Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.3390/acoustics5040060
Xiuhua Si, Junshi Wang, Haibo Dong, Jinxiang Xi
This study presents a data-driven approach to identifying anomaly-sensitive parameters through a multiscale, multifaceted analysis of simulated respiratory flows. The anomalies under consideration include a pharyngeal model with three levels of constriction (M1, M2, M3) and a flapping uvula with two types of kinematics (K1, K2). Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were implemented to solve the wake flows induced by a flapping uvula; instantaneous vortex images, as well as pressures and velocities at seven probes, were recorded for twelve cycles. Principal component analysis (PCA), wavelet-based multifractal spectrum and scalogram, and Poincaré mapping were implemented to identify anomaly-sensitive parameters. The PCA results demonstrated a reasonable periodicity of instantaneous vortex images in the leading vector space and revealed distinct patterns between models with varying uvula kinematics (K1, K2). At higher PCA ranks, the periodicity gradually decays, eventually transitioning to a random pattern. The multifractal spectra and scalograms of pressures in the pharynx (P6, P7) show high sensitivity to uvula kinematics, with the pitching mode (K2) having a wider spectrum and a left-skewed peak than the heaving mode (K1). Conversely, the Poincaré maps of velocities and pressures in the pharynx (Vel6, Vel7, P6, P7) exhibit high sensitivity to pharyngeal constriction levels (M1–M3), but not to uvula kinematics. The parameter sensitivity to anomaly also differs with the probe site; thus, synergizing measurements from multiple probes with properly extracted anomaly-sensitive parameters holds the potential to localize the source of snoring and estimate the collapsibility of the pharynx.
{"title":"Data-Driven Discovery of Anomaly-Sensitive Parameters from Uvula Wake Flows Using Wavelet Analyses and Poincaré Maps","authors":"Xiuhua Si, Junshi Wang, Haibo Dong, Jinxiang Xi","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040060","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a data-driven approach to identifying anomaly-sensitive parameters through a multiscale, multifaceted analysis of simulated respiratory flows. The anomalies under consideration include a pharyngeal model with three levels of constriction (M1, M2, M3) and a flapping uvula with two types of kinematics (K1, K2). Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were implemented to solve the wake flows induced by a flapping uvula; instantaneous vortex images, as well as pressures and velocities at seven probes, were recorded for twelve cycles. Principal component analysis (PCA), wavelet-based multifractal spectrum and scalogram, and Poincaré mapping were implemented to identify anomaly-sensitive parameters. The PCA results demonstrated a reasonable periodicity of instantaneous vortex images in the leading vector space and revealed distinct patterns between models with varying uvula kinematics (K1, K2). At higher PCA ranks, the periodicity gradually decays, eventually transitioning to a random pattern. The multifractal spectra and scalograms of pressures in the pharynx (P6, P7) show high sensitivity to uvula kinematics, with the pitching mode (K2) having a wider spectrum and a left-skewed peak than the heaving mode (K1). Conversely, the Poincaré maps of velocities and pressures in the pharynx (Vel6, Vel7, P6, P7) exhibit high sensitivity to pharyngeal constriction levels (M1–M3), but not to uvula kinematics. The parameter sensitivity to anomaly also differs with the probe site; thus, synergizing measurements from multiple probes with properly extracted anomaly-sensitive parameters holds the potential to localize the source of snoring and estimate the collapsibility of the pharynx.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"2 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.3390/acoustics5040059
Dimo Dimov, Toncho Penev, Ivaylo Marinov
Noise is defined as unwanted sound, whether chronic or periodic, and can be described in a variety of terms, including its frequency, intensity, frequency spectrum, and sound pressure shape over time. The sources of noise can be technical devices, various hydraulic systems, the engines of various machines, routine work (opening and closing doors, repairing stalls, talking of workers, feeding), mechanical ventilators, animal activities, including climbing barriers, chewing barriers, vocalizations of cows. Good farms in terms of noise level are considered to be those with a noise level up to 70 dB, while farms with a noise level above 70 dB are problematic. Noise levels above 70 dB also have a detrimental effect on cow welfare, and this is associated with a high number of somatic cells in milk. When milking dairy cows, the noise level should not exceed 65–70 dB, or if it exceeds this value, it should be for a short time, as this can lead to health disorders in humans and animals in the medium term.
{"title":"Importance of Noise Hygiene in Dairy Cattle Farming—A Review","authors":"Dimo Dimov, Toncho Penev, Ivaylo Marinov","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040059","url":null,"abstract":"Noise is defined as unwanted sound, whether chronic or periodic, and can be described in a variety of terms, including its frequency, intensity, frequency spectrum, and sound pressure shape over time. The sources of noise can be technical devices, various hydraulic systems, the engines of various machines, routine work (opening and closing doors, repairing stalls, talking of workers, feeding), mechanical ventilators, animal activities, including climbing barriers, chewing barriers, vocalizations of cows. Good farms in terms of noise level are considered to be those with a noise level up to 70 dB, while farms with a noise level above 70 dB are problematic. Noise levels above 70 dB also have a detrimental effect on cow welfare, and this is associated with a high number of somatic cells in milk. When milking dairy cows, the noise level should not exceed 65–70 dB, or if it exceeds this value, it should be for a short time, as this can lead to health disorders in humans and animals in the medium term.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135271645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.3390/acoustics5040058
Petr Krysl, Ahmad T. Abawi
Computing backscattering of harmonic acoustic waves from underwater elastic targets of arbitrary shape is a problem of considerable practical significance. The finite element method is commonly applied to the discretization of the target; on the other hand, the boundary element method naturally incorporates the radiation boundary condition at infinity. The coupled model tends to be expensive, primarily due to the need to manipulate large, dense, and complex matrices and to repeatedly solve systems of complex linear algebraic equations of significant size for each frequency of interest. In this article, we develop a model reduction transformation based on the notion of coherence applied to the surface pressures, which considerably reduces the size of the systems to be solved. We found that the proposed model reduction approach delivers acceptably accurate results at a fraction of the cost of the full model. A typical speedup of an order of magnitude was realized in our numerical experiments. Our approach enables backscattering computations with considerably larger models than have been feasible to date.
{"title":"Finite Element–Boundary Element Acoustic Backscattering with Model Reduction of Surface Pressure Based on Coherent Clusters","authors":"Petr Krysl, Ahmad T. Abawi","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040058","url":null,"abstract":"Computing backscattering of harmonic acoustic waves from underwater elastic targets of arbitrary shape is a problem of considerable practical significance. The finite element method is commonly applied to the discretization of the target; on the other hand, the boundary element method naturally incorporates the radiation boundary condition at infinity. The coupled model tends to be expensive, primarily due to the need to manipulate large, dense, and complex matrices and to repeatedly solve systems of complex linear algebraic equations of significant size for each frequency of interest. In this article, we develop a model reduction transformation based on the notion of coherence applied to the surface pressures, which considerably reduces the size of the systems to be solved. We found that the proposed model reduction approach delivers acceptably accurate results at a fraction of the cost of the full model. A typical speedup of an order of magnitude was realized in our numerical experiments. Our approach enables backscattering computations with considerably larger models than have been feasible to date.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"44 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135869594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-28DOI: 10.3390/acoustics5040057
Stjepan Piličić, Ante Skoblar, Roberto Žigulić, Luka Traven
For some sound sources, the function of the square of sound pressure amplitudes on the sphere in the far field is an integrable function or can be integrated with geometrical simplifications, so an exact or approximated analytical expression for the sound power can be calculated. However, often the sound pressure on the sphere in the far field can only be defined in discrete points, for which a numerical integration is required for the calculation of the sound power. In this paper, two new algorithms, Anchored Radially Projected Integration on Spherical Triangles (ARPIST) and Spherical Quadrature Radial Basis Function (SQRBF), for surface numerical integration are used to calculate the sound power from the sound pressures on the sphere surface in the far field, and their solutions are compared with the analytical and the finite element method solution. If function values are available at any location on a sphere, ARPIST has a greater accuracy and stability than SQRBF while being faster and easier to implement. If function values are available only at user-prescribed locations, SQRBF can directly calculate weights while ARPIST needs data interpolation to obtain function values at predefined node locations, which reduces the accuracy and increases the calculation time.
{"title":"Applying New Algorithms for Numerical Integration on the Sphere in the Far Field of Sound Pressure","authors":"Stjepan Piličić, Ante Skoblar, Roberto Žigulić, Luka Traven","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040057","url":null,"abstract":"For some sound sources, the function of the square of sound pressure amplitudes on the sphere in the far field is an integrable function or can be integrated with geometrical simplifications, so an exact or approximated analytical expression for the sound power can be calculated. However, often the sound pressure on the sphere in the far field can only be defined in discrete points, for which a numerical integration is required for the calculation of the sound power. In this paper, two new algorithms, Anchored Radially Projected Integration on Spherical Triangles (ARPIST) and Spherical Quadrature Radial Basis Function (SQRBF), for surface numerical integration are used to calculate the sound power from the sound pressures on the sphere surface in the far field, and their solutions are compared with the analytical and the finite element method solution. If function values are available at any location on a sphere, ARPIST has a greater accuracy and stability than SQRBF while being faster and easier to implement. If function values are available only at user-prescribed locations, SQRBF can directly calculate weights while ARPIST needs data interpolation to obtain function values at predefined node locations, which reduces the accuracy and increases the calculation time.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136231733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study delves into the acoustic environment within dental clinics, particularly focusing on the impact of extraoral suction devices employed for infection control amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The research encompasses a comprehensive investigation, including a questionnaire survey of dental professionals, sound level measurements at suction device openings, acoustic imaging, and a detailed analysis of sound levels and their spectral characteristics during dental procedures. Additionally, ambient sound levels within clinical settings were monitored over two consecutive days. The findings reveal notable observations. Dental professionals expressed concerns regarding increased sound levels and associated distress caused by extraoral suction device operation. Objective measurements identified varying A-weighted sound pressure levels ranging from 86.0 dB to 96.7 dB at suction device openings, highlighting elevated sound pressure levels and a wide frequency range, especially in the vicinity of both the dentist and the patient’s facial area during dental aerosol procedures. On the other hand, for the entire clinical room, the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level during the consultation hours was not considered problematic. In light of these findings, it becomes evident that there is a pressing necessity to refine the acoustic characteristics of extraoral suction devices to foster a more accommodating acoustic environment for both patients and dental healthcare professionals within dental clinics.
{"title":"Sound Environment during Dental Treatment in Relation to COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Tomomi Yamada, Kazunori Nozaki, Mikako Hayashi, Sonoko Kuwano","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040056","url":null,"abstract":"This study delves into the acoustic environment within dental clinics, particularly focusing on the impact of extraoral suction devices employed for infection control amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The research encompasses a comprehensive investigation, including a questionnaire survey of dental professionals, sound level measurements at suction device openings, acoustic imaging, and a detailed analysis of sound levels and their spectral characteristics during dental procedures. Additionally, ambient sound levels within clinical settings were monitored over two consecutive days. The findings reveal notable observations. Dental professionals expressed concerns regarding increased sound levels and associated distress caused by extraoral suction device operation. Objective measurements identified varying A-weighted sound pressure levels ranging from 86.0 dB to 96.7 dB at suction device openings, highlighting elevated sound pressure levels and a wide frequency range, especially in the vicinity of both the dentist and the patient’s facial area during dental aerosol procedures. On the other hand, for the entire clinical room, the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level during the consultation hours was not considered problematic. In light of these findings, it becomes evident that there is a pressing necessity to refine the acoustic characteristics of extraoral suction devices to foster a more accommodating acoustic environment for both patients and dental healthcare professionals within dental clinics.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"23 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.3390/acoustics5040054
Hanna Autio, Erling Nilsson
It is vital to consider acoustic scattering when using geometrical acoustic simulation techniques, such as ray tracing. However, there are few methods for modelling scattering, and most rely on strong assumptions of uniformity on the distribution of scattered energy. In this paper, a model for directional scattering in ray tracers is presented. The model is based on an idealized model of a 1D scatterer, which is then used to extend the most commonly used scattering algorithm in ray tracers today. The developed algorithm is implemented in a ray tracer and tested to evaluate its performance compared to existing methods. It is found that the directional scattering algorithm can be used to replicate measured effects on room acoustic parameters caused by changes in the orientation of 1D scatterers.
{"title":"A Novel Algorithm for Directional Scattering in Acoustic Ray Tracers","authors":"Hanna Autio, Erling Nilsson","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040054","url":null,"abstract":"It is vital to consider acoustic scattering when using geometrical acoustic simulation techniques, such as ray tracing. However, there are few methods for modelling scattering, and most rely on strong assumptions of uniformity on the distribution of scattered energy. In this paper, a model for directional scattering in ray tracers is presented. The model is based on an idealized model of a 1D scatterer, which is then used to extend the most commonly used scattering algorithm in ray tracers today. The developed algorithm is implemented in a ray tracer and tested to evaluate its performance compared to existing methods. It is found that the directional scattering algorithm can be used to replicate measured effects on room acoustic parameters caused by changes in the orientation of 1D scatterers.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"6 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.3390/acoustics5040055
Alessandro Zanarini
Spatially dense operative deflection shapes and receptances, acquired in broad frequency bands, increase the detail in the spatial and frequency domains of the responses of parts in actual dynamic loading, manufacturing and mounting conditions. This work remarks the potential benefits of greater spatial resolution in the Rayleigh integral approximation of sound pressure—here reformulated to exploit the increased quality output from experiment-based optical full-field technologies in contactless structural dynamics—radiated by a vibrating surface in a broad frequency band. But in some cases the noise that is scattered over the estimated receptance maps might be heavier, or with different patterns, than expected, with potential repercussions on the sound pressure simulations that come thereof. This work covers this specific latter issue with insight over examples from experiment-based receptances of a lightweight vibrating plate. The effects of error spreading are analysed in the space and frequency domains, with special attention to the contribution of the experiment-based full-field receptance maps to the accuracy of the vibro-acoustic frequency response function maps.
{"title":"On the Influence of Scattered Errors over Full-Field Receptances in the Rayleigh Integral Approximation of Sound Radiation from a Vibrating Plate","authors":"Alessandro Zanarini","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040055","url":null,"abstract":"Spatially dense operative deflection shapes and receptances, acquired in broad frequency bands, increase the detail in the spatial and frequency domains of the responses of parts in actual dynamic loading, manufacturing and mounting conditions. This work remarks the potential benefits of greater spatial resolution in the Rayleigh integral approximation of sound pressure—here reformulated to exploit the increased quality output from experiment-based optical full-field technologies in contactless structural dynamics—radiated by a vibrating surface in a broad frequency band. But in some cases the noise that is scattered over the estimated receptance maps might be heavier, or with different patterns, than expected, with potential repercussions on the sound pressure simulations that come thereof. This work covers this specific latter issue with insight over examples from experiment-based receptances of a lightweight vibrating plate. The effects of error spreading are analysed in the space and frequency domains, with special attention to the contribution of the experiment-based full-field receptance maps to the accuracy of the vibro-acoustic frequency response function maps.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"41 9-10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.3390/acoustics5040053
Maria Cairoli, Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue
Digital twins aim to virtually replicate the static and dynamic building characteristics through real-time connectivity between virtual and physical counterparts. Despite its potential, research into digital twins for facility management (FM) in multipurpose spaces is at an early stage, especially to control and optimize the various uses and configuration layouts. One of the major barriers to the adoption of digital twin technology in multipurpose buildings is the lack of interoperability, primarily between building information modeling (BIM) and Internet of things (IoT) data sources. This paper presents a possible digital-twin architecture to enable digital-twin applications aiming to impact building performance, acting on the facility management of stagecraft and variable acoustic architectural elements to control the reverberation time in real time. The case study of Roberto De Silva Multipurpose Hall is presented, in which the indoor acoustic quality is controlled by the digital twin that returns the reverberation time output as a function of stage equipment layouts, variable acoustic elements and hall occupancy.
数字孪生旨在通过虚拟和物理对应物之间的实时连接，虚拟地复制静态和动态建筑特征。尽管具有潜力，但对多功能空间设施管理(FM)的数字孪生研究仍处于早期阶段，特别是控制和优化各种用途和配置布局。在多用途建筑中采用数字孪生技术的主要障碍之一是缺乏互操作性，主要是建筑信息模型(BIM)和物联网(IoT)数据源之间的互操作性。本文提出了一种可能的数字孪生建筑，使数字孪生应用能够影响建筑性能，作用于舞台艺术的设施管理和可变声学建筑元素，以实时控制混响时间。Roberto De Silva多功能厅的案例研究中，室内声学质量由数字孪生体控制，该数字孪生体返回混响时间输出，作为舞台设备布局、可变声学元素和大厅占用的函数。
{"title":"Digital Twin for Acoustics and Stage Craft Facility Management in a Multipurpose Hall","authors":"Maria Cairoli, Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040053","url":null,"abstract":"Digital twins aim to virtually replicate the static and dynamic building characteristics through real-time connectivity between virtual and physical counterparts. Despite its potential, research into digital twins for facility management (FM) in multipurpose spaces is at an early stage, especially to control and optimize the various uses and configuration layouts. One of the major barriers to the adoption of digital twin technology in multipurpose buildings is the lack of interoperability, primarily between building information modeling (BIM) and Internet of things (IoT) data sources. This paper presents a possible digital-twin architecture to enable digital-twin applications aiming to impact building performance, acting on the facility management of stagecraft and variable acoustic architectural elements to control the reverberation time in real time. The case study of Roberto De Silva Multipurpose Hall is presented, in which the indoor acoustic quality is controlled by the digital twin that returns the reverberation time output as a function of stage equipment layouts, variable acoustic elements and hall occupancy.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135968362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.3390/acoustics5040052
Pasquale Bottalico, Silvia Murgia
The Lombard effect is an unconscious reflex of speakers to increase vocal effort when disturbed by noise, aiming to enhance speech intelligibility. This study aims to evaluate the effect of noise with different energetic content and levels at various frequencies on the Lombard effect, communication disturbance, vocal comfort, and speech intelligibility. Twenty university students participated in the study, reading a six-sentence excerpt and performing an intelligibility test under 12 randomized noise conditions. These conditions included noises at low (20–500 Hz), medium (500–4000 Hz), and high frequencies (4000–20,000 Hz), at four levels (45 dB, 55 dB, 65 dB, 75 dB). After each condition, participants rated their perceived communication disturbance and vocal discomfort. The results indicated that noise with energetic content at medium frequencies produced the highest Lombard effect, produced the most detrimental effect on communication disturbance and vocal comfort, and caused the strongest decrease in speech intelligibility, whereas it was minimally affected by low- and high-frequency noise. In conclusion, this study highlights that medium-frequency noise has the greatest impact on vocal effort, communication disturbance, and vocal comfort, while low- and high-frequency noise has minimal effect on speech intelligibility.
{"title":"The Effect of the Frequency and Energetic Content of Broadband Noise on the Lombard Effect and Speech Intelligibility","authors":"Pasquale Bottalico, Silvia Murgia","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040052","url":null,"abstract":"The Lombard effect is an unconscious reflex of speakers to increase vocal effort when disturbed by noise, aiming to enhance speech intelligibility. This study aims to evaluate the effect of noise with different energetic content and levels at various frequencies on the Lombard effect, communication disturbance, vocal comfort, and speech intelligibility. Twenty university students participated in the study, reading a six-sentence excerpt and performing an intelligibility test under 12 randomized noise conditions. These conditions included noises at low (20–500 Hz), medium (500–4000 Hz), and high frequencies (4000–20,000 Hz), at four levels (45 dB, 55 dB, 65 dB, 75 dB). After each condition, participants rated their perceived communication disturbance and vocal discomfort. The results indicated that noise with energetic content at medium frequencies produced the highest Lombard effect, produced the most detrimental effect on communication disturbance and vocal comfort, and caused the strongest decrease in speech intelligibility, whereas it was minimally affected by low- and high-frequency noise. In conclusion, this study highlights that medium-frequency noise has the greatest impact on vocal effort, communication disturbance, and vocal comfort, while low- and high-frequency noise has minimal effect on speech intelligibility.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"2675 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.3390/acoustics5040051
Victor Abbink, David Landes, M. Ercan Altinsoy
Tonal powertrain noise can have a strong negative impact on vehicle sound quality. Therefore, an assessment of the perceptibility of tonal noise with respect to masking noise is essential for the vehicle development process. In electric vehicles, due to the missing masking by the combustion engine, new methods are required for this purpose. In this study, listening tests were conducted to determine the masking threshold in the electric vehicle interior for various driving speeds (30 km/h, 60 km/h, and 90 km/h) with an Adaptive-Forced-Choice method. The novelty of this study is that it used vehicle interior noise as a masker, compared to broadband or narrowband white and pink noises. It could be shown that the masking threshold in electric vehicles strongly depends on the driving speed, and the investigated interior noise mainly affects frequencies up to 6400 Hz in this speed range. For frequencies greater than 6400 Hz, the masking noise has no significant effect on perceptibility of tonal noise in the investigated vehicle, and only the subjects’ individual absolute threshold of hearing is relevant. Additionally, a strong variation in the masking threshold between the subjects was found for high frequencies. With these results, methods that estimate masking thresholds in electric vehicles can be improved. Furthermore, threshold targets can be adjusted for different customer groups.
{"title":"Experimental Determination of the Masking Threshold for Tonal Powertrain Noise in Electric Vehicles","authors":"Victor Abbink, David Landes, M. Ercan Altinsoy","doi":"10.3390/acoustics5040051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5040051","url":null,"abstract":"Tonal powertrain noise can have a strong negative impact on vehicle sound quality. Therefore, an assessment of the perceptibility of tonal noise with respect to masking noise is essential for the vehicle development process. In electric vehicles, due to the missing masking by the combustion engine, new methods are required for this purpose. In this study, listening tests were conducted to determine the masking threshold in the electric vehicle interior for various driving speeds (30 km/h, 60 km/h, and 90 km/h) with an Adaptive-Forced-Choice method. The novelty of this study is that it used vehicle interior noise as a masker, compared to broadband or narrowband white and pink noises. It could be shown that the masking threshold in electric vehicles strongly depends on the driving speed, and the investigated interior noise mainly affects frequencies up to 6400 Hz in this speed range. For frequencies greater than 6400 Hz, the masking noise has no significant effect on perceptibility of tonal noise in the investigated vehicle, and only the subjects’ individual absolute threshold of hearing is relevant. Additionally, a strong variation in the masking threshold between the subjects was found for high frequencies. With these results, methods that estimate masking thresholds in electric vehicles can be improved. Furthermore, threshold targets can be adjusted for different customer groups.","PeriodicalId":72045,"journal":{"name":"Acoustics (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135388266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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