmental variables (temperature, light, nutrients, soil reaction, and moisture) and functional traits (specific leaf area, seed mass, and leaf dry matter content). We also found no\u0000differences in the functional diversity index (FD Rao) between the first and last surveys. Therefore, the lack of temporal changes in the main ecological features may indicate a high stability of the studied grasslands despite the pressure of external factors (progressive climate warming and nitrogen deposition). The phytosociological analysis carried out suggests that the studied community belongs to the class Elyno-Seslerietea and the order Seslerietalia caeruleae. However, due to the unusually poor species composition of the studied rocky grasslands, we did not find it currently possible to classify them at the alliance and association level. This requires further studies and classification based on broader data, including Western Carpathian calcicolous swards.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140710851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ł. Łuczaj, M. Jug‐Dujaković, K. Dolina, Mirjana Jeričević, Ivana Vitasović-Kosić
Various aspects of blessing plants in Roman Catholic churches throughout the year were recorded on 33 Croatian islands. The fieldwork was carried out by using 131 semi-structured interviews. Altogether, 74 species were mentioned. Plants are blessed mainly on Palm Sunday and St. Anthony’s Day (13th June). Flower petals are strewn in processions on Corpus Christi. In very few locations, plants are also blessed on Good Friday, St. John’s Day (24th June), and a few other occasions. A very interesting find is the blessing of thirteen herbs on some islands, mainly of northern Dalmatia. The cycle of plant blessing is adjusted to the Mediterranean climate, as plants are blessed mainly in late spring and early summer when vegetation is fully developed.
{"title":"Ethnobotany of the ritual plants of the Adriatic islands (Croatia) associated with the Roman-Catholic ceremonial year","authors":"Ł. Łuczaj, M. Jug‐Dujaković, K. Dolina, Mirjana Jeričević, Ivana Vitasović-Kosić","doi":"10.5586/asbp/180804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/180804","url":null,"abstract":"Various aspects of blessing plants in Roman Catholic churches throughout the year were recorded on 33 Croatian islands. The fieldwork was carried out by using 131 semi-structured interviews. Altogether, 74 species were mentioned. Plants are blessed mainly on Palm Sunday and St. Anthony’s Day (13th June). Flower petals are strewn in processions on Corpus Christi. In very few locations, plants are also blessed on Good Friday, St. John’s Day (24th June), and a few other occasions. A very interesting find is the blessing of thirteen herbs on some islands, mainly of northern Dalmatia. The cycle of plant blessing is adjusted to the Mediterranean climate, as plants are blessed mainly in late spring and early\u0000summer when vegetation is fully developed.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140734773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandra Burzacka-Hinz, Magdalena Dudek, D. Szlachetko
Dendrobium is a large group of Orchidaceae, counting more than 1,100 species, whose classification, both within the genus and individual sections, is not straightforward. Therefore, the aim of our study was to perform phylogenetic analyses for representatives of a nominal section of Dendrobium and to test the usefulness of a low-copy nuclear gene encoding a xanthine dehydrogenase protein for reconstructing phylogeny. We also wish to compare the utility of two nuclear markers, Xdh and ITS. To realize this, we analyzed the diversity of the two markers and the reliability of the resulting trees. Our results indicate that the nuclear ITS region shows higher variability and clade credibility in trees, in closely related species, and between sections than the low-copy nuclear gene. Xdh may be more reliable at higher taxonomic levels, but confirmation of this requires further research.
铁皮石斛是兰科植物中的一个大类，有 1,100 多个品种，其属内和单个科的分类并不简单。因此，我们的研究旨在对铁皮石斛的一个标称科的代表物种进行系统发生分析，并测试编码黄嘌呤脱氢酶蛋白的低拷贝核基因在重建系统发生方面的实用性。我们还希望比较 Xdh 和 ITS 这两个核标记的效用。为此，我们分析了这两个标记的多样性以及所得到的系统树的可靠性。我们的结果表明，与低拷贝核基因相比，核 ITS 区域在树中、近缘物种中和切片之间显示出更高的变异性和支系可信度。在更高的分类水平上，Xdh 可能更可靠，但这一点还需要进一步研究证实。
{"title":"Potential use of low-copy nuclear gene Xdh at lower taxonomic levels based on phylogenetic analysis of the nominal section of Dendrobium","authors":"Aleksandra Burzacka-Hinz, Magdalena Dudek, D. Szlachetko","doi":"10.5586/asbp/177922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/177922","url":null,"abstract":"Dendrobium is a large group of Orchidaceae, counting more than 1,100 species, whose classification, both within the genus and individual sections, is not straightforward. Therefore, the aim of our study was to perform phylogenetic analyses for representatives of a nominal section of Dendrobium and to test the usefulness of a low-copy nuclear gene encoding a xanthine dehydrogenase protein for reconstructing phylogeny. We also wish to compare the utility of two nuclear markers, Xdh and ITS. To realize this, we analyzed the diversity of the two markers and the reliability of the resulting trees. Our results indicate that the nuclear ITS region shows higher variability and clade credibility in trees, in closely related species, and between sections than the low-copy nuclear gene. Xdh may be more reliable at higher taxonomic levels, but confirmation of this requires further research.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140414762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orchid germination depends on their fungal partner; however, there are no broadscale analyses evaluating the actual overlap between orchids and their mycorrhizal symbionts. The aim of this research was to evaluate the importance of mycorrhizal fungi for the occurrence of two species of orchids using ecological niche modeling (ENM). Two sets of future orchid distribution models were created – the first one was based on bioclimatic data only, and the second one included information about the distribution of fungal symbionts. The jackknife test indicated that for both mixotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids, the presence of symbiotic fungi is crucial for their occurrence, and ENM analyses revealed that both orchids face habitat loss as a result of predicted changes in climate. In the case of the mixotrophic orchid, the presence of symbiotic fungi can compensate for unfavorable climatic conditions. Problems and limitations in modeling the distributions of species are discussed in terms of the symbiotic relationship.
{"title":"The long-term survival and climatic distribution of mixotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids","authors":"Marta Kolanowska, M. Ruszkiewicz-Michalska","doi":"10.5586/asbp/175378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/175378","url":null,"abstract":"Orchid germination depends on their fungal partner; however, there are no broadscale analyses evaluating the actual overlap between orchids and their mycorrhizal symbionts. The aim of this research was to evaluate the importance of mycorrhizal fungi for the occurrence of two species of orchids using ecological niche modeling (ENM). Two sets of future orchid distribution models were created – the first one was based on bioclimatic data only, and the second one included information about the distribution of fungal symbionts. The jackknife test indicated that for both mixotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids, the presence of symbiotic fungi is crucial for their occurrence, and ENM analyses revealed that both orchids face habitat loss as a result of predicted changes in climate. In the case of the mixotrophic orchid, the presence of symbiotic fungi can compensate for unfavorable climatic conditions. Problems and limitations in modeling the distributions of species are discussed in terms of the symbiotic relationship.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139148848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Common broom Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link is a native shrub, common both in Europe and Poland and in many other areas of the world, it is considered an invasive plant. e size of the organs of generative reproduction and the factors determining it are still poorly understood. The study of the size of broom flowers, fruits, seeds and leaves was carried out on 16 plots in western Poland. Habitats were described using Ellenberg’s index values, which allowed us to divide the study into two types: warm, rich in nitrogen, and moister with higher pH. It has been shown that a significant part of the variability in the size of flowers and their elements is conditioned by inter-individual differences. Some features (wings and keel area, number of seeds, or nitrogen content in stems) are also dependent on the type of habitat. Probably the key factor influencing the size of generative organs and the number of seeds is the availability of water in the environment. In more moist habitats and with a higher pH, the organs of generative reproduction are larger, and the nitrogen content is lower. The size of individual elements of the perianth is significantly correlated with each other, and the number of seeds depends on the size of the keel. Depending on environmental factors, the size of the generative organs may affect the efficiency of pollination, which in turn determines the size and number of seeds. The ability of C. scoparius to adapt to various edaphic conditions, the ability to establish symbiosis with atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the production of size-diverse flowers that can be pollinated by insects of various sizes determine its invasive success.
{"title":"Factors determining the variability of the size of generative reproduction organs and leaves of Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link in western Poland","authors":"Małgorzata Maj, M. Giertych","doi":"10.5586/asbp/174333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/174333","url":null,"abstract":"Common broom Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link is a native shrub, common both in Europe and Poland and in many other areas of the world, it is considered an invasive plant. e size of the organs of generative reproduction and the factors determining it are still poorly understood. The study of the size of broom flowers, fruits, seeds and leaves was carried out on 16 plots in western Poland. Habitats were described using Ellenberg’s index values, which allowed us to divide the study into two types: warm, rich in nitrogen, and moister with higher pH. It has been shown that a significant part of the variability in the size of flowers and their elements is conditioned by inter-individual differences. Some features (wings and keel area, number of seeds, or nitrogen content in stems) are also dependent on the type of habitat. Probably the key factor influencing the size of generative organs and the number of seeds is the availability of water in the environment. In more moist habitats and with a higher pH, the organs of generative reproduction are larger, and the nitrogen content is lower. The size of individual elements of the perianth is significantly correlated with each other, and the number of seeds depends on the size of the keel. Depending on environmental factors, the size of the generative organs may affect the efficiency of pollination, which in turn determines the size and number of seeds. The ability of C. scoparius to adapt to various edaphic conditions, the ability to establish symbiosis with atmospheric nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the production of size-diverse flowers that can be pollinated by insects of various sizes determine its invasive success.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139244298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lina Yang, Yike Liu, Zhanjun Xue, Qingyun Li, Bingbing Cai
Aldolase exhibits multiple functions in a variety of organisms, including fungi, unicellular algae and plants, and so on. Furthermore, different isoforms of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) exhibit significantly different characteristics and functions. This review describes the structures, characteristics, and functions of FBAs derived from diverse organisms, including FBA II in pathogen microorganisms, as well as FBA I mainly in unicellular algae and plants. Differences between FBA and FBP aldolase-phosphatase bifunctional enzyme (FBA/P) are also discussed. Finally, we suggest several potential research questions regarding the functions of FBA in higher plants.
{"title":"Structures, characteristics and functions of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase in various tissues","authors":"Lina Yang, Yike Liu, Zhanjun Xue, Qingyun Li, Bingbing Cai","doi":"10.5586/asbp/174253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/174253","url":null,"abstract":"Aldolase exhibits multiple functions in a variety of organisms, including fungi, unicellular algae and plants, and so on. Furthermore, different isoforms of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) exhibit significantly different characteristics and functions. This review describes the structures, characteristics, and functions of FBAs derived from diverse organisms, including FBA II in pathogen microorganisms, as well as FBA I mainly in unicellular algae and plants. Differences between FBA and FBP aldolase-phosphatase bifunctional enzyme (FBA/P) are also discussed. Finally, we suggest several potential research questions regarding the functions of FBA in higher plants.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135138238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandra Grabowska-Joachimiak, Dagmara Kwolek, Elżbieta Pięta, Zbigniew Szeląg, Andrzej J. Joachimiak
Polyploid species of Hieracium s.str. are near-obligatory apomicts capable of producing non-reduced pollen grains and intrageneric crossing with sexual diploid species. Most probably, such a mating system leads to the emergence of separate lineages of apomictic plants with increased ploidy levels, each of which has a complete set of genomes of its putative (most probably triploid) apomictic parent. The correct identification of such lineages could facilitate taxonomic and phylogenetic research in Hieracium. In this paper, we analyzed the distribution of the 5S and 45S rDNA segments in the karyotypes of six selected Hieracium taxa, representing all ploidy levels reported in the genus: H. alpinum 2x, H. alpinum 3x, H. schustleri 4x, H. chrysostyloides 5x (H. sect. Alpina) and H. bifidum 3x, H. levicaule 3x (H. sect. Bifida). The analyzed rDNA markers suggest that two taxa of the higher ploidy level (4x and 5x) belonging to H. sect. Alpina inherited three genomes from the triploid H. alpinum, which has 2:1 genomic composition with two genomes from diploid H. alpinum and one genome with an untypical 5S rDNA-bearing chromosome of unknown origin. H. bifidum and H. levicaule differ from each other in the rDNA distribution pattern, which suggests that H. sect. Bifida may be a less homogenous group of species.
{"title":"rDNA-FISH pattern in selected <i>Hieracium</i> species representing different ploidy levels","authors":"Aleksandra Grabowska-Joachimiak, Dagmara Kwolek, Elżbieta Pięta, Zbigniew Szeląg, Andrzej J. Joachimiak","doi":"10.5586/asbp/172418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/172418","url":null,"abstract":"Polyploid species of <i>Hieracium</i> s.str. are near-obligatory apomicts capable of producing non-reduced pollen grains and intrageneric crossing with sexual diploid species. Most probably, such a mating system leads to the emergence of separate lineages of apomictic plants with increased ploidy levels, each of which has a complete set of genomes of its putative (most probably triploid) apomictic parent. The correct identification of such lineages could facilitate taxonomic and phylogenetic research in <i>Hieracium</i>. In this paper, we analyzed the distribution of the 5S and 45S rDNA segments in the karyotypes of six selected <i>Hieracium</i> taxa, representing all ploidy levels reported in the genus: <i>H. alpinum</i> 2x, <i>H. alpinum</i> 3x, <i>H. schustleri</i> 4x, <i>H. chrysostyloides</i> 5x (<i>H</i>. sect. <i>Alpina</i>) and <i>H. bifidum</i> 3x, <i>H. levicaule</i> 3x (<i>H</i>. sect. <i>Bifida</i>). The analyzed rDNA markers suggest that two taxa of the higher ploidy level (4x and 5x) belonging to <i>H</i>. sect. <i>Alpina</i> inherited three genomes from the triploid <i>H. alpinum</i>, which has 2:1 genomic composition with two genomes from diploid <i>H. alpinum</i> and one genome with an untypical 5S rDNA-bearing chromosome of unknown origin. <i>H. bifidum</i> and <i>H. levicaule</i> differ from each other in the rDNA distribution pattern, which suggests that <i>H</i>. sect. <i>Bifida</i> may be a less homogenous group of species.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135618795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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