Aegilops tauschii is a competitive invasive weed typically found in winter wheat fields. In this study, using the replacement series experiments designed by de Wit, the effects of different shading treatments on the morphological structure, physiological characteristics, and competitiveness of the invasive plant A. tauschii were comparatively analyzed with the aim of providing knowledge for the ecological control of this weed in wheat fields. The results showed that in terms of morphological characteristics, shading caused an increase in plant height, leaf area, and specific leaf area (SLA); and a decrease in the root-to-crown ratio (R/C) of both A. tauschii and wheat plants. With regard to physiological characteristics, both A. tauschii and wheat plants adapted to the low-light environment by increasing the chlorophyll content, with an increase of chlorophyll b in particular. It could be concluded from the changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content that the low-intensity shading treatment significantly improved the stress resistance of A. tauschii , thus ensuring the continuation of its normal photosynthesis. In addition, the plasticity index average value of eight morphological indicators of A. tauschii (e.g., plant height and leaf area) was 0.18, which was greater than that of wheat (0.17). Similarly, the plasticity index average value of four physiological indicators of A. tauschii (e.g., chlorophyll content and SOD activity) was 0.46, which was also higher than that of wheat (0.37). Finally, the competitive balance (CB) value of A. tauschii showed that its competitiveness under low light conditions was still greater than wheat, but gradually diminished with increasing shading rate. In short, A. tauschii displays a certain adaptability to low light environments, but shading treatment may also significantly reduce its competitive inhibition of wheat.
{"title":"Effect of Shading on Interspecific Competition Between Aegilops tauschii and Triticum aestivum","authors":"Ning Wang, Meile Yuan, Lei Wang","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9131","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Aegilops tauschii\u0000 is a competitive invasive weed typically found in winter wheat fields. In this study, using the replacement series experiments designed by de Wit, the effects of different shading treatments on the morphological structure, physiological characteristics, and competitiveness of the invasive plant\u0000 A. tauschii\u0000 were comparatively analyzed with the aim of providing knowledge for the ecological control of this weed in wheat fields. The results showed that in terms of morphological characteristics, shading caused an increase in plant height, leaf area, and specific leaf area (SLA); and a decrease in the root-to-crown ratio (R/C) of both\u0000 A. tauschii\u0000 and wheat plants. With regard to physiological characteristics, both\u0000 A. tauschii\u0000 and wheat plants adapted to the low-light environment by increasing the chlorophyll content, with an increase of chlorophyll\u0000 b\u0000 in particular. It could be concluded from the changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content that the low-intensity shading treatment significantly improved the stress resistance of\u0000 A. tauschii\u0000 , thus ensuring the continuation of its normal photosynthesis. In addition, the plasticity index average value of eight morphological indicators of\u0000 A. tauschii\u0000 (e.g., plant height and leaf area) was 0.18, which was greater than that of wheat (0.17). Similarly, the plasticity index average value of four physiological indicators of\u0000 A. tauschii\u0000 (e.g., chlorophyll content and SOD activity) was 0.46, which was also higher than that of wheat (0.37). Finally, the competitive balance (CB) value of\u0000 A. tauschii\u0000 showed that its competitiveness under low light conditions was still greater than wheat, but gradually diminished with increasing shading rate. In short,\u0000 A. tauschii\u0000 displays a certain adaptability to low light environments, but shading treatment may also significantly reduce its competitive inhibition of wheat.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47970041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the Palaeozoic Era, plants conquered the land and covered greater and greater areas from coastal lowlands to highlands. Palaeobotanical data based on macroremains from Polish Palaeozoic strata complete and enrich the picture of these processes. Knowledge about Polish Palaeozoic macrofloras developed significantly in the last hundred years but is very unevenly distributed among successive geological periods. Ordovician and Silurian macrofossils are single finds. Cores from deep boreholes provided significant material for recognition of Early Devonian plants. Carboniferous floras, especially from coal measures, are best known, as they are most numerous in taxa and specimens. Permian floras are very rare. Based on Devonian and Carboniferous fossils, many new, evolutionarily important taxa were proposed and have entered world science.
{"title":"Polish Palaeobotany: 750 Million Years of Plant History as Revealed in a Century of Studies. Palaeozoic Macrofossils","authors":"Grzegorz Pacyna, M. Barbacka","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9123","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the Palaeozoic Era, plants conquered the land and covered greater and greater areas from coastal lowlands to highlands. Palaeobotanical data based on macroremains from Polish Palaeozoic strata complete and enrich the picture of these processes. Knowledge about Polish Palaeozoic macrofloras developed significantly in the last hundred years but is very unevenly distributed among successive geological periods. Ordovician and Silurian macrofossils are single finds. Cores from deep boreholes provided significant material for recognition of Early Devonian plants. Carboniferous floras, especially from coal measures, are best known, as they are most numerous in taxa and specimens. Permian floras are very rare. Based on Devonian and Carboniferous fossils, many new, evolutionarily important taxa were proposed and have entered world science.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45573051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Zimnoch-Guzowska, P. Chmielarz, M. Wawrzyniak, B. Plitta-Michalak, M. Michalak, M. Pałucka, Urszula Wasileńczyk, Paulina Kosek, D. Kulus, A. Rucińska, A. Mikuła
To date, the use of liquid nitrogen (LN) in plant gene banks is relatively limited. Globally, in 2021, approximately 10,000 accessions were cryopreserved, and their explants were derived from in vitro plants. In Europe, out of 500 banks, only 20 use cryogenic temperatures to store plant germplasms. The implementation of seven conservation projects in Poland starting in the 1990s meant that the gene banking system in this country began to gradually develop. Plant gene bank is mainly based on the collection of seeds and makes little use of plant tissues, including those from in vitro culture. From the point of view of systematics, plant material belonging to spermatophytes dominates in Polish gene banks, while spore plants are rarely represented. This review represents the first summary of gene cryobank activities and resources in Poland. It contains a brief overview of the ex situ plant protection programs aimed at the use of LN and presents the characteristics of four existing gene cryobanks in this country. Special attention is devoted to the presentation of studies on the cryopreservation of seeds, as well as of plant tissues, such as embryonic axes and plumules of trees, and fern gametophytes, that make a permanent contribution to gene bank resources.
{"title":"Polish Cryobanks: Research and Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources","authors":"E. Zimnoch-Guzowska, P. Chmielarz, M. Wawrzyniak, B. Plitta-Michalak, M. Michalak, M. Pałucka, Urszula Wasileńczyk, Paulina Kosek, D. Kulus, A. Rucińska, A. Mikuła","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9121","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To date, the use of liquid nitrogen (LN) in plant gene banks is relatively limited. Globally, in 2021, approximately 10,000 accessions were cryopreserved, and their explants were derived from in vitro plants. In Europe, out of 500 banks, only 20 use cryogenic temperatures to store plant germplasms. The implementation of seven conservation projects in Poland starting in the 1990s meant that the gene banking system in this country began to gradually develop. Plant gene bank is mainly based on the collection of seeds and makes little use of plant tissues, including those from in vitro culture. From the point of view of systematics, plant material belonging to spermatophytes dominates in Polish gene banks, while spore plants are rarely represented. This review represents the first summary of gene cryobank activities and resources in Poland. It contains a brief overview of the ex situ plant protection programs aimed at the use of LN and presents the characteristics of four existing gene cryobanks in this country. Special attention is devoted to the presentation of studies on the cryopreservation of seeds, as well as of plant tissues, such as embryonic axes and plumules of trees, and fern gametophytes, that make a permanent contribution to gene bank resources.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41318656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kraków Geobotanical School is considered one of the oldest and longest-operating botanical schools in Europe; it was active from 1859 to 2020. The purpose of this article is to summarize the achievements of the school. We divided the history of the school into six periods: ( i ) the Formation period (1859–1903); ( ii ) the Romantic period (1903–1917), wherein long-term research projects were completed and with M. Raciborski considered as the first headmaster of the school; ( iii ) the Classical period (1917–1970), wherein new ideas and research techniques were developed with W. Szafer as the headmaster; ( iv ) the Duumvirate period (1971–1993), with J. Kornaś and A. Jasiewicz as the headmasters; ( v ) the Descendant schools period (1994–2010), wherein traditional (morphological) methods were utilized; and ( vi ) the Decline period (2011–2020). Each of these periods was characterized by the names of the headmasters or leaders, their roles, and their main achievements. We suppose that Kraków Geobotanical School, in its present structure, has finished its scientific activity, for which we present a few arguments. We have attached to the main text of the article, an extensive tables containing the topics of geobotanical research carried out in each of the six periods, along with publication samples. The most important scientific achievements of Kraków Geobotanical School are the following: several thousand publications, including monographs and syntheses of knowledge on Polish flora and vegetation; introduction of new disciplines in Poland (e.g., paleobotany, nature conservation, phytosociology, palynology, study on synanthropization); description of new plant and fungus taxa; and identification of syntaxonomic units in Poland and abroad.
{"title":"Kraków Geobotanical School During 1859–2020: Main Achievements","authors":"P. Köhler, A. Stachurska-Swakoń","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9117","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Kraków Geobotanical School is considered one of the oldest and longest-operating botanical schools in Europe; it was active from 1859 to 2020. The purpose of this article is to summarize the achievements of the school. We divided the history of the school into six periods: (\u0000 \u0000 i\u0000 \u0000 ) the Formation period (1859–1903); (\u0000 \u0000 ii\u0000 \u0000 ) the Romantic period (1903–1917), wherein long-term research projects were completed and with M. Raciborski considered as the first headmaster of the school; (\u0000 \u0000 iii\u0000 \u0000 ) the Classical period (1917–1970), wherein new ideas and research techniques were developed with W. Szafer as the headmaster; (\u0000 \u0000 iv\u0000 \u0000 ) the Duumvirate period (1971–1993), with J. Kornaś and A. Jasiewicz as the headmasters; (\u0000 \u0000 v\u0000 \u0000 ) the Descendant schools period (1994–2010), wherein traditional (morphological) methods were utilized; and (\u0000 \u0000 vi\u0000 \u0000 ) the Decline period (2011–2020). Each of these periods was characterized by the names of the headmasters or leaders, their roles, and their main achievements. We suppose that Kraków Geobotanical School, in its present structure, has finished its scientific activity, for which we present a few arguments. We have attached to the main text of the article, an extensive tables containing the topics of geobotanical research carried out in each of the six periods, along with publication samples. The most important scientific achievements of Kraków Geobotanical School are the following: several thousand publications, including monographs and syntheses of knowledge on Polish flora and vegetation; introduction of new disciplines in Poland (e.g., paleobotany, nature conservation, phytosociology, palynology, study on synanthropization); description of new plant and fungus taxa; and identification of syntaxonomic units in Poland and abroad.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46922262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review was designed to summarize the present state of research around the genetic and epigenetic modification of selected plant species and the potential for their application in industry. This review summarizes the activity of research groups from the University of Wrocław completed over the last 3 decades which tends to focus on potatoes and flax likely as a result of their centuries-old tradition of cultivation, processing, and use in Poland. The aims of these studies were various and included the creation of pathogen-resistant plants, increased antioxidant production, improved flax fiber quality, and improved oil properties. New plant breeds initially produced using genetic engineering technology provide an excellent basis for improving our understanding of the genes involved in potato and flax productivity and the quality of their products. These results have been published in many papers and have given rise to new methods for plant breeding and product prototypes which have been patented. However, none of the prototypes have been commercialized because of their GMO origins. In addition, later development of a novel, epigenetic method has led to the creation of more diverse products based on the newly obtained variety of flax called Silesia. These developments have facilitated the production of a range of new raw materials from these epigenetically modified plants. These include a modified oil for improved nutrition and regeneration of skin cells, seed- cake extracts that act as anti-infection agents, improved fiber production for use as bandages for chronic wounds, improved fibers for application as bio composite materials for the development of biodegradable packaging materials and scaffolds for tissue engineering, and micronized fiber for drug delivery. These modifications mean that flax has become a more useful and valuable source of a wide range of raw materials applicable in industry, allowing for the application of these materials in zero waste applications.
{"title":"Improving the Growth and Bioactive Compound Production of Selected Plant Species Using Controlled Genetic and Epigenetic Manipulation","authors":"J. Szopa, A. Kulma","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9120","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This review was designed to summarize the present state of research around the genetic and epigenetic modification of selected plant species and the potential for their application in industry. This review summarizes the activity of research groups from the University of Wrocław completed over the last 3 decades which tends to focus on potatoes and flax likely as a result of their centuries-old tradition of cultivation, processing, and use in Poland. The aims of these studies were various and included the creation of pathogen-resistant plants, increased antioxidant production, improved flax fiber quality, and improved oil properties. New plant breeds initially produced using genetic engineering technology provide an excellent basis for improving our understanding of the genes involved in potato and flax productivity and the quality of their products. These results have been published in many papers and have given rise to new methods for plant breeding and product prototypes which have been patented. However, none of the prototypes have been commercialized because of their GMO origins. In addition, later development of a novel, epigenetic method has led to the creation of more diverse products based on the newly obtained variety of flax called Silesia. These developments have facilitated the production of a range of new raw materials from these epigenetically modified plants. These include a modified oil for improved nutrition and regeneration of skin cells, seed- cake extracts that act as anti-infection agents, improved fiber production for use as bandages for chronic wounds, improved fibers for application as bio composite materials for the development of biodegradable packaging materials and scaffolds for tissue engineering, and micronized fiber for drug delivery. These modifications mean that flax has become a more useful and valuable source of a wide range of raw materials applicable in industry, allowing for the application of these materials in zero waste applications.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46141050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elena V. Bulakh, Myroslav V. Shevera, P. Szkudlarz, Petro Ye. Bulakh, Z. Celka
This paper presents the results of micromorphological studies of Portulaca oleracea aggregate seeds deposited at the Herbarium of the Department of Systematic and Environmental Botany (POZ), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland, based on scanning electron microscopy. The seed surface ultrastructure was studied and the following seven morphotypes (species) were noted: P. daninii , P. granulatostellulata , P. macrantha , P. nitida , P. oleracea s. str., P. papillatostellulata , and P. trituberculata . New alien taxa for the flora of Poland, P. daninii , P. macrantha , and P. papillatostellulata , were recorded. The original photos of the seed surface ultrastructure of the studied morphotypes are included.
{"title":"Identification of New Taxa of Portulaca oleracea L. Aggregate From Poland Based on Seed Coat Micromorphological Characteristics","authors":"Elena V. Bulakh, Myroslav V. Shevera, P. Szkudlarz, Petro Ye. Bulakh, Z. Celka","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9118","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents the results of micromorphological studies of\u0000 Portulaca oleracea\u0000 aggregate seeds deposited at the Herbarium of the Department of Systematic and Environmental Botany (POZ), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland, based on scanning electron microscopy. The seed surface ultrastructure was studied and the following seven morphotypes (species) were noted:\u0000 P. daninii\u0000 ,\u0000 P. granulatostellulata\u0000 ,\u0000 P. macrantha\u0000 ,\u0000 P. nitida\u0000 ,\u0000 P. oleracea\u0000 s. str.,\u0000 P. papillatostellulata\u0000 , and\u0000 P. trituberculata\u0000 . New alien taxa for the flora of Poland,\u0000 P. daninii\u0000 ,\u0000 P. macrantha\u0000 , and\u0000 P. papillatostellulata\u0000 , were recorded. The original photos of the seed surface ultrastructure of the studied morphotypes are included.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48116104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phelipanche bohemica (Čelak.) Holub is a species with a narrow geographic range that is limited to Central Europe and a few regions in western and southern Europe. Taxonomic complexities within the Phelipanche purpurea s. l. group (to which the species belongs) cause difficulties in fully describing its range. In Poland, to date, this species has been known only from two verified localities in the Lower Oder Valley and Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. A new site was found in 2020 in Korzecko near Chęciny (Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Małopolska Upland, southern Poland). According to the present state of knowledge, this is the easternmost locality of this species. This species was found in xerothermic grasslands of the Festuco-Brometea class. In 2020, 18 individuals were found. However, in 2021 only two individuals were present, and in 2022 only one. Thus, the population showed the dynamics typically observed in this group of plants. As a population of a globally very rare species, located at the edge of it range in an unstable phytocoenosis, it should be subject to monitoring and special protection.
{"title":"New Easternmost Locality of Phelipanche bohemica in South Poland","authors":"G. Łazarski","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9130","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Phelipanche bohemica\u0000 (Čelak.) Holub is a species with a narrow geographic range that is limited to Central Europe and a few regions in western and southern Europe. Taxonomic complexities within the\u0000 Phelipanche purpurea\u0000 s. l. group (to which the species belongs) cause difficulties in fully describing its range. In Poland, to date, this species has been known only from two verified localities in the Lower Oder Valley and Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. A new site was found in 2020 in Korzecko near Chęciny (Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Małopolska Upland, southern Poland). According to the present state of knowledge, this is the easternmost locality of this species. This species was found in xerothermic grasslands of the\u0000 Festuco-Brometea\u0000 class. In 2020, 18 individuals were found. However, in 2021 only two individuals were present, and in 2022 only one. Thus, the population showed the dynamics typically observed in this group of plants. As a population of a globally very rare species, located at the edge of it range in an unstable phytocoenosis, it should be subject to monitoring and special protection.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42712858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Tomiczak, A. Adamus, T. Cegielska-Taras, A. Kiełkowska, Paulina Smyda-Dajmund, K. Sosnowska, L. Szała
Interspecific hybridization is a significant plant evolutionary process and, concomitantly, a frequently used method to broaden the genetic variability of species and genetically improve crops. However, in distant crosses, many prezygotic and postzygotic barriers are encountered that prevent free, uncontrolled gene flow between species. Therefore, various experimental methods exploiting tissue culture, such as in vitro fertilization, embryo rescue, and protoplast fusion, have been developed to raise hybrids that cannot be obtained naturally through conventional approaches. Professor Maciej Zenkteler of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań pioneered the use of tissue culture in Poland to overcome barriers to sexual crossing. In the mid-1960s, he employed in vitro pollination in which pollen grains were directly applied onto the surface of exposed ovules as the primary method to bypass prezygotic barriers and in vitro culture of isolated ovules and developing embryos (embryo rescue) to overcome post-zygotic barriers. These approaches proved effective for species possessing numerous ovules and large placentas, such as representatives of the families Caryophyllaceae, Solanaceae, and Brassicaceae. Soon thereafter, these methods were extended to other Polish institutes and universities and applied for crop improvement, such as for the production of intergeneric hybrids between Salix and Populus species, resynthesis and broadening of the genetic variability of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.), and the generation of new interspecific hybrids of Allium . In the late 1970s, Professor Zenkteler was the first to undertake protoplast fusion. At that time, it appeared that no incompatibility could exist at the fusion level and that somatic hybridization would supersede the possibilities offered by sexual hybridization; however, the reality turned out to be slightly harsh. Nonetheless, successful regeneration of different interspecific hybrids of potato, tomato, or gentians has been achieved by Polish research groups thus far.
{"title":"Tissue Culture Techniques for the Production of Interspecific Hybrids in Poland: History and Achievements","authors":"K. Tomiczak, A. Adamus, T. Cegielska-Taras, A. Kiełkowska, Paulina Smyda-Dajmund, K. Sosnowska, L. Szała","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9119","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Interspecific hybridization is a significant plant evolutionary process and, concomitantly, a frequently used method to broaden the genetic variability of species and genetically improve crops. However, in distant crosses, many prezygotic and postzygotic barriers are encountered that prevent free, uncontrolled gene flow between species. Therefore, various experimental methods exploiting tissue culture, such as in vitro fertilization, embryo rescue, and protoplast fusion, have been developed to raise hybrids that cannot be obtained naturally through conventional approaches.\u0000 Professor Maciej Zenkteler of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań pioneered the use of tissue culture in Poland to overcome barriers to sexual crossing. In the mid-1960s, he employed in vitro pollination in which pollen grains were directly applied onto the surface of exposed ovules as the primary method to bypass prezygotic barriers and in vitro culture of isolated ovules and developing embryos (embryo rescue) to overcome post-zygotic barriers. These approaches proved effective for species possessing numerous ovules and large placentas, such as representatives of the families Caryophyllaceae, Solanaceae, and Brassicaceae. Soon thereafter, these methods were extended to other Polish institutes and universities and applied for crop improvement, such as for the production of intergeneric hybrids between\u0000 Salix\u0000 and\u0000 Populus\u0000 species, resynthesis and broadening of the genetic variability of oilseed rape (\u0000 Brassica napus\u0000 L.), and the generation of new interspecific hybrids of\u0000 Allium\u0000 .\u0000 In the late 1970s, Professor Zenkteler was the first to undertake protoplast fusion. At that time, it appeared that no incompatibility could exist at the fusion level and that somatic hybridization would supersede the possibilities offered by sexual hybridization; however, the reality turned out to be slightly harsh. Nonetheless, successful regeneration of different interspecific hybrids of potato, tomato, or gentians has been achieved by Polish research groups thus far.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41346078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among periodic patterns having origin in cambium and recorded in figured wood, the tangential waviness has been the first to be discovered and thoroughly characterized. Yet another pattern, manifested in the rippled surface of some tree trunks, has remained basically undescribed. This work is the first attempt to provide information on its morphology, dynamics, and relation to the tangential waviness. Developmental analysis of the annual ring widths on the transverse surface of the stem showed that crests and throughs forming a ripple pattern result from a highly controlled proliferation of cambial cells. These cells’ activity regularly oscillates in time and space between an increased and a reduced state at approximately 10-year intervals, independently of the environmental cues considered in dendrochronological studies. This rhythm leads to the development of radial waviness and is a major factor affecting wood ring width. Radial waviness is dynamic; it propagates along the stem axis and is often synchronized with tangential waviness in a nonrandom manner. Possible causes of radial pattern emergence based on auxin waves, the role of other phytohormones, and recent discoveries of MADS-box genes that regulate cambial cell proliferation are discussed.
{"title":"New Biological Rhythm in Cambia of Trees – “Music of Trees” Revisited 50 Years After the Discovery of Cambial Morphogenetic Waves","authors":"B. Zagórska-Marek","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9114","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Among periodic patterns having origin in cambium and recorded in figured wood, the tangential waviness has been the first to be discovered and thoroughly characterized. Yet another pattern, manifested in the rippled surface of some tree trunks, has remained basically undescribed. This work is the first attempt to provide information on its morphology, dynamics, and relation to the tangential waviness. Developmental analysis of the annual ring widths on the transverse surface of the stem showed that crests and throughs forming a ripple pattern result from a highly controlled proliferation of cambial cells. These cells’ activity regularly oscillates in time and space between an increased and a reduced state at approximately 10-year intervals, independently of the environmental cues considered in dendrochronological studies. This rhythm leads to the development of radial waviness and is a major factor affecting wood ring width. Radial waviness is dynamic; it propagates along the stem axis and is often synchronized with tangential waviness in a nonrandom manner. Possible causes of radial pattern emergence based on auxin waves, the role of other phytohormones, and recent discoveries of MADS-box genes that regulate cambial cell proliferation are discussed.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47747186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mikuła, M. Gaj, M. Grzyb, T. Hazubska-Przybył, E. Kępczyńska, J. Kępczyński, J. Rybczyński, K. Tomiczak, Anna M. Wójcik
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a complex process that begins with regaining totipotency in some somatic cells, proceeds through embryo development and maturation, and ends with the formation of a whole plant. Since the first publications on SE in 1958, this regeneration process has been applied to the in vitro propagation of many plant species and has led to the development of some specific model systems. SE has been used to expand our understanding of the cytomorphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic processes that govern the earliest developmental events in the life of plants. This paper summarizes the achievements of Polish research groups working on SE systems established for several plants (gentians, the tree fern Cyathea delgadii Sternb., and conifers) and three model species ( Arabidopsis thaliana , Medicago sativa , and M. truncatula ). SE systems have used a broad spectrum of experimental approaches involving genomic tools (transcriptomics, proteomics, and chromatin analyses), physiological methods which focus on phytohormones, and cytological techniques. Studies on the experimental models of A. thaliana and Medicago spp. have resulted in the identification of new genetic and epigenetic elements of the complex regulatory network controlling embryogenic induction in plant somatic cells. The protocol developed for ferns has provided a unique and simple system for cytological analysis of early SE events that occur in a single cell of initial explants. Gentian embryogenic suspension cultures have successfully been used in broad biotechnological applications, including plant transformation, protoplast isolation, culture, and fusion. Systems described for coniferous species effectively produced many vigorous somatic seedlings and cost-efficient storage of genotypes during clonal field-testing. The research undertaken by Polish scientists has resulted in developing experimental systems that have enabled significant advances in SE knowledge.
{"title":"Polish Contribution to Global Research on Somatic Embryogenesis","authors":"A. Mikuła, M. Gaj, M. Grzyb, T. Hazubska-Przybył, E. Kępczyńska, J. Kępczyński, J. Rybczyński, K. Tomiczak, Anna M. Wójcik","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9115","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a complex process that begins with regaining totipotency in some somatic cells, proceeds through embryo development and maturation, and ends with the formation of a whole plant. Since the first publications on SE in 1958, this regeneration process has been applied to the in vitro propagation of many plant species and has led to the development of some specific model systems. SE has been used to expand our understanding of the cytomorphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic processes that govern the earliest developmental events in the life of plants. This paper summarizes the achievements of Polish research groups working on SE systems established for several plants (gentians, the tree fern\u0000 Cyathea delgadii\u0000 Sternb., and conifers) and three model species (\u0000 Arabidopsis thaliana\u0000 ,\u0000 Medicago\u0000 sativa\u0000 , and\u0000 M. truncatula\u0000 ). SE systems have used a broad spectrum of experimental approaches involving genomic tools (transcriptomics, proteomics, and chromatin analyses), physiological methods which focus on phytohormones, and cytological techniques. Studies on the experimental models of\u0000 A. thaliana\u0000 and\u0000 Medicago\u0000 spp. have resulted in the identification of new genetic and epigenetic elements of the complex regulatory network controlling embryogenic induction in plant somatic cells. The protocol developed for ferns has provided a unique and simple system for cytological analysis of early SE events that occur in a single cell of initial explants. Gentian embryogenic suspension cultures have successfully been used in broad biotechnological applications, including plant transformation, protoplast isolation, culture, and fusion. Systems described for coniferous species effectively produced many vigorous somatic seedlings and cost-efficient storage of genotypes during clonal field-testing. The research undertaken by Polish scientists has resulted in developing experimental systems that have enabled significant advances in SE knowledge.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49531833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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