Pub Date : 2022-01-24DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.119781
F. R. Souza, D. L. Raymundo, A. Albuquerque, L. Simões, G. Cassali
Background: The tumor microenvironment is an important target of studies in different types of neoplasms. Understanding the role of general components such as immune, vascular and fibroblastic cells has the objective of contributing to prognosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between mast cells and angiogenesis in benign and malignant mammary neoplasms by investigating the role of degranulation and microlocation of mast cells and neoformed vessels in canine mammary neoplasms.Materials, Methods & Results: Mammary glands (n = 122) from 50 female dogs submitted to mastectomy without chemotherapy were evaluated and categorized into 3 groups: control group (n = 46); malignant group (n = 57) and benign group (n = 19). Lymph nodes without changes (n = 59) and with metastases (n = 6) were also evaluated. To evaluate the MCD (mast cell density) and angiogenesis, Toluidine Blue (0.1%) and Gomori’s Trichrome techniques were performed and adapted from previous studies. Photomicrographs of 10 hotspot areas on a 40x objective lens of the mammary glands and lymph nodes were captured to assess MCD and angiogenesis. In the absence of these areas, random fields were captured. For the mammary glands of the malignant and benign groups, 20 fields were analyzed, as the analysis considered the microlocation (peritumoral and intratumoral). Counting was performed manually using ImageJ software version 1.42q by 2 observers. The statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software version 19.0. The most frequent histological type in the malignant group was carcinoma in mixed tumor (68.42%; 39/57) and in the benign group was benign mixed tumor (57.89%; 11/19). Female dogs without breed pattern were more frequently affected represented 70% of the animals and the mean age was 9 years and 8 months ± 3 years and 1 month. The granulated density of mast cells and peritumor vessels was higher in the malignant group (P = 0.03; P = 0.02). There was also a positive correlation between intratumor and total vessel density and mast cell density. There was no significance between the malignant and benign groups in regard with fibrosis density.Discussion: In this study were observed a greater density of blood vessels in malignant group, suggesting the participation of blood vessels for neoplastic proliferation. Furthermore, these vessels were located in the peritumoral region as in previous studies. The positive correlation between MCD and blood vessels was similar to a previous study performed in canine breast carcinomas and breast cancer in women. Regarding microlocation, another study also found higher MCD in the peritumoral region than in the intratumoral region of canine carcinomas. Although there are already studies for this purpose in cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma in humans, we believe this is the first study to investigate the role of mast cell degranulation in mammary neoplasm of bitches. The MCD was not significant among the mali
{"title":"Canine Mammary Neoplasms - Evaluation of Tumor Microenvironment","authors":"F. R. Souza, D. L. Raymundo, A. Albuquerque, L. Simões, G. Cassali","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.119781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.119781","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The tumor microenvironment is an important target of studies in different types of neoplasms. Understanding the role of general components such as immune, vascular and fibroblastic cells has the objective of contributing to prognosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between mast cells and angiogenesis in benign and malignant mammary neoplasms by investigating the role of degranulation and microlocation of mast cells and neoformed vessels in canine mammary neoplasms.Materials, Methods & Results: Mammary glands (n = 122) from 50 female dogs submitted to mastectomy without chemotherapy were evaluated and categorized into 3 groups: control group (n = 46); malignant group (n = 57) and benign group (n = 19). Lymph nodes without changes (n = 59) and with metastases (n = 6) were also evaluated. To evaluate the MCD (mast cell density) and angiogenesis, Toluidine Blue (0.1%) and Gomori’s Trichrome techniques were performed and adapted from previous studies. Photomicrographs of 10 hotspot areas on a 40x objective lens of the mammary glands and lymph nodes were captured to assess MCD and angiogenesis. In the absence of these areas, random fields were captured. For the mammary glands of the malignant and benign groups, 20 fields were analyzed, as the analysis considered the microlocation (peritumoral and intratumoral). Counting was performed manually using ImageJ software version 1.42q by 2 observers. The statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software version 19.0. The most frequent histological type in the malignant group was carcinoma in mixed tumor (68.42%; 39/57) and in the benign group was benign mixed tumor (57.89%; 11/19). Female dogs without breed pattern were more frequently affected represented 70% of the animals and the mean age was 9 years and 8 months ± 3 years and 1 month. The granulated density of mast cells and peritumor vessels was higher in the malignant group (P = 0.03; P = 0.02). There was also a positive correlation between intratumor and total vessel density and mast cell density. There was no significance between the malignant and benign groups in regard with fibrosis density.Discussion: In this study were observed a greater density of blood vessels in malignant group, suggesting the participation of blood vessels for neoplastic proliferation. Furthermore, these vessels were located in the peritumoral region as in previous studies. The positive correlation between MCD and blood vessels was similar to a previous study performed in canine breast carcinomas and breast cancer in women. Regarding microlocation, another study also found higher MCD in the peritumoral region than in the intratumoral region of canine carcinomas. Although there are already studies for this purpose in cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma in humans, we believe this is the first study to investigate the role of mast cell degranulation in mammary neoplasm of bitches. The MCD was not significant among the mali","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48141191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-21DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.120002
Lorena Cardozo Ferrari, Fernanda Mara Aragão Macedo Pereira, Aline Herrera Farha, Elton Luís Ritir Oliveira, B. Schimming
Background: The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest rodent in the world. They are territorial animals, and live in social groups, commonly occurring in anthropized area, what has attracted the attention of researchers in relation to this animal species, since it is the host of the Amblyomma cajennese tick that transmits spotted-fever to humans and are responsible for severe impact on livestock and public health. The skull is a part of the axial skeleton that enclosing the brain, sensory organs and digestive and respiratory structures. Moreover, the phenotypic appearance of the capybara head depends on the shape of the skull. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the reference values of cranial measurements of capybaras. The knowledge of morphometric parameters of skull is pivotal for veterinary treatment of pathological conditions and taxonomic affiliation. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) skulls were used in this study, irrespective of age and sex. The skulls belonging to the anatomical collection of the Laboratory of Wildlife Anatomy and Anatomical Museum, Department of Anatomy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo. A total of 35 morphometric parameters were performed using a digital caliper and 6 cranial indices were calculated. All investigated features were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Anatomically, capybara skull were elongated, rectangle-like and consisted of cranial and facial bones. The morphometric parameters were used to calculate the following craniometrics indices: skull index (57.86 ± 3.62), cranial index (50.49 ± 2.08), facial index (49.22 ± 3.82), basal index (33.98 ± 0.86), nasal index (26.73 ± 3.1), and the foramen magnum index (149.61 ± 1.07). Moreover, the facial part length (mean 137.90 mm) and cranium part length (mean 87.76 mm) also were calculated. The facial part length was a distance from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the rostral edge of the incisive bone and, the cranium part length was a distance from the external occipital protuberance to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Discussion: This study established morphometric parameters in the capybara skull. The craniometric measurements showed in this study are compatible with reported in other studies in the capybara skull, although the most parameters measured in this study were not calculated in previous studies of the capybara skull. Moreover, none of the cranial indices calculated in this study were previously calculated. Based on some cranial measurements, the 8 capybaras used in this study could be classified into subadult (4) and adults (4). The foramen magnum showed a dorsal triangular notch in the capybara skull differently from described in the Cavia spp., and similar to reported to other rodent as Gambian rat and other mammals species such as maned wolf, four-toed hedgehog, and dromedaries. The rectangular shape of the c
水豚(Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)是世界上最大的啮齿动物。它们是有领地性的动物，生活在社会群体中，通常发生在人类活动的地区，这引起了研究人员对这一动物物种的注意，因为它是将斑疹热传播给人类并对牲畜和公共卫生造成严重影响的canjennese amblyoma tick的宿主。头骨是轴向骨骼的一部分，包裹着大脑、感觉器官、消化和呼吸结构。此外，水豚头部的表型外观取决于头骨的形状。因此，本研究的目的是描述水豚颅骨测量的参考值。形态学参数的知识是关键的兽医治疗的病理条件和分类关系。材料、方法和结果:本研究使用了8只水豚头骨，不分年龄和性别。这些头骨属于野生动物解剖实验室和解剖博物馆的解剖收藏，解剖学系，universsidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, boucatu, s o Paulo。用数字卡尺测量35个形态学参数，计算6个颅指数。所有研究特征均以平均值±标准差表示。解剖上，水豚的头骨细长，呈矩形状，由颅骨和面骨组成。采用形态学参数计算颅骨指数(57.86±3.62)、颅骨指数(50.49±2.08)、面部指数(49.22±3.82)、基底指数(33.98±0.86)、鼻指数(26.73±3.1)、枕骨大孔指数(149.61±1.07)。计算面部长度(平均137.90 mm)和头盖骨长度(平均87.76 mm)。面部长度为筛骨筛网板至锐骨吻侧边缘的距离，头盖骨长度为枕外隆突至筛骨筛网板的距离。讨论:本研究建立了水豚颅骨的形态计量参数。尽管本研究中测量的大部分参数在以往的水豚头骨研究中没有计算过，但本研究中显示的颅骨测量结果与其他水豚头骨研究报道的结果是一致的。此外，本研究中计算的所有颅指数均未在先前计算过。根据一些颅骨测量，本研究中使用的8只水豚可分为亚成体(4)和成体(4)。水豚颅骨上的枕骨大孔显示出一个背侧三角形缺口，与在Cavia类动物中描述的不同，与其他啮齿动物如冈比亚鼠和其他哺乳动物如鬃狼、四趾刺猬和单峰骆驼相似。水豚头骨的矩形形状与巴西豚鼠等其他洞穴类啮齿类动物的头骨不同。水豚头骨的面部部分比颅骨部分发育更大，这使得其头骨形状与多头畸形犬的头骨形状相关联。这一特征通常在大型洞穴型啮齿动物中报道。也许，这种形态与物种的生态和系统发育是相容的。关键词:水豚，颅骨测量，头盖骨，兽医解剖，野生动物
{"title":"Skull of Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) - Morphometric Parameters","authors":"Lorena Cardozo Ferrari, Fernanda Mara Aragão Macedo Pereira, Aline Herrera Farha, Elton Luís Ritir Oliveira, B. Schimming","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.120002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.120002","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest rodent in the world. They are territorial animals, and live in social groups, commonly occurring in anthropized area, what has attracted the attention of researchers in relation to this animal species, since it is the host of the Amblyomma cajennese tick that transmits spotted-fever to humans and are responsible for severe impact on livestock and public health. The skull is a part of the axial skeleton that enclosing the brain, sensory organs and digestive and respiratory structures. Moreover, the phenotypic appearance of the capybara head depends on the shape of the skull. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the reference values of cranial measurements of capybaras. The knowledge of morphometric parameters of skull is pivotal for veterinary treatment of pathological conditions and taxonomic affiliation. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) skulls were used in this study, irrespective of age and sex. The skulls belonging to the anatomical collection of the Laboratory of Wildlife Anatomy and Anatomical Museum, Department of Anatomy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo. A total of 35 morphometric parameters were performed using a digital caliper and 6 cranial indices were calculated. All investigated features were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Anatomically, capybara skull were elongated, rectangle-like and consisted of cranial and facial bones. The morphometric parameters were used to calculate the following craniometrics indices: skull index (57.86 ± 3.62), cranial index (50.49 ± 2.08), facial index (49.22 ± 3.82), basal index (33.98 ± 0.86), nasal index (26.73 ± 3.1), and the foramen magnum index (149.61 ± 1.07). Moreover, the facial part length (mean 137.90 mm) and cranium part length (mean 87.76 mm) also were calculated. The facial part length was a distance from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the rostral edge of the incisive bone and, the cranium part length was a distance from the external occipital protuberance to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Discussion: This study established morphometric parameters in the capybara skull. The craniometric measurements showed in this study are compatible with reported in other studies in the capybara skull, although the most parameters measured in this study were not calculated in previous studies of the capybara skull. Moreover, none of the cranial indices calculated in this study were previously calculated. Based on some cranial measurements, the 8 capybaras used in this study could be classified into subadult (4) and adults (4). The foramen magnum showed a dorsal triangular notch in the capybara skull differently from described in the Cavia spp., and similar to reported to other rodent as Gambian rat and other mammals species such as maned wolf, four-toed hedgehog, and dromedaries. The rectangular shape of the c","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41307929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-21DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.118166
L. Aires, G. V. De Souza, Luis Guilherme Faria, B. Minto, A. P. Jacintho, V. J. Rossetto
Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis, which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint, with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvic for 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade II patellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showed lateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibial shaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animal was submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy. Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. The samples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in the dermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of the patella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closing wedge osteotomy to correct the tibial valgus was verified at 90 days postoperatively.Discussion: The clinical signs, cutaneous extensibility index, and histopathological abnormalities in the present case were consistent with EDS. In the present study, this congenital collagen abnormality syndrome may have been a contributing factor of patellar luxation as EDS can result in hypermobility of ligaments and joints, due to metabolic and structural abnormalities of the collagen in connective tissues, and consequently may promote patellar luxation and other orthopedic abnormalities. A variant of EDS in humans has been implicated in the development of skeletal abnormalities such as short stature and bone deformities. This corroborates the possibility that EDS is correlated with valgus angulation of the proximal portion of the tibia in the present case. However, in-depth genetic studies are required to confirm this correlation. Corrective osteotomy in conjunction with block recession sulcoplasty and medial imbrication seem to have enabled patellofemoral stability and alignment of the quadriceps mechanism, ensuring that the patella remained in the trochlear sulcus, even
{"title":"Lateral Patellar Luxation and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) in a Dog","authors":"L. Aires, G. V. De Souza, Luis Guilherme Faria, B. Minto, A. P. Jacintho, V. J. Rossetto","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.118166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.118166","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis, which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint, with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvic for 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade II patellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showed lateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibial shaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animal was submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy. Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. The samples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in the dermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of the patella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closing wedge osteotomy to correct the tibial valgus was verified at 90 days postoperatively.Discussion: The clinical signs, cutaneous extensibility index, and histopathological abnormalities in the present case were consistent with EDS. In the present study, this congenital collagen abnormality syndrome may have been a contributing factor of patellar luxation as EDS can result in hypermobility of ligaments and joints, due to metabolic and structural abnormalities of the collagen in connective tissues, and consequently may promote patellar luxation and other orthopedic abnormalities. A variant of EDS in humans has been implicated in the development of skeletal abnormalities such as short stature and bone deformities. This corroborates the possibility that EDS is correlated with valgus angulation of the proximal portion of the tibia in the present case. However, in-depth genetic studies are required to confirm this correlation. Corrective osteotomy in conjunction with block recession sulcoplasty and medial imbrication seem to have enabled patellofemoral stability and alignment of the quadriceps mechanism, ensuring that the patella remained in the trochlear sulcus, even ","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44877041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-19DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.116108
Thiago Henrique Carvalho de Souza, Isabella Cristina Morales, Rodiney Pinheiro Denevitz, Fernanda Antunes, Eduardo Atem, F. Saboya, R. Silva, Marcos Felipe Ribeiro Menezes, Jussara Peters Scheffer, A. L. Oliveira
ABSTRACTBackground: Orthopedic implants are commonly used for different types of surgical procedures to gain optimal function and to provide stability to both bones and tendon structures. When inserting these implants, the characteristics of the material are important for surgical success, and the ideal implant must be biocompatible and nonallergenic. However, when molding an implant to the bone structure, its resistance can change significantly. Implants can be temporary or permanent in the body, and metal possesses properties that make it acceptable for bone repair. In biomedical implants, 2 types are most common, commercially pure (CP)-Ti and Ti-6A1-4V. They both provide stable fixation and low risk of loosening. Implants made with the same material and composition can perform differently if the material has been altered by processing techniques for different scenarios. Stress, strain and elastic modulus are the primary metrics used in the description of implant materials. They can be calculated based on mechanical tests of specimens with defined geometry, most commonly tensile, bending and torsional tests. In order to better evaluate those changes, we compared the mechanical characteristics of titanium bone plates, before and after they were molded to the bone, to verify and quantify the loss of stiffness and resistance after molding the plate.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was prospective. Orthopedic implant made of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) were divided into 2 groups, one group without plate molding and the other with plate molding to a dog femora bone. Thirty-six plates of different sizes (5.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0 and 11.0-mm diameter) were divided into 6 groups containing 6 plates of each size and submitted to the 4-point flexion test of resistance, using a piece of dog femur (weights of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg) as the bone in which the molding was performed. The evaluations were tabulated and analyzed using the program GraphPad Prism version 5.0. Corrections of the normal distribution curve were made using the Bartlett test. After the corrections, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with P < 0.05. Assessments were made within the group and between groups. Subsequently, the Newman-Keuls test was performed, adopting P < 0.05. For analyses in 2 groups, Student's t-test was performed as a post-test, also with P < 0.05. When the plates were compared between equal sizes of groups 1 and 2, the non-molded plate group (G1) obtained the best results in the flexural stiffness and structural flexion tests. However, in the flexural resistance test, most plates obtained similar results and the plates with diameters of 8 mm, 9 mm and 10 mm of the molded plate group (G2) obtained the best results.Discussion: Our results show that the implants had adequate mechanical characteristics, but the unmolded plates had greater flexural and structural stiffness than the molded plates. This difference was significant, thus demonstr
{"title":"Femoral Orthopedic Implants in Dogs with Titanium - Mechanical Evaluation","authors":"Thiago Henrique Carvalho de Souza, Isabella Cristina Morales, Rodiney Pinheiro Denevitz, Fernanda Antunes, Eduardo Atem, F. Saboya, R. Silva, Marcos Felipe Ribeiro Menezes, Jussara Peters Scheffer, A. L. Oliveira","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.116108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.116108","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTBackground: Orthopedic implants are commonly used for different types of surgical procedures to gain optimal function and to provide stability to both bones and tendon structures. When inserting these implants, the characteristics of the material are important for surgical success, and the ideal implant must be biocompatible and nonallergenic. However, when molding an implant to the bone structure, its resistance can change significantly. Implants can be temporary or permanent in the body, and metal possesses properties that make it acceptable for bone repair. In biomedical implants, 2 types are most common, commercially pure (CP)-Ti and Ti-6A1-4V. They both provide stable fixation and low risk of loosening. Implants made with the same material and composition can perform differently if the material has been altered by processing techniques for different scenarios. Stress, strain and elastic modulus are the primary metrics used in the description of implant materials. They can be calculated based on mechanical tests of specimens with defined geometry, most commonly tensile, bending and torsional tests. In order to better evaluate those changes, we compared the mechanical characteristics of titanium bone plates, before and after they were molded to the bone, to verify and quantify the loss of stiffness and resistance after molding the plate.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was prospective. Orthopedic implant made of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) were divided into 2 groups, one group without plate molding and the other with plate molding to a dog femora bone. Thirty-six plates of different sizes (5.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0 and 11.0-mm diameter) were divided into 6 groups containing 6 plates of each size and submitted to the 4-point flexion test of resistance, using a piece of dog femur (weights of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg) as the bone in which the molding was performed. The evaluations were tabulated and analyzed using the program GraphPad Prism version 5.0. Corrections of the normal distribution curve were made using the Bartlett test. After the corrections, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with P < 0.05. Assessments were made within the group and between groups. Subsequently, the Newman-Keuls test was performed, adopting P < 0.05. For analyses in 2 groups, Student's t-test was performed as a post-test, also with P < 0.05. When the plates were compared between equal sizes of groups 1 and 2, the non-molded plate group (G1) obtained the best results in the flexural stiffness and structural flexion tests. However, in the flexural resistance test, most plates obtained similar results and the plates with diameters of 8 mm, 9 mm and 10 mm of the molded plate group (G2) obtained the best results.Discussion: Our results show that the implants had adequate mechanical characteristics, but the unmolded plates had greater flexural and structural stiffness than the molded plates. This difference was significant, thus demonstr","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42152595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-18DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.119992
A. Simsek, A. Kochan, Simten Yesilmen Alp, Duygu Neval Sayin Ipek, H. Icen
Background: Diarrhea induced by infectious factors may lead to significant health problems in dogs. Canine parvovirus (CPV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), Giardia spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella spp. are the important infectious agents that may induce diarrhea in dogs. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of CPV, CCV, CDV, Giardia spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp. infections on the change in serum calprotectin (Calp) concentration.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs were enrolled in the study. The study dogs were divided into 3 groups. Healthy animals as confirmed by clinical examination and animals negative for the specified pathogens were placed in Group 1. Animals infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., but negative for E. coli or Salmonella spp. were placed in Group 2. Finally, animals positive for E. coli or Salmonella spp. and infected or not infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., were placed in Group 3. Stool samples and rectal and conjunctival swab samples were collected to investigate the etiologic agents that induced diarrhea. Blood samples were collected through vena cephalica antebrachii for hematological and biochemical examinations. The samples were obtained via routine clinical examinations at the Prof. Dr. Servet SEKİN outpatient clinic at Dicle University Veterinary Faculty. CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp. diagnoses were made based on immunochromatographic test kits. The bacteriological analysis of stool samples were used to diagnose E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection. Serum Calp concentrations were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The analysis of swab and stool samples by immunochromatographic rapid diagnosis kits and microbiological methods showed that 5 animals were infected with CPV, 10 with CCV, 6 with CDV, 3 with Giardia spp., 12 with E. coli, and 2 with none of the specified agents. Total leukocyte count (WBC), lymphocyte (Lym) (%), and granulocyte (Gra) (%) values were higher in the diarrheal dogs when compared with the control group. In the biochemical examination of serum samples, TBIL and P levels were higher and Na levels were lower in Group 3 when compared to the control group (P = 0.025, 0.024, and 0.018, respectively). TP and Alb values were lower in Group 2 compared to Groups 1 and 3 (P = 0.001 and 0.019 for TP, P = 0.000 and 0.001 for Alb, respectively). There was a statistically significant difference in CK levels between Group 1 and Group 2 (P = 0.013). Serum Calp level was higher in the E. coli infected group (Group 3) compared to the other groups, no significant differences were noted between the groups (P > 0.05).Discussion: In conclusion, to the best of authors knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate serum Calp levels in dogs with diarrhea induced by viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections. The Calp level was higher in the sick dogs
{"title":"Serum Calprotectin Levels in Dogs with Diarrhea","authors":"A. Simsek, A. Kochan, Simten Yesilmen Alp, Duygu Neval Sayin Ipek, H. Icen","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.119992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.119992","url":null,"abstract":" Background: Diarrhea induced by infectious factors may lead to significant health problems in dogs. Canine parvovirus (CPV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), Giardia spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella spp. are the important infectious agents that may induce diarrhea in dogs. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of CPV, CCV, CDV, Giardia spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp. infections on the change in serum calprotectin (Calp) concentration.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs were enrolled in the study. The study dogs were divided into 3 groups. Healthy animals as confirmed by clinical examination and animals negative for the specified pathogens were placed in Group 1. Animals infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., but negative for E. coli or Salmonella spp. were placed in Group 2. Finally, animals positive for E. coli or Salmonella spp. and infected or not infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., were placed in Group 3. Stool samples and rectal and conjunctival swab samples were collected to investigate the etiologic agents that induced diarrhea. Blood samples were collected through vena cephalica antebrachii for hematological and biochemical examinations. The samples were obtained via routine clinical examinations at the Prof. Dr. Servet SEKİN outpatient clinic at Dicle University Veterinary Faculty. CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp. diagnoses were made based on immunochromatographic test kits. The bacteriological analysis of stool samples were used to diagnose E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection. Serum Calp concentrations were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The analysis of swab and stool samples by immunochromatographic rapid diagnosis kits and microbiological methods showed that 5 animals were infected with CPV, 10 with CCV, 6 with CDV, 3 with Giardia spp., 12 with E. coli, and 2 with none of the specified agents. Total leukocyte count (WBC), lymphocyte (Lym) (%), and granulocyte (Gra) (%) values were higher in the diarrheal dogs when compared with the control group. In the biochemical examination of serum samples, TBIL and P levels were higher and Na levels were lower in Group 3 when compared to the control group (P = 0.025, 0.024, and 0.018, respectively). TP and Alb values were lower in Group 2 compared to Groups 1 and 3 (P = 0.001 and 0.019 for TP, P = 0.000 and 0.001 for Alb, respectively). There was a statistically significant difference in CK levels between Group 1 and Group 2 (P = 0.013). Serum Calp level was higher in the E. coli infected group (Group 3) compared to the other groups, no significant differences were noted between the groups (P > 0.05).Discussion: In conclusion, to the best of authors knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate serum Calp levels in dogs with diarrhea induced by viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections. The Calp level was higher in the sick dogs","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42344154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.119012
Andressa Kelly Barbosa Rufino, R. Rodrigues, Andrezza Braga Soares da Silva, M. Barbosa, K. V. Macedo, F. C. A. Sousa, Daniele Clímaco Marques, A. R. Costa, F. R. Alves
Background: Doppler ultrasonography enables the investigation of vascular blood flow indexes in gestational assessment, being able to detect vascular resistances that can affect fetal and maternal circulation, such as cases of placental insufficiency, associated with fetal cerebral oxygenation deficit and fetal distress. The study aims to assume hemodynamically normal values in the final third of gestation in bitches, of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries, correlating the obtained Doppler velocimetric indexes, for the assessment of the feto-placental circulation, and prediction of fetal viability indexes, fetal centralization and probable date of delivery.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy bitches were examined in the final third of gestation (40-60 days). These were evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography at 2 times (T): T1: between 40-50 days; T2: between 51-60 of gestation. At each time point, the peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end-diastolic velocities (EDV) used to obtain the pulsatility (IP) and resistivity (IR) indexes of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries of fetuses were evaluated. Also, the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio of these vessels was evaluated. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey test, using a P value equal to 5%. A significant difference was observed between velocities and Doppler velocimetric indexes between the 2 phases of the gestational final third in all studied vessels. There was an increase in the values of PSV and EDV and a decrease in the indexes, as the probable date of delivery approached. The analysis of the umbilical cord IR showed an increase from P1 to P2 (P < 0.05), while the IP decreased at the same time. For all studied variables there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In the uteroplacental artery, similarly to the umbilical artery, the PSV and EDV values showed an increase between P1 and P2, while the S/D ratio decreased up to 60 days of gestation (P2). The IR and IP of these vessels decreased during the study interval in pregnant bitches. The studied variables showed a statistically significant difference when analyzed comparatively between P1 and P2 (P < 0.05). As for the middle cerebral artery and internal carotid artery, the PSV and EDV values increased until the end of pregnancy. Likewise, the Doppler velocimetric values and the S/D ratio decreased until the end of pregnancy (P2).Discussion: The hemodynamic values obtained for the umbilical artery and uterine artery were significantly different between 40 and 50 days of gestation (P1) and 50 and 60 days of gestation (P2), with a decrease in vascular resistance and an increase in velocities. It can be related to a greater association of maternal-fetal blood perfusion, due to the increased demand for the development of the fetus. The Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) also showed changes between P1 and P2, with an increas
{"title":"Presumed Normal Hemodynamic Values of the Arteries in the Final Third Period of Gestation in Bitches","authors":"Andressa Kelly Barbosa Rufino, R. Rodrigues, Andrezza Braga Soares da Silva, M. Barbosa, K. V. Macedo, F. C. A. Sousa, Daniele Clímaco Marques, A. R. Costa, F. R. Alves","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.119012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.119012","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Doppler ultrasonography enables the investigation of vascular blood flow indexes in gestational assessment, being able to detect vascular resistances that can affect fetal and maternal circulation, such as cases of placental insufficiency, associated with fetal cerebral oxygenation deficit and fetal distress. The study aims to assume hemodynamically normal values in the final third of gestation in bitches, of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries, correlating the obtained Doppler velocimetric indexes, for the assessment of the feto-placental circulation, and prediction of fetal viability indexes, fetal centralization and probable date of delivery.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy bitches were examined in the final third of gestation (40-60 days). These were evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography at 2 times (T): T1: between 40-50 days; T2: between 51-60 of gestation. At each time point, the peak systolic velocities (PSV) and end-diastolic velocities (EDV) used to obtain the pulsatility (IP) and resistivity (IR) indexes of the umbilical, uteroplacental, middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries of fetuses were evaluated. Also, the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio of these vessels was evaluated. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey test, using a P value equal to 5%. A significant difference was observed between velocities and Doppler velocimetric indexes between the 2 phases of the gestational final third in all studied vessels. There was an increase in the values of PSV and EDV and a decrease in the indexes, as the probable date of delivery approached. The analysis of the umbilical cord IR showed an increase from P1 to P2 (P < 0.05), while the IP decreased at the same time. For all studied variables there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In the uteroplacental artery, similarly to the umbilical artery, the PSV and EDV values showed an increase between P1 and P2, while the S/D ratio decreased up to 60 days of gestation (P2). The IR and IP of these vessels decreased during the study interval in pregnant bitches. The studied variables showed a statistically significant difference when analyzed comparatively between P1 and P2 (P < 0.05). As for the middle cerebral artery and internal carotid artery, the PSV and EDV values increased until the end of pregnancy. Likewise, the Doppler velocimetric values and the S/D ratio decreased until the end of pregnancy (P2).Discussion: The hemodynamic values obtained for the umbilical artery and uterine artery were significantly different between 40 and 50 days of gestation (P1) and 50 and 60 days of gestation (P2), with a decrease in vascular resistance and an increase in velocities. It can be related to a greater association of maternal-fetal blood perfusion, due to the increased demand for the development of the fetus. The Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) also showed changes between P1 and P2, with an increas","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68681354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-12DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.119100
G. De Bastiani, F. D. De La Côrte, A. Ramos, T. Jacobsen, G. Kommers, M. A. Martinez-Pereira
Background: The navicular syndrome may be associated with alterations in other podotrochlear apparatus components, such as the deep digital flexor tendon, collareral sesamoid and distal sesamoid ligaments, podotrochlear bursa and distal sesamoid bone. However, the clinical significance and nature of these changes are not well understood, many of descriptive reports about distal sesamoid bone lesions are rarely accompanied by a complete and comprehensive comparison with animals of the control group. The aim of this study was to described histologically findings of the podrotrochlear apparatus components, allowing the understanding of the inserts and their microscopic appearance, thus providing the future recognize of their alterations.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen samples of the podotrochlear apparatus were taken out of 44 equine thoracic limbs specimens, separated at the radiocarpal joint of Crioulo and Thoroughbred horses, with an average age of 6.0-year-old, coming from a private clinic in southern Brazil. The thoracic limbs specimens were refrigerated at 4ºC at the clinic and then they were sent to the University Federal of Santa Maria (UFSM). Once at the University laboratory, the specimens were dissected to isolate the podotrochlear apparatus from each one. Subsequently, transversal and longitudinal samples from the distal sesamoid bone, deep digital flexor tendo, distal sesamoid ligament, colateral sesamoid ligament, were collected and podotrochlear bursa which were processed at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the UFSM and University Federal of Santa Catarina (UFSC). The tissues samples were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for 14 days and routinely processed for histology. The samples were sectioned at 3 µm and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) routine method. The bone samples, after fixation, underwent a decalcified process in a formic acid-sodium citrate aqueous solution and routinely processed for histopathology. Histologic tendons evaluation showed that it is arranged in honeycombs fascicles in a transverse section observation. The tendinous fibers have a more compact and aligned collagen fibers arrangement due to the dense connective tissue. The synovial membrane of the podotrochlear bursa is composed of a cubic pseudo conjunctival epithelium arranged with a layer of synoviocytes forming villi towards the lumen. This characterization is very similar to that of the synovial joint membrane. The collateral sesamoid ligament fibers are not perfectly aligned, occurring at their confluence in some areas accompanied by the dissection of adipose tissue. The distal sesamoide ligament fibers, composed by of loose connective tissue associated with synoviocytes and vascular stroma. The articular surface of the distal sesamoid bone is arranged in 3 layers of chondrocytes embedded in a hyaline matrix. There was a clear differentiation between the subchondral bone area and the fibrocartilage tissue
{"title":"Equine Podotrochlear Apparatus - Histologic Characterization","authors":"G. De Bastiani, F. D. De La Côrte, A. Ramos, T. Jacobsen, G. Kommers, M. A. Martinez-Pereira","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.119100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.119100","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The navicular syndrome may be associated with alterations in other podotrochlear apparatus components, such as the deep digital flexor tendon, collareral sesamoid and distal sesamoid ligaments, podotrochlear bursa and distal sesamoid bone. However, the clinical significance and nature of these changes are not well understood, many of descriptive reports about distal sesamoid bone lesions are rarely accompanied by a complete and comprehensive comparison with animals of the control group. The aim of this study was to described histologically findings of the podrotrochlear apparatus components, allowing the understanding of the inserts and their microscopic appearance, thus providing the future recognize of their alterations.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen samples of the podotrochlear apparatus were taken out of 44 equine thoracic limbs specimens, separated at the radiocarpal joint of Crioulo and Thoroughbred horses, with an average age of 6.0-year-old, coming from a private clinic in southern Brazil. The thoracic limbs specimens were refrigerated at 4ºC at the clinic and then they were sent to the University Federal of Santa Maria (UFSM). Once at the University laboratory, the specimens were dissected to isolate the podotrochlear apparatus from each one. Subsequently, transversal and longitudinal samples from the distal sesamoid bone, deep digital flexor tendo, distal sesamoid ligament, colateral sesamoid ligament, were collected and podotrochlear bursa which were processed at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the UFSM and University Federal of Santa Catarina (UFSC). The tissues samples were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for 14 days and routinely processed for histology. The samples were sectioned at 3 µm and stained using the hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) routine method. The bone samples, after fixation, underwent a decalcified process in a formic acid-sodium citrate aqueous solution and routinely processed for histopathology. Histologic tendons evaluation showed that it is arranged in honeycombs fascicles in a transverse section observation. The tendinous fibers have a more compact and aligned collagen fibers arrangement due to the dense connective tissue. The synovial membrane of the podotrochlear bursa is composed of a cubic pseudo conjunctival epithelium arranged with a layer of synoviocytes forming villi towards the lumen. This characterization is very similar to that of the synovial joint membrane. The collateral sesamoid ligament fibers are not perfectly aligned, occurring at their confluence in some areas accompanied by the dissection of adipose tissue. The distal sesamoide ligament fibers, composed by of loose connective tissue associated with synoviocytes and vascular stroma. The articular surface of the distal sesamoid bone is arranged in 3 layers of chondrocytes embedded in a hyaline matrix. There was a clear differentiation between the subchondral bone area and the fibrocartilage tissue","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47447306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.119512
Tarcísio Guerra Guimarães, F. V. Mamede, Emilio Fernandes Rodrigues Junior, Paulo Pimenta, Karla Menezes Cardoso
Background: There is no hope of preserving vision at the terminal stage of glaucoma, and surgical treatment is indicated in these cases. Among the various surgical techniques used, eye evisceration with implantation of an intrascleral prosthesis provide the best cosmetic results. Even though eye evisceration with prosthesis implantation represents an excellent treatment option for terminal glaucoma, reports on the use of this technique in dogs are scarce in the current literature. The aim of this work is to report a case of a dog with end-stage glaucoma subjected to eye evisceration surgery and implantation of an intrascleral prosthesis. Case: A 7-year-old bitch mixed breed with a history of glaucoma secondary to uveitis with no response to medical therapy was referred to the Ophthalmology service of the University Veterinary Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Portugal At the ophthalmic examination, the glaucomatous left eye was buphthalmic, with congested episcleral blood vessels, mydriasis, and posterior luxation of the lens; there was no response to threat or obfuscation, no direct and consensual pupillary reflex, nor pupillary reflexes to chromatic light. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 55 mmHg, and the Schirmer’s tear test (STT-1) result was 19 mm/min. Ophthalmoscopy revealed attenuated retinal blood vessels and a pale optic papilla with mild excavation. The right eye was functional, with all parameters assessed on examination and by tests within the normal ranges for the species. An ultrasound examination of the left eye confirmed the presence of posterior luxation of the lens and buphthalmia in the absence of intraocular neoplasm. In view of the patient’s history and results of the clinical examinations, a surgical approach was indicated to treat the glaucomatous eye. The patient’s tutor requested a surgical procedure that produced a more natural aspect; therefore, the procedure chosen was evisceration, with implantation of an intrascleral prosthesis. The prosthesis diameter chosen was 2 mm greater than the horizontal diameter of the cornea of the functional eye. After evisceration, a black spherical silicone prosthesis of 20 mm in diameter was implanted through a scleral incision. The eye surface was protected with a nictitating membrane flap. In the postoperative period, the cornea exhibited areas with neovascularization, pigmentation, and fibrosis, with a final aspect of gray to black in color. A reduction in tear production was also observed, with no other lesions on the eye surface or major complications. Discussion: Causes of secondary glaucoma include uveitis, disorders of the lens, and neoplasms, among other alterations. Glaucoma can cause clinical signs such as buphthalmic eyes, congestion of the episcleral blood vessels, and increased IOP with nonresponsive mydriasis. The presence of severe degenerative retinal alterations, such as atrophy and excavation of the optic nerve, causes irreversible loss of vision. Surgical treatment is i
{"title":"Intrascleral Prosthesis in a Dog - Evisceration and Implantation","authors":"Tarcísio Guerra Guimarães, F. V. Mamede, Emilio Fernandes Rodrigues Junior, Paulo Pimenta, Karla Menezes Cardoso","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.119512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.119512","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is no hope of preserving vision at the terminal stage of glaucoma, and surgical treatment is indicated in these cases. Among the various surgical techniques used, eye evisceration with implantation of an intrascleral prosthesis provide the best cosmetic results. Even though eye evisceration with prosthesis implantation represents an excellent treatment option for terminal glaucoma, reports on the use of this technique in dogs are scarce in the current literature. The aim of this work is to report a case of a dog with end-stage glaucoma subjected to eye evisceration surgery and implantation of an intrascleral prosthesis. Case: A 7-year-old bitch mixed breed with a history of glaucoma secondary to uveitis with no response to medical therapy was referred to the Ophthalmology service of the University Veterinary Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Portugal At the ophthalmic examination, the glaucomatous left eye was buphthalmic, with congested episcleral blood vessels, mydriasis, and posterior luxation of the lens; there was no response to threat or obfuscation, no direct and consensual pupillary reflex, nor pupillary reflexes to chromatic light. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 55 mmHg, and the Schirmer’s tear test (STT-1) result was 19 mm/min. Ophthalmoscopy revealed attenuated retinal blood vessels and a pale optic papilla with mild excavation. The right eye was functional, with all parameters assessed on examination and by tests within the normal ranges for the species. An ultrasound examination of the left eye confirmed the presence of posterior luxation of the lens and buphthalmia in the absence of intraocular neoplasm. In view of the patient’s history and results of the clinical examinations, a surgical approach was indicated to treat the glaucomatous eye. The patient’s tutor requested a surgical procedure that produced a more natural aspect; therefore, the procedure chosen was evisceration, with implantation of an intrascleral prosthesis. The prosthesis diameter chosen was 2 mm greater than the horizontal diameter of the cornea of the functional eye. After evisceration, a black spherical silicone prosthesis of 20 mm in diameter was implanted through a scleral incision. The eye surface was protected with a nictitating membrane flap. In the postoperative period, the cornea exhibited areas with neovascularization, pigmentation, and fibrosis, with a final aspect of gray to black in color. A reduction in tear production was also observed, with no other lesions on the eye surface or major complications. Discussion: Causes of secondary glaucoma include uveitis, disorders of the lens, and neoplasms, among other alterations. Glaucoma can cause clinical signs such as buphthalmic eyes, congestion of the episcleral blood vessels, and increased IOP with nonresponsive mydriasis. The presence of severe degenerative retinal alterations, such as atrophy and excavation of the optic nerve, causes irreversible loss of vision. Surgical treatment is i","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45709659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.118135
S. Sakata, Marina Frazatti Gallina, T. Mizobe, Guilherme Flaviano Pereira, Karina C. Almeida, Vivian Ferreira Zadra, Claudia Tozato Cramer, I. F. C. Santos
Background: Snakebites are the main responsible for envenoming in dogs and the bothropic venom remains the most common in Brazil, which can induce a necrotic skin wound. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) use 100% oxygen under high pressure and used to treat different wounds in human patients. To the authors’ knowledge, no reports regarding to use the HBOT in skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) are present in the literature. The present clinical case aimed to describe the use of HBOT for the treatment of an extensive necrotic wound caused by jararaca snakebite in a dog.Case: A neutered 8-year-old mixed-breed dog, weighing 12 kg, was admitted with a 7-day history of extensive necrotic wound was identified in the face and neck causing by a snakebite, and no sign of pain. The procedure of HBOT (single sessions of 1.5 ATM, 45 min, repeated every 48 h, up to 12 sessions) was decided, and the complete blood cells, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, creatine kinase, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, wound clinical evaluation were measured at the following time-points: 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 12th sessions. At the 5th session was identified leukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia. Wound re-epithelialization was initiated after the 5th session, and the complete epithelialization was identified at the 12th session of HBOT. During the HBOT no side effects were identified. Three months after the HBOT finished, the animal returned to the clinic and the clinical status evolved positively, and the wound was completed healed.Discussion: This report described the treatment of an extensive necrotic skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) in an 8-year-old, neutered, mixed-breed dog using the HBOT. The wound healing was achieved after 12 sessions, similar to the literature, which reported a ranging from 1 to 12 sessions. The HBOT protocol used in this case was similar as reported for human patients with chronic wounds due to the lack of HBOT protocols for animals. No reports regarding the use of HBOT for treat necrotic wound caused by snakebite was described in the literature, and to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report in Brazil describing the use of HBOT in dogs. On the other hand, dogs with surgically induced skin wounds and treated with daily session of HBOT using the treatment protocol of 1.7 ATM (30 min) and 2.0 ATM (40 min) up to 7th day of treatment did not show significant results on healing [9]. This fact was associated with the HBOT achievement in the proliferative and remodeling phases of the healing process. The high intensity of HBOT was between the 5th and 10th session since the wound showed a higher area decrease rate and consequently increase of wound contraction. This period was corresponding to the 10th and 20th day of the healing process, which can be identified angiogenic activity, re-epithelialization, and collagen maturation. The decrease in PVC has been associated with the anticoagulan
{"title":"Necrotic Wound Caused by Jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) in a Dog - Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBTO)","authors":"S. Sakata, Marina Frazatti Gallina, T. Mizobe, Guilherme Flaviano Pereira, Karina C. Almeida, Vivian Ferreira Zadra, Claudia Tozato Cramer, I. F. C. Santos","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.118135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.118135","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Snakebites are the main responsible for envenoming in dogs and the bothropic venom remains the most common in Brazil, which can induce a necrotic skin wound. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) use 100% oxygen under high pressure and used to treat different wounds in human patients. To the authors’ knowledge, no reports regarding to use the HBOT in skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) are present in the literature. The present clinical case aimed to describe the use of HBOT for the treatment of an extensive necrotic wound caused by jararaca snakebite in a dog.Case: A neutered 8-year-old mixed-breed dog, weighing 12 kg, was admitted with a 7-day history of extensive necrotic wound was identified in the face and neck causing by a snakebite, and no sign of pain. The procedure of HBOT (single sessions of 1.5 ATM, 45 min, repeated every 48 h, up to 12 sessions) was decided, and the complete blood cells, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, creatine kinase, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, wound clinical evaluation were measured at the following time-points: 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 12th sessions. At the 5th session was identified leukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia. Wound re-epithelialization was initiated after the 5th session, and the complete epithelialization was identified at the 12th session of HBOT. During the HBOT no side effects were identified. Three months after the HBOT finished, the animal returned to the clinic and the clinical status evolved positively, and the wound was completed healed.Discussion: This report described the treatment of an extensive necrotic skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) in an 8-year-old, neutered, mixed-breed dog using the HBOT. The wound healing was achieved after 12 sessions, similar to the literature, which reported a ranging from 1 to 12 sessions. The HBOT protocol used in this case was similar as reported for human patients with chronic wounds due to the lack of HBOT protocols for animals. No reports regarding the use of HBOT for treat necrotic wound caused by snakebite was described in the literature, and to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report in Brazil describing the use of HBOT in dogs. On the other hand, dogs with surgically induced skin wounds and treated with daily session of HBOT using the treatment protocol of 1.7 ATM (30 min) and 2.0 ATM (40 min) up to 7th day of treatment did not show significant results on healing [9]. This fact was associated with the HBOT achievement in the proliferative and remodeling phases of the healing process. The high intensity of HBOT was between the 5th and 10th session since the wound showed a higher area decrease rate and consequently increase of wound contraction. This period was corresponding to the 10th and 20th day of the healing process, which can be identified angiogenic activity, re-epithelialization, and collagen maturation. The decrease in PVC has been associated with the anticoagulan","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46471872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.22456/1679-9216.118039
Iury De Azevedo Rodrigues Silva, A. Marinho, Thaisa De Oliveira Paes Da Fonseca, Lolaide Alves Garcia Tôrres, Eliane Do Socorro Pompeu De Carvalho, L. C. Marques, L. Paredes
Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and it is usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also be extragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examination is the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective of this report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dog treated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergone TVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volume increase in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough, and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography (CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapy was prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CT indicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slight uptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngeal meatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side. The hematological analysis revealed mild anemia, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia, while the biochemical analysis only showed hypocalcemia. The prescribed therapy was amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate, omega-3, firocoxib, tranexamic acid, and finally chemotherapy with lomustine. Since the patient did not return for follow-up, the outcome could not be determined.Discussion: The patient described in this report was a domiciliary dog who did not live with other pets, but had access to the community environment and contact with other animals. The animal’s history, clinical signs, and cytological and imaging findings were consistent with those of TVT. In extragenital presentations of TVT, the inguinal and sublumbar lymph nodes, lungs, and abdominal organs are most commonly affected. Furthermore, bone involvement is rare, as this has not been commonly described in the literature as compared to the other sites of metastases. An abrasive brush was used for the cytological sample collection, because it provides slides with richer cell
{"title":"Nasal Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) with Bone Metastasis in a Dog","authors":"Iury De Azevedo Rodrigues Silva, A. Marinho, Thaisa De Oliveira Paes Da Fonseca, Lolaide Alves Garcia Tôrres, Eliane Do Socorro Pompeu De Carvalho, L. C. Marques, L. Paredes","doi":"10.22456/1679-9216.118039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.118039","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and it is usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also be extragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examination is the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective of this report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dog treated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergone TVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volume increase in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough, and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography (CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapy was prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CT indicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slight uptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngeal meatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side. The hematological analysis revealed mild anemia, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia, while the biochemical analysis only showed hypocalcemia. The prescribed therapy was amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate, omega-3, firocoxib, tranexamic acid, and finally chemotherapy with lomustine. Since the patient did not return for follow-up, the outcome could not be determined.Discussion: The patient described in this report was a domiciliary dog who did not live with other pets, but had access to the community environment and contact with other animals. The animal’s history, clinical signs, and cytological and imaging findings were consistent with those of TVT. In extragenital presentations of TVT, the inguinal and sublumbar lymph nodes, lungs, and abdominal organs are most commonly affected. Furthermore, bone involvement is rare, as this has not been commonly described in the literature as compared to the other sites of metastases. An abrasive brush was used for the cytological sample collection, because it provides slides with richer cell","PeriodicalId":7182,"journal":{"name":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46538725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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