The aim of the research was to study the characteristics and pathways of the successional development of shrubs and tree species on abandoned agricultural land in the Haloze region. Forests and abandoned lands have been increasing in this region for several decades. Thus, we studied the trends of this increase. We compared the species composition on abandoned land with that of forest in the young development phase. We also examined succession strategies on abandoned land. The forest area in the Haloze region increased by 7.8 % between 1985 and 2015. On abandoned agricultural land, succession begins with shrub species and continues with an increasing number of tree species along with an augmentation in tree density. The successional process proceeds through the Cornus sanguinea - Cornus sanguinea - Carpinus betulus stages. In the young development phases of the forest, tree species predominate from the beginning of succession, the density of individuals decreases during succession, and the number of species does not change significantly. The secondary succession pathway on abandoned land progresses through various stages from shrubs to climax vegetation. The final vegetation stage in both cases is beech forest.
{"title":"Značilnosti zaraščanja na opuščenih kmetijskih zemljiščih v Halozah","authors":"M. Cojzer, Jurij Diaci, R. Brus","doi":"10.20315/asetl.119.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20315/asetl.119.3","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research was to study the characteristics and pathways of the successional development of shrubs and tree species on abandoned agricultural land in the Haloze region. Forests and abandoned lands have been increasing in this region for several decades. Thus, we studied the trends of this increase. We compared the species composition on abandoned land with that of forest in the young development phase. We also examined succession strategies on abandoned land. The forest area in the Haloze region increased by 7.8 % between 1985 and 2015. On abandoned agricultural land, succession begins with shrub species and continues with an increasing number of tree species along with an augmentation in tree density. The successional process proceeds through the Cornus sanguinea - Cornus sanguinea - Carpinus betulus stages. In the young development phases of the forest, tree species predominate from the beginning of succession, the density of individuals decreases during succession, and the number of species does not change significantly. The secondary succession pathway on abandoned land progresses through various stages from shrubs to climax vegetation. The final vegetation stage in both cases is beech forest.","PeriodicalId":7188,"journal":{"name":"Acta Silvae et Ligni","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68290733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The content and composition of extractives in the wood and bark tissue of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were investigated. Wood and bark samples were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with acetone. The extracts were gravimetrically examined to measure total hydrophilic extractive content. Total phenolic content was measured colorimetrically with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The wood and bark extracts were further investigated using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify and quantify dihydrorobinetin in the extracts. The contents of total hydrophilic extractives, total phenols and dihydrorobinetin were higher in heartwood than in the sapwood and bark. No relationship was found between the height at which the samples were taken from the stem and the content of soluble components in the wood and bark. The heartwood of black locust represents a rich potential source of phenolic extractives.
{"title":"Vsebnost ekstraktivov v skorji in lesu robinije (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)","authors":"Viljem Vek, B. Vivod, Ida Poljanšek, P. Oven","doi":"10.20315/asetl.119.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20315/asetl.119.2","url":null,"abstract":"The content and composition of extractives in the wood and bark tissue of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were investigated. Wood and bark samples were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with acetone. The extracts were gravimetrically examined to measure total hydrophilic extractive content. Total phenolic content was measured colorimetrically with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The wood and bark extracts were further investigated using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify and quantify dihydrorobinetin in the extracts. The contents of total hydrophilic extractives, total phenols and dihydrorobinetin were higher in heartwood than in the sapwood and bark. No relationship was found between the height at which the samples were taken from the stem and the content of soluble components in the wood and bark. The heartwood of black locust represents a rich potential source of phenolic extractives.","PeriodicalId":7188,"journal":{"name":"Acta Silvae et Ligni","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68291177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the case of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), anatomical differences between the sapwood and heartwood were researched, the content of extractives in the sapwood and heartwood defined, hygroscopicity of sapwood and heartwood studied, so as the relationship between the content of extractives and sorption properties. Research was carried out on 6 test trees. Anatomical investigations were performed using the classic light-field microscopy. Investigation of samples for determination of dimensional stability and sorption properties was held by conditioning in the glass-air condition chambers. Samples for chemical analysis were extracted with cyclohexane and a mixture of acetone and water, and the proportion of total phenols was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The differences between the sapwood and heartwood were in the resin canals, in the lumens of axial tracheids along the rays as well as differences in parenchymal cells and bordered pits. The content of extractives in the heartwood was higher than in the sapwood. Investigations of the sapwood and heartwood did not show statistically significant differences in the density in the absolutely dry state, at the point of saturation of cell walls, in the volume shrinkage, and not in the coefficient of swelling in the radial direction. We found differences between the sapwood and heartwood transverse anisotropy, differential swell in the tangential direction, in the coefficient of swelling in the radial direction and the sorption quotient. These differences can be attributed to mutual effect of the anatomical and chemical characteristics of both types of wood and when interpreting indicators of dimensional stability, the effect of the geometry of incremental layers should be taken into account.
{"title":"Anatomske, kemijske in sorpcijske lastnosti beljave in jedrovine rdečega bora","authors":"Maks Merela, Vanja Turičnik, Viljem Vek, P. Oven","doi":"10.20315/asetl.119.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20315/asetl.119.4","url":null,"abstract":"In the case of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), anatomical differences between the sapwood and heartwood were researched, the content of extractives in the sapwood and heartwood defined, hygroscopicity of sapwood and heartwood studied, so as the relationship between the content of extractives and sorption properties. Research was carried out on 6 test trees. Anatomical investigations were performed using the classic light-field microscopy. Investigation of samples for determination of dimensional stability and sorption properties was held by conditioning in the glass-air condition chambers. Samples for chemical analysis were extracted with cyclohexane and a mixture of acetone and water, and the proportion of total phenols was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The differences between the sapwood and heartwood were in the resin canals, in the lumens of axial tracheids along the rays as well as differences in parenchymal cells and bordered pits. The content of extractives in the heartwood was higher than in the sapwood. Investigations of the sapwood and heartwood did not show statistically significant differences in the density in the absolutely dry state, at the point of saturation of cell walls, in the volume shrinkage, and not in the coefficient of swelling in the radial direction. We found differences between the sapwood and heartwood transverse anisotropy, differential swell in the tangential direction, in the coefficient of swelling in the radial direction and the sorption quotient. These differences can be attributed to mutual effect of the anatomical and chemical characteristics of both types of wood and when interpreting indicators of dimensional stability, the effect of the geometry of incremental layers should be taken into account.","PeriodicalId":7188,"journal":{"name":"Acta Silvae et Ligni","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68291082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite numerous dendroclimatological investigations into different tree species from Bosnia and Herzegovina, information is lacking on intra-annual wood formation patterns, which would help us to interpret the climate signal in tree rings better. Using the pinning method and manual band dendrometers, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of radial growth of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees in two successive growing seasons: 2011 and 2012. The up to 60-year-old trees grew in a stand at the base of a hill in the western, mountainous part of the Balkan Peninsula. The seasonal dynamics of wood formation and final number of cells differed between the studied years. Wood formation started in both years in early to mid-March. Differences were noticed in the wood production culmination; in 2011 it occurred at the end of May and beginning of June in 2012 and 2011, respectively. Xylem growth finished in 2012 in the middle of August and in 2011 in the middle of September. Based on the first derivative of the Gompertz function calculated rate of xylem growth was lowest in 2011. The dendrometers recorded a slow increment rate in spring, higher in summer and a decreasing rate again in the late summer in both growing seasons. In comparison with pinning, dendrometers showed a delay in the start of radial growth of up to 20 days in 2012. Additionally, dendrometers showed an increase in stem girth after the end of both growing seasons, when wood formation was already completed. Deviations between the two methods could be ascribed to the influence of water storage dynamics in the main stem and numerous structural processes in bark tissue, which are captured in dendrometer data. The influence of weather conditions on xylem phenology is also indicated by differences between the two studied years, although it is difficult to identify the influence of particular short-term weather events.
尽管对波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那不同树种进行了大量的树木气候学调查，但缺乏关于年际木材形成模式的信息，这将有助于我们更好地解释树木年轮中的气候信号。采用钉钉法和人工带式树径计对2011年和2012年两个连续生长季黑松(Pinus nigra Arnold)树木径向生长的季节动态进行了研究。这些树龄长达60年的树生长在巴尔干半岛西部山区一座山脚下的一片树林里。木材形成的季节动态和最终细胞数量在研究年份之间有所不同。这两年的木材形成始于3月初至3月中旬。在木材生产高峰中发现了差异;2011年分别发生在2012年5月底和2011年6月初。木质部生长于2012年8月中旬结束，2011年9月中旬结束。根据Gompertz函数的一阶导数计算，2011年木质部生长速率最低。两个生长期树木计均表现出春季增长缓慢，夏季增长较快，夏末再次下降的趋势。与钉钉法相比，2012年，树枝计显示径向生长的开始延迟了20天。此外，树木计显示，在两个生长季节结束后，当木材形成已经完成时，茎周长增加。两种方法之间的差异可归因于主茎中的水储存动态和树皮组织中许多结构过程的影响，这些过程被树木计数据捕获。天气条件对木质部物候学的影响也体现在两个研究年份之间的差异上，尽管很难确定特定短期天气事件的影响。
{"title":"Seasonal radial growth of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) from Bosnia and Herzegovina, monitored by the pinning method and manual band dendrometers","authors":"S. Poljanšek, J. Jevšenak, J. Gričar, T. Levanič","doi":"10.20315/asetl.119.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20315/asetl.119.1","url":null,"abstract":"Despite numerous dendroclimatological investigations into different tree species from Bosnia and Herzegovina, information is lacking on intra-annual wood formation patterns, which would help us to interpret the climate signal in tree rings better. Using the pinning method and manual band dendrometers, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of radial growth of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees in two successive growing seasons: 2011 and 2012. The up to 60-year-old trees grew in a stand at the base of a hill in the western, mountainous part of the Balkan Peninsula. The seasonal dynamics of wood formation and final number of cells differed between the studied years. Wood formation started in both years in early to mid-March. Differences were noticed in the wood production culmination; in 2011 it occurred at the end of May and beginning of June in 2012 and 2011, respectively. Xylem growth finished in 2012 in the middle of August and in 2011 in the middle of September. Based on the first derivative of the Gompertz function calculated rate of xylem growth was lowest in 2011. The dendrometers recorded a slow increment rate in spring, higher in summer and a decreasing rate again in the late summer in both growing seasons. In comparison with pinning, dendrometers showed a delay in the start of radial growth of up to 20 days in 2012. Additionally, dendrometers showed an increase in stem girth after the end of both growing seasons, when wood formation was already completed. Deviations between the two methods could be ascribed to the influence of water storage dynamics in the main stem and numerous structural processes in bark tissue, which are captured in dendrometer data. The influence of weather conditions on xylem phenology is also indicated by differences between the two studied years, although it is difficult to identify the influence of particular short-term weather events.","PeriodicalId":7188,"journal":{"name":"Acta Silvae et Ligni","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68291129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susni stres sproži tako pri drobnih koreninah dreves kot pri ektomikoriznih glivah stevilne spremembe na razlicnih nivojih. Drevesa se branijo pred suso z mehanizmi izogibanja in tolerance. Susa lahko vpliva na kolonizacijo z ektomikoriznimi glivami in na strukturo ektomikorizne združbe. Pomembno vlogo pri preživetju mladja ob susi imajo skupne micelijske mreže. Ob zmerni susi je kolonizacija z ektomikoriznimi glivami vecja kot ob ekstremni susi, kar ima za drevo stevilne pozitivne ucinke. V susnih razmerah se pogosto se posebej poveca pogostnost ektomikorizne vrste Cenococcum geophilum Fr., ki omogoca, da drobne korenine ostanejo funkcionalne in takoj po koncanem susnem obdobju pricnejo z absorpcijo vode. V susnih razmerah se poveca tvorba težko razgradljivih molekul v koreninah (lignin), prav tako pa se težko razgradljive molekule (melanin) tvorijo tudi pri ektomikorizni vrsti C. geophilum, kar prispeva h kopicenju težko razgradljivih organskih snovi v tleh.
{"title":"Vpliv suše na drobne korenine dreves in ektomikorizo v gozdnih ekosistemih","authors":"Tanja Mrak, Hojka Kraigher","doi":"10.20315/asetl.120.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20315/asetl.120.1","url":null,"abstract":"Susni stres sproži tako pri drobnih koreninah dreves kot pri ektomikoriznih glivah stevilne spremembe na razlicnih nivojih. Drevesa se branijo pred suso z mehanizmi izogibanja in tolerance. Susa lahko vpliva na kolonizacijo z ektomikoriznimi glivami in na strukturo ektomikorizne združbe. Pomembno vlogo pri preživetju mladja ob susi imajo skupne micelijske mreže. Ob zmerni susi je kolonizacija z ektomikoriznimi glivami vecja kot ob ekstremni susi, kar ima za drevo stevilne pozitivne ucinke. V susnih razmerah se pogosto se posebej poveca pogostnost ektomikorizne vrste Cenococcum geophilum Fr., ki omogoca, da drobne korenine ostanejo funkcionalne in takoj po koncanem susnem obdobju pricnejo z absorpcijo vode. V susnih razmerah se poveca tvorba težko razgradljivih molekul v koreninah (lignin), prav tako pa se težko razgradljive molekule (melanin) tvorijo tudi pri ektomikorizni vrsti C. geophilum, kar prispeva h kopicenju težko razgradljivih organskih snovi v tleh.","PeriodicalId":7188,"journal":{"name":"Acta Silvae et Ligni","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68291402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Na raziskovalnih ploskvah, ki ležijo na nekdanjih novinah, na obmocju katastrske obcine Koprivna, smo v septembru leta 2017 opravili sesto zaporedno polno izmero. Gozdovi na raziskovalnih ploskvah so v zasebni lasti in na njih od vzpostavitve le-teh v letu 1960 niso gospodarili. Na raziskovalnih ploskvah smo dolocili lesno zalogo, temeljnico in debelinsko strukturo. Lesna zaloga se giblje od 566,41 m3/ha do 761,30 m3/ha, temeljnica pa od 48,68 m2/ha do 61,67 m2/ha. Opazili smo skokovito povecanje visinskih krivulj v sestojih. Delež smreke v lesni zalogi se je v zadnjih 60 letih povecal za vec kot 20 %. Delež dreves z veliko vitalnostjo pa se je povecal za 20 %. Prav tako se je povecala kakovost debla dreves. Predstavili smo horizontalno razmestitev dreves na ploskvah ter jo primerjali s horizontalno razmestitvijo dreves leta 1990. Z uporabo javno dostopnih podatkov laserskega skeniranja Slovenije (2015) smo predstavili tudi vertikalno zgradbo sestojev na ploskvah.
{"title":"Razvoj gozdnih sestojev na nekdanjih novinah v Koprivni","authors":"Janez Golob, Milan Golob, David Hladnik","doi":"10.20315/ASETL.120.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20315/ASETL.120.3","url":null,"abstract":"Na raziskovalnih ploskvah, ki ležijo na nekdanjih novinah, na obmocju katastrske obcine Koprivna, smo v septembru leta 2017 opravili sesto zaporedno polno izmero. Gozdovi na raziskovalnih ploskvah so v zasebni lasti in na njih od vzpostavitve le-teh v letu 1960 niso gospodarili. Na raziskovalnih ploskvah smo dolocili lesno zalogo, temeljnico in debelinsko strukturo. Lesna zaloga se giblje od 566,41 m3/ha do 761,30 m3/ha, temeljnica pa od 48,68 m2/ha do 61,67 m2/ha. Opazili smo skokovito povecanje visinskih krivulj v sestojih. Delež smreke v lesni zalogi se je v zadnjih 60 letih povecal za vec kot 20 %. Delež dreves z veliko vitalnostjo pa se je povecal za 20 %. Prav tako se je povecala kakovost debla dreves. Predstavili smo horizontalno razmestitev dreves na ploskvah ter jo primerjali s horizontalno razmestitvijo dreves leta 1990. Z uporabo javno dostopnih podatkov laserskega skeniranja Slovenije (2015) smo predstavili tudi vertikalno zgradbo sestojev na ploskvah.","PeriodicalId":7188,"journal":{"name":"Acta Silvae et Ligni","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68291550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Skodljivi organizmi (SO) in abiotski skodljivi dejavniki (SD) na sadikah gozdnega drevja v gozdnih drevesnicah resno otežujejo vzgojo zdravih in kakovostnih sadik. Za preucitev pomembnejsih in najpogosteje pojavljajocih se SO in SD smo analizirali letne zapisnike o zdravstvenih pregledih iz 18 gozdnih drevesnic v obdobju 1997-2018. Rezultati so pokazali, da so poskodbe v 68 % zabeleženih primerov posledica delovanja patogenih gliv, v 29 % primerih žuželk ter v 1,1 % abiotskih dejavnikov. Poskodbe so bile zabeležene na 45 razlicnih rodovih drevesnih in grmovnih vrst, in sicer najveckrat na rodovih Quercus (24,1 %) in Pinus (17,5 %), najpogostejse poskodbe so bile na listih oziroma iglicah (64,0 %). Najpogosteje beležene bolezni so bile pepelovke (Erysiphe sp.), najvec razlicnih SO in SD pa se je pojavljalo na borih (Pinus sp.). Poskodovanost sadik je bila obicajno nizka (do 10 %), vendar je mocno variirala med leti. Za pridelovanje kakovostnih in zdravih sadik je kljucen celosten pristop pri varstvu in vzgoji sadik.
{"title":"Škodljivi organizmi in škodljivi dejavniki na sadikah gozdnega drevja v obdobju 1997-2018","authors":"Peter Smolnikar, Barbara Piškur, Nikica Ogris","doi":"10.20315/asetl.120.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20315/asetl.120.4","url":null,"abstract":"Skodljivi organizmi (SO) in abiotski skodljivi dejavniki (SD) na sadikah gozdnega drevja v gozdnih drevesnicah resno otežujejo vzgojo zdravih in kakovostnih sadik. Za preucitev pomembnejsih in najpogosteje pojavljajocih se SO in SD smo analizirali letne zapisnike o zdravstvenih pregledih iz 18 gozdnih drevesnic v obdobju 1997-2018. Rezultati so pokazali, da so poskodbe v 68 % zabeleženih primerov posledica delovanja patogenih gliv, v 29 % primerih žuželk ter v 1,1 % abiotskih dejavnikov. Poskodbe so bile zabeležene na 45 razlicnih rodovih drevesnih in grmovnih vrst, in sicer najveckrat na rodovih Quercus (24,1 %) in Pinus (17,5 %), najpogostejse poskodbe so bile na listih oziroma iglicah (64,0 %). Najpogosteje beležene bolezni so bile pepelovke (Erysiphe sp.), najvec razlicnih SO in SD pa se je pojavljalo na borih (Pinus sp.). Poskodovanost sadik je bila obicajno nizka (do 10 %), vendar je mocno variirala med leti. Za pridelovanje kakovostnih in zdravih sadik je kljucen celosten pristop pri varstvu in vzgoji sadik.","PeriodicalId":7188,"journal":{"name":"Acta Silvae et Ligni","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68291665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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